The 11th millennium and beyond is a period of time that will begin on 1 January 10001 CE. Several predictions have been made concerning this future time period. This article is a compendium of these predictions ranging from factual astronomical knowledge to the predictions of science fiction.

Astronomical events

This section lists several rare astronomical events expected to occur after the year 10000.

All dates are in a uniform time scale like Terrestrial Time. When converted to our ordinary solar time or Universal Time, which is decidedly non-uniform, via ΔT, the dates would be a few days earlier. Because of this difference, these dates have no anniversary relation to historical dates. Furthermore, they are only astronomical dates, so they are given in the astronomical format of Year Month Day.

Arecibo M13 message

• 25000: The 1974 interstellar radio message sent by the Arecibo Observatory finally arrives at its destination, the M13 Great Globular Cluster.

Barnard's Star

• 11800: Closest approach of Barnard's Star to the Sun at 3.8 light-years. It replaces Proxima Centauri as the nearest star outside the Solar System.

Earth's orbit

• ~28000: Eccentricity of Earth's orbit will reach a minimum, near 0.

Axial Precession

• ~12000: Axial tilt of Earth will reach a minimum, near 22°.
• ~14000: Vega will become the North Star.
• ~24000: Dubhe will become the North Star.

Pioneer 10

• 12490: Pioneer 10 passes 3.8 light-years from Barnard's star.
• ~34000: Pioneer 10 will pass the star Ross 248.
• 864,047: Pioneer 10 will approach the vicinities of eight other stars, including Altair, a star nine times the size of the Sun.

Pioneer 11

• ~4,000,000 years from now Pioneer 11 will pass near stars in the constellation of Aquila (The Eagle).

Voyagers 1 & 2

• In about 40,000 years Voyager 1 will come within 1.6 light-years of AC+79 3888, a star in the constellation of Camelopardalis.
• In some 296,000 years, Voyager 2 will pass within 4.3 light-years of Sirius, the brightest star in our sky.

Satellite reentry

• ~52005–52010: KEO satellite time capsule expected to reenter.

Coincidences of nodes of planets

• 12720: Coincidence of the node of Mercury and Venus.
• 67730: Coincidence of the nodes of Mercury and Venus.

Special transits

Simultaneous occurrence of solar eclipse and transit

• 10663 August 20: Total solar eclipse and a transit of Mercury. Solar eclipses during transits; One hundred millennium catalog 50 000 BC - 50 000 AD
• 11268 August 25: Total solar eclipse and a transit of Mercury.
• 11575 February 28: Annular solar eclipse and a transit of Mercury.
• 15232 April 5: Total solar eclipse and a transit of Venus.
• 15790 April 20: Annular solar eclipse and a transit of Mercury.

Simultaneous transits of Mercury and Venus

• 13425 September 13: Transits of Mercury and Venus within only 16 hours.
• 18713 October 08: Simultaneous transit of Mercury and Venus as seen from Mars.
• 19536 August 09: Simultaneous transit of Mercury and Venus as seen from Mars.
• 20029 May 21: Simultaneous transit of Mercury and Venus as seen from Mars.
• 69163 July 26: Simultaneous transit of Mercury and Venus as seen from Earth.
• 224,508 March 29: Simultaneous transit of Mercury and Venus.

Transit of Uranus from Neptune

• 38172 October: A transit of Uranus from Neptune, the rarest of all planetary transits.

Mutual planetary transits

• 40396 December 1: Uranus occults Neptune

Miscellaneous transits

• 571,741: A simultaneous transit of Venus and the Earth from Mars.

Occultations of bright stars by planets

10000–11000

• 10032 November 1: Venus occults Regulus.
• 10494 November 9: Venus occults Regulus.
• 10674 October 5: Mercury occults Aldebaran.
• 10956 November 16: Venus occults Regulus.
• 10974 April 28: Ceres occults Antares.

11000–12000

• 11398 December 11: Mercury occults Regulus.
• 11418 November 24: Venus occults Regulus.

12000–13000

• 12063 July 28: Mars occults Regulus.
• 12115 December 5: Venus occults Regulus.
• 12233 December 23: Mercury occults Regulus.
• 12308 January 10: Mars occults Regulus.
• 12347 July 30: Mars occults Regulus.
• 12812 December 15: Venus occults Regulus.

