Events of 1510

January–June

• January – Catherine of Aragon gives birth to her first child, a stillborn daughter.
• January 23 – Henry VIII of England, then 18 years old, appears incognito in the lists at Richmond, and is applauded for his jousting before he reveals himself.
• February 27 – Afonso de Albuquerque of Portugal conquers Goa.

Undated

• Pskov is conquered by Grand Prince Vasili III of Muscovy.
• The Holy League is formed to defend the Italian States.
• Peter Henlein builds the first pocketwatch.
• Sir Thomas More becomes undersheriff of the City of London.
• Paolo Cortese publishes De Cardinalatu, a manual for cardinals, including advice on palatial architecture – which inspired Thomas Wolsey in his construction work at Hampton Court Palace.
• Construction of the Mary Rose is completed.

Births

• March 25 – Guillaume Postel, linguist (d. 1581)
• March 30 – Antonio de Cabezón, Spanish composer and organist (d. 1566)
• April 2 – Ashikaga Yoshiharu, Japanese shogun (d. 1550)
• July 22 – Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence (d. 1537)
• October 6
  • Rowland Taylor, English Protestant martyr (d. 1555)
  • John Caius, English physician (d. 1573)
• October 28 – Francis Borgia, General of the Jesuits (d. 1572)
• date unknown
  • Jörg Breu the Younger, German painter (d. 1547)
  • Ferenc Dávid, Hungarian founder of the Unitarian Church (d. 1579)
  • Matsunaga Hisahide, Japanese warlord (d. 1577)
  • Solomon Luria, Polish-born Kabbalist (d. 1574)
  • Oda Nobuhide, Japanese warlord (d. 1551)
  • Bernard Palissy, French potter and writer
  • Ambroise Paré, French surgeon (d. 1590)
  • Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon, French naval officer (d. 1571)
• probable
  • Aloysius Lilius, Italian inventor of the Gregorian calendar (d. 1576)
  • Luis de Morales, Spanish religious painter (d. 1586)
  • Lope de Rueda, Spanish dramatist and author (d. 1565)
  • Lawrence Sheriff, Elizabethan gentleman and grocer (d. 1567)
  • Claudio Veggio, Italian composer
  • John Knox, Scottish reformer (d. 1572 )

Deaths

• February 28 – Juan de la Cosa, Spanish cartographer and explorer (b. c. 1460)
• March 1 – Francisco de Almeida, Portuguese soldier and explorer (b. c. 1450)
• March 10 – Johann Geiler von Kaisersberg, German preacher (b. 1445)
• May 17 – Sandro Botticelli, Italian painter (b. 1445)
• July 10 – Catherine Cornaro, Queen of Cyprus (b. 1454)
• July 27 – Giovanni Sforza, condottiero (b. 1466)
• August 17
  • Edmund Dudley, English statesman (b. c. 1462)
  • Richard Empson, English statesman
• September 15 – Saint Catherine of Genoa (b. 1447)
• September 18 – Ursula of Brandenburg, Duchess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (b. 1488)
• December 14 – Friedrich of Saxony (b. 1473)
• December 31 – Bianca Maria Sforza, wife of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1472)
• date unknown
  • Agüeybaná, Taino chief
  • Ambrogio Calepino, Italian lexicographer (b. 1450)
  • Giorgione, Italian painter (b. c. 1477)
  • Bohuslav Hasištejnský z Lobkovic, Bohemian writer (b. 1461)
  • Mihnea cel Rău, Prince of Wallachia
  • Florian Zamoyski, Polish nobleman