13000–14000

• 13189 February 9: Mercury occults Regulus.
• 13207 January 25: Mars occults Regulus.
• 13534 November 28: Mercury occults Aldebaran.
• 13595 January 11: Mercury occults Regulus.
• 13744 December 29: Venus occults Regulus.

14000–15000

• 14121 January 18: Mercury occults Regulus.
• 14161 March 11: Venus occults Regulus.
• 14384 January 22: Mercury occults Regulus.
• 14619 August 10: Mars occults Regulus.
• 14647 January 26: Mercury occults Regulus.
• 14910 January 29: Mercury occults Regulus.

After 15000

• 22767 April 18: Ceres occults Aldebaran.
• 23527 August 1: Pallas occults Castor.
• 40529 January 11: Ceres occults Aldebaran.
• 41367 January 7: Ceres occults Aldebaran.

Predicted events after year 1,000,000

Please note that there are many different theories and models about our universe and its past, present and future behavior. Because of these factors, the events listed in this section should not be considered definitive, complete or necessarily consistent with one another.

• 8,400,000: LAGEOS 2 satellite time capsule re-enters Earth's atmosphere.
• 600,000,000 to 3,500,000,000 (estimates vary): Slow but steady increase in solar luminosity will cause Earth's oceans to evaporate, leaving it inhospitable to life.
• 1,000,000,000: The last total solar eclipse on Earth will occur, due to the Moon's orbit gradually becoming larger and spreading away from the earth (see Tidal acceleration for more on this).
• 3,000,000,000: The Andromeda Galaxy and our Milky Way Galaxy are predicted to collide.
• 5,400,000,000: The Sun leaves the main sequence, becoming a red giant.
• 7,590,000,000: The red giant Sun engulfs the Earth.
• 7,816,000,000: The Sun becomes a white dwarf about the size of the Earth.
• 17,000,000,000: The Sun becomes a black dwarf.
• 30,000,000,000: Earliest possible date for the universe to collapse in the hypothetical scenario known as the Big Crunch.
• 100,000,000,000: The Virgo Supercluster merges into one super galaxy, millions of light-years across, filled with red dwarfs and small amounts of white dwarfs. Other superclusters have also merged, yet have been separated from each other by distances of more than a billion light-years due to the acceleration of dark energy.
• 100,000,000,000,000 to 1,000,000,000,000,000 (one quadrillion): The Big Freeze according to many cosmologists. Intelligent life existing then may flee to other universe, as suggested by the physicist Michio Kaku. Beginning of the Degenerate Era of our universe. End of normal star formation and normal stars in the Milky Way/M31 super-galaxy. New stars formed only via brown dwarf collisions every hundred billion years or so.
• 100,000,000,000,000 to 10,000,000,000,000,000 (ten quadrillion): The Universe ends in a Big Crunch according to Frank Tipler's Omega Point Theory, but its inhabitants experience an infinite subjective lifetime.
• 10,000,000,000,000,000,000 (10 quintillion): The Galaxy relaxes gravitationally. Ninety percent of stars escape into intergalactic space while the rest merge with the central Black Hole.
• 10⁴⁰: Beginning of the Black Hole Era of our universe, unless proton decay does not occur.
• 10¹⁰⁰ (one googol): If the theory of black hole evaporation is correct, it is predicted by many astronomers that all the black holes in our universe will have evaporated by around this year, the beginning of the Dark Era of our universe, unless proton decay does not occur.
• 10¹⁵⁰⁰: Cold fusion occurring via quantum tunneling should make the light nuclei in ordinary matter fuse into iron-56 nuclei (see isotopes of iron.) Fission and alpha-particle emission should make heavy nuclei also decay to iron, leaving stellar-mass objects as cold spheres of iron.
• 10^{10^{76}}: Quantum tunneling may make iron stars collapse into neutron stars.

Eras

• 20874: An Islamic calendar year will be entirely within a Gregorian calendar year of the same number.
• 48900: The Julian calendar and Gregorian calendar will be one year apart.
• 428,899: The last year of the Kali Yuga, the current and last of four Hindu Yugas (eras).

Science predictions

• ~11200: Humanity will have achieved Type III civilization under the Kardashev scale according to physicist Freeman Dyson.
• ~12000: Estimated lifespan of the Long Now Foundation's several ongoing projects, including a 10,000-year clock known as the Clock of the Long Now, the Rosetta Project, and the Long Bet Project.

Technology

• 60056 May 28: Date range for NTFS expires (2⁶⁴ × 100 nanoseconds since 1601 January 1).
• 292,277,026,596 December 4: 64-bit Unix time overflows.
• 170,141,183,460,469,231,731,687,303,715,884,105,727 December 31: 128-bit Unix time overflows.

Business

• 10759: Lease to Guinness on St. James's Gate Brewery in Dublin will come due for renegotiation.

Science fiction

• 12004–12006 : The events of Eureka Seven.
• 12005: According to the Doctor Who episode End of the World, a new Roman Empire has been established on Earth by this year.
• 12090: The events of Vampire Hunter D.
• 12569: The setting of the science fiction project Orion's Arm.
• 13851: The events of The Shadow at Evening (Book 1 of the Lamb among the Stars trilogy).
• 14090: The events of Vampire Hunter D: Bloodlust.
• 14292 July 6: Takaya Noriko and Kazumi Amano will return to Earth after detonating the Black Hole Bomb in 2048, according to the last episode of the Japanese animation OVA series Gunbuster.
• 17276–17278: The events of the game Xenogears begin.
• 20001: The events of the epilogue to 2010: Odyssey Two occur.
• 20031: The events of the game Tyrian.
• ca. 23,191: The events of Frank Herbert's Dune (10,191 After Guild).
• 23341: The current date in the MMORPG Eve Online.
• 25th millennium: The events of Isaac Asimov's Foundation.
• Early 30th millennium: The Fall of the Eldar occurs. Slaanesh is born (Warhammer 40,000).
• 28702: In the Anarchy Online universe, the planet Rubi-Ka is discovered by the Omni-Tek Corporation.
• 30200: In the Warhammer 40,000 universe, the Horus Heresy begins.
• 37166: In the Doctor Who serial Planet of Evil, a geological survey is almost annihilated by anti-matter creatures.
• 40000: Barbarella travels to planet Lythion and defeats Durand Durand and his positronic ray, the Magmous, several twins with killer dolls, and the Black Queen of Sogo with her entourage of Black Guards.
• 40999: The current year in the Warhammer 40,000 universe.
• 50009: In the Stargate universe, M35-115's sun expands into a Red Giant
• ca. 60000: In the Empire of the Petal Throne universe, mankind first visits Nu Ophiuchi d, the planet Tékumel, and starts to terraform and then colonise it.
• ca. 61000: Tékumel is abruptly thrust into a "pocket universe", the cataclysm (known as the Fall of Man) bringing about the Time of Darkness (chùstlaqólkoi in modern Tsolyáni).
• ca. 66000: Tékumel emerges from the Time of Darkness and enters the Latter Times.
• 85271: Many of the events of the DC Comics' DC One Million series. Superman emerges from his 15,000-year exile in his Fortress of Solitude inside the Sun.
• 100,000: Rise and fall of the Patagonians; the First Men enter in eclipse. – Olaf Stapledon, Last and First Men
• 200,000: Doctor Who episode The Long Game.
• 200,100: Doctor Who episodes Bad Wolf and The Parting of the Ways.
• 802,701: The Time Traveller encounters a garden world and sees Humanity has divided into the meek Eloi on the surface and the subdwelling, cannibalistic Morlocks – HG Wells' The Time Machine novel and films
• 1,001,986 One million years later from 1986, when the events of Kurt Vonnegut's Galápagos have taken place and humanity has evolved to seal-like creatures with limited thinking.
• ca. 1,000,000: In the Babylon 5 universe, approximately one million years after the founding of the Interstellar Alliance (2262 AD), humans evolve into beings of energy. They leave Earth for the old Vorlon homeworld—and ultimately destroy the solar system to keep any remaining technology out of the hands of younger races.
• April 27 of 2,774,020 : Murcheson's Eye explodes into a supernova and becomes a black hole (from The Mote in God's Eye, by Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle).
• ca. 3,000,000: In the show Red Dwarf, Red Dwarf is a gigantic spaceship belonging to the Jupiter Mining Corporation. An on-board radiation leak kills everyone except for Dave Lister, who was in suspended animation at the time. Three million years later, Lister emerges from stasis as the last human being alive.
• 5,000,000: According to the documentary The Future Is Wild, scientists believe that the world will be in an ice age. The Mediterranean Sea will be a vast salt plain and the Amazon rainforest will be no more. Creatures of this land include huge killer birds, thin-legged pigs, sticky-frilled lizards and birds that act like whales. Humans, by this time, have either gone extinct or have left the planet.
• ca. 8,000,000: The time of Zothique, last continent of Earth, and home to the dying remnants of the human race. The culture is on a barbaric level, and magic has become dominant over science. – (Clark Ashton Smith, The Zothique Cycle)
• 10,000,000: Doctor Who episode The Ark.
• 10,000,000: Rise of the Second Men; the Martian Wars, and the Ruin of Two Worlds. – Olaf Stapledon, Last and First Men
• 15,000,000: Humanity has completely died out according to Isaac Asimov's book The End of Eternity.
• 18,000,000: A "half-plastic denizen" of the interior of a planet beyond Pluto is among those that exchanges mind with the Great Race of Yith. – (H. P. Lovecraft, The Shadow Out of Time)
• 20,000,000: The approximate date when The Night Land is set.
• 30,000,000: The Time Traveller finds himself on a shoreline with a thin atmosphere, a black sky with few stars, the moon gone, and no evidence of intelligent life – except for a single football-sized tentacled creature—H. G. Wells' The Time Machine novel
• 50,000,000: Following the final end of humanity, a new race of beetle-like insects arises. These are possessed by the Great Race of Yith, leaving their previous home on a planet orbiting a dark star near Taurus. Eventually, even the beetles die out, and the Yithians send their collective minds into a vegetable species living on Mercury. – (H. P. Lovecraft, The Shadow Out of Time)
• 100,000,000: In the documentary The Future Is Wild, scientists speculate that in 100,000,000 years' time, the world will be very hot due to excess volcanic activity. Antarctica will be a lush rainforest. Creatures of this world include enormous tortoises, amphibious octopuses, four-winged birds and rodent eating spiders. At this time, there is also only one species of mammal left, which is preyed upon by the spiders.
• 200,000,000: In the documentary The Future Is Wild, scientists speculate that in 200 million years' time the world will contain one global ocean and one continent, like Pangaea. Approximately 100 million years before this time, there was a mass extinction and now most of the world's land is desert, with a couple of rainforests around the edge. Creatures of this world include air-breathing flying fish, giant plankton, various huge worms, highly specialized insects and intelligent, arboreal land-squid. There are no mammals, no birds, no reptiles, no amphibians, only one species of flowering plants and only sharks left to represent aquatic fish. Other creatures have moved in to fill these niches.
• 100,000,000: Main characters live in this year in the show Time Squad.
• 500,000,000: The first primitive life develops on Venus. A Venusian is among those that exchanges minds with the Great Race of Yith. – (H. P. Lovecraft, The Shadow Out of Time; Brian Lumley, The Transition of Titus Crow)
• 635,427,810: Time Traveller Alex Hartdegen escapes from the Morlocks, but emerges stunned to see the rust-colored clouds & sunlight of the far future and a broad moon-like landscape laid waste to the horizon, with Morlock ground entrances – and wonders who the bipeds are, walking in the distance – Simon Wells' production The Time Machine, 2002
• ca. 1,000,000,000: The last inhabitants of Earth, a species of arachnids, live within the interior of the dying world. – (H. P. Lovecraft, The Shadow Out of Time)
• 1,000,000,000: Human extinction occurs across the galaxy – (Brian Aldiss, Galaxies like Grains of Sand).
• 1,000,000,000: Migration of the Ninth Men to Neptune. – Olaf Stapledon, Last and First Men
• 1,000,000,000: In an episode of "Pinky and The Brain", nuclear fallout has created a species of super-intelligent cockroaches who intend to take over the world with use of a "world domination kit". Brain, obsessed with taking over the world, steals the kit and returns in a time machine to the 20th century.
• 2,000,000,000: End of Man (the Eighteenth Men). – Olaf Stapledon, Last and First Men
• ca. 5,000,000,000: The End of the World in Doctor Who. The date is given as 5.5/Apple/26—implying that the explanation of 5 billion was an approximation.
• 5,000,000,023: In the British science fiction television program Doctor Who, in the episode New Earth, Humans are shown to have moved to a new planet and called it New Earth in the galaxy M87.
• 7,500,000,000: Middletown propelled into future – from City at World's End by Edmond Hamilton.
• 10,000,000,000: Arthur C. Clarke's novel, Against the fall of night.
• 17,000,000,000: In Arthur C. Clarke's The City and the Stars – Mad Mind battles Vanamonde.
• 20,000,000,000: The War of Worlds occurs. – Olaf Stapledon's Star Maker
• 30,000,000,000: The Second Galactic Utopia occurs. – Olaf Stapledon's Star Maker
• 40,000,000,000: The First Colonization of Dead Stars occurs. – Olaf Stapledon's Star Maker
• 50,000,000,000: The Supreme Moment of the Cosmos occurs. – Olaf Stapledon's Star Maker
• ca. 100,000,000,000: The consciousness of all Human beings fuses into one Man and attempts to solve the entropy problem with the Cosmic AC in Isaac Asimov's The Last Question.
• 400,000,000,000: The Ren and Stimpy show-within-a-show "Commander Hoek"
• 5,000,000,000,000: The Sun dies in Olaf Stapledon's history of humanity Last and First Men.
• ca. 10,000,000,000,000: Man fuses with AC and Entropy destroys the universe in Isaac Asimov's The Last Question.
• 100,000,000,000,000: In the British science fiction television program Doctor Who, in the episode Utopia, Humans are shown to have moved to a new planet as refugees and are waiting to fly to Utopia to escape what is implied to be The Big Crunch or heat death, also known as the End of the Universe. As indicated in dialogue in the episode, after having evolved into different forms over the millennia, humans by this time have re-evolved back into the same humanoid form known today.
• 1,500,000,000,000,000: Stars evaporate from galaxies in Stephen Baxter's Ring.
• 500,000,000,000,000,000,000 (500 quintillion): In Stephen Baxter's Manifold: Time novel, the last descendants of humanity, close to the Big Freeze, make some changes to our near present in order to release the universe's vacuum energy, spawn new universes, and avoid letting the Big Freeze from happening at this time.

See also

• Futurology
• Ultimate fate of the universe

References

1. Simultaneous Transits by Meeus and Vitagliano (pdf, 315KB)
2. Conjunctions of Regulus and the planets
3. Accuracy of calculations
4. NASA – Voyager - Mission - Interstellar Mission
5. Simultaneous occurrence of solar eclipse and transit of Venus 15232 Apr 05
6. J. Meeus, A. Vitagliano, , Journal of the British Astronomical Association 114/3 (2004)
7. Sten Odenwald, "How do you think the Earth will finally come to an end?"
8. Richard W. Pogge, "The Once and Future Sun"
9. Anthony Kendall, " The Final Total Eclipse"
10. K.-P. Schröder, Robert Connon Smith, " Distant future of the Sun and Earth revisited", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 386 (2008) 155–163.
11. I.-Julianna Sachmann, Arnold I. Boothroyd, Kathleen E. Kreamer, " Our Sun. III. Present and Future", Astronomical Journal 418 (1993) 457–468.
12. White Dwarfs - introduction
13. New Data on 2 Doomsday Ideas, Big Rip vs. Big Crunch
14. Long Now Foundation
15. The disparity in the Xenogears years is due to the vagueness of the calendar conversions used in the game. The accompanying literature, Xenogears Perfect Works (PW), states that in AD 2510 the calendar system restarted and was labeled TC, for Transcend Christ. Again in year 4767 TC, the calendar system restarts and is called the New Era. PW continues on, stating the events of Xenogears begin in the year 9999 of the New Era. Whether year 0 is counted in any of the calendar systems is up for debate therefore leading to the disparity in the beginning of the events of the game.
16. The Dune novels: Timeline
17. EVE Online Gallentean Timeline