The
18th century lasted from
1701 to
1800 in the
Gregorian calendar, in accordance with
the
Anno Domini/
Common Era numbering system.
However, Western historians sometimes specifically define the 18th
century otherwise for the purposes of their
work. For example, the "short" 18th century may be defined as
1715–
1789, denoting the
period of time between the death of
Louis XIV of France and the start of the
French Revolution with an emphasis
on directly interconnected events.
To
historians who expand the century to include larger historical
movements, the "long" 18th century may run from the Glorious Revolution of 1688 to the battle of Waterloo
in 1815 or even
later.During the 18th century, the
Enlightenment culminated in the
French and
American revolutions. Philosophy and
science increased in prominence. Philosophers were dreaming about a
better age without the Christian fundamentalism of earlier
centuries. This dream turned into a nightmare during the
terror of
Maximilien Robespierre in the early
1790s. At first, the monarchies of Europe embraced enlightenment
ideals, but with the French revolution, they were on the side of
the counterrevolution.
Great Britain
became a major power worldwide with the defeat of France in the Americas in
the 1760s and the conquest of
large parts of India. However, Britain lost much of her
North American colonies after the American revolution. The
industrial revolution started in
Britain in around the 1770s. Despite its modest beginnings in the
18th century, it would radically change human society and the
geology of the surface of the earth.
Events







Significant people
World leaders, politicians, military








- John Adams, American statesman
- Samuel Adams, American
statesman
- Ahmad Shah Abdali, Afghan
King
- Ahmed III, Sultan of the Ottoman
Empire
- Hyder Ali, Ruler of Mysore
- Ethan Allen, American Revolutionary
Army
- Anne, Queen of Great
Britain
- Marie Antoinette, Austrian-born
Queen of France
- Augustus III, Elector of
Saxony, King of Poland, and Grand Duke of Lithuania
- Aurangzeb, Mughal Emperor
- Boromakot, King of Ayutthaya
- Boromaracha V, King of Ayutthaya
- Aaron Burr, American statesman
- William
Cavendish, Anglo-Irish politician
- John Carteret,
Anglo-Irish politician
- Catherine the Great,
Tsaritsa of Russia
- Charles III, King of Spain,
Naples, and Sicily
- Charles VI,
Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, King of Bohemia and Hungary
- Charles XII, King of
Sweden, the Goths and the Wends;
- Charlotte Corday, French
revolutionary
- Georges Danton, French
revolutionary leader
- Farrukhsiyar, Emperor of Mughal
- Ferdinand I,
King of Naples, Sicily, and the Two
Sicilies
- Benjamin Franklin, American
leader, scientist and statesman
- Juan
Franscisco, Spanish naval officer and explorer
- Adolf Frederick, King
of Sweden, the Goths and the Wends
- Frederick the Great,
King of Prussia
- George I, King of
Great Britain and Ireland
- George II, King of
Great Britain and Ireland
- George III,
King of Great Britain and Ireland
- Robert Gray, American
revolutionary, merchant, and explorer
- Gustav III, King of Sweden,
the Goths and the Wends
- Gyeongjong, King of Joseon
Dynasty
- Nathan Hale, American patriot,
executed for espionage by the British
- Abdul Hamid I, Sultan of Ottoman
Empire
- Alexander Hamilton, American
statesman
- Patrick Henry, American
statesman
- Emperor Higashiyama, Emperor
of Japan
- John Jay, American statesman
- Thomas Jefferson, American
statesman
- Jeongjo, King of Joseon
Dynasty
- John Paul Jones, American naval
commander
- Joseph I, King of
Portugal
- Joseph II,
Austrian Emperor
- Kangxi Emperor, Chinese
Emperor
- Karim Khan, Shah
of Iran and King of Persia
- Marquis de
Lafayette, Continental Army officer
- Louis XIV, King of
France
- Louis XV, King of France
- Louis XVI, King of
France
- Louis XVII, imprisoned King
of France, never ruled
- James Madison, American
statesman
- Madhavrao I, Peshwa/Prime Minister
of Maratha Empire
- Madhavrao I Scindia,
Marathan leader
- Mahmud I, Sultan of Ottoman Empire
- Alessandro Malaspina,
Spanish explorer
- George Mason, American
statesman
- Michikinikwa, Miami chief and
warrior
- José
Moñino y Redondo, Spanish statesman
- Louis-Joseph de
Montcalm, French officer
- Mustafa III, Sultan of Ottoman
Empire
- Nadir Shah, King of Persia
- Nakamikado, Emperor of
Japan
- Horatio
Nelson, British admiral
- Nanasaheb, Peshwa/Prime
Minister of Maratha Empire
- Shivappa Nayaka, King of Keladi
Nayaka
- Osman III, Sultan of Ottaman
Empire
- Peter I (Peter the
Great), Tsar of Russian
- Philip V, King of Spain
- Pontiac, Ottawa chief and
warrior
- Qianlong, Emperor of China
- Rajaram II of Satara,
Monarch of the Maratha
Confederacy
- Francis II Rákóczi,
Prince of Hungary and Transylvania, revolutionary leader
- Tadeusz Rejtan, Polish
politician
- Paul Revere, American revolutionary
leader and silversmith
- Maximilien Robespierre,
French revolutionary leader
- Betsy Ross, American flag maker
- Shah Rukh of Persia, King of
Persia.
- John Russell,
Anglo-Irish politician
- Lionel
Sackville, Anglo-Irish politician
- Sebastião
de Melo, Prime Minister of Portugal
- Chattrapati Shahu, Emperor of
Maratha Empire
- Selim III, Sultan of Ottoman
Empire
- Charles Edward Stuart,
English Jacobite exile
- Sukjong, King of Joseon
Dynasty
- Alexander Suvorov, Russian
military leader
- Maria Theresa, Austrian
Empress
- Tokugawa Ieharu, Japanese
Shogun
- Tokugawa Ienobu, Japanese
Shogun
- Tokugawa Ieshige, Japanese
Shogun
- Tokugawa Ietsugu, Japanese
Shogun
- Tokugawa Tsunayoshi,
Japanese Shogun
- Tokugawa Yoshimune, Japanese
Shogun
- Toussaint L'Ouverture,
Haitian revolutionary leader
- Túpac Amaru II, Peruvian
revolutionary
- George Vancouver, British
Captain and explorer
- Robert Walpole, Prime Minister of
Great Britain
- George Washington, American
general and first President of the United States
- James Wolfe, British officer
- Yeongjo, King of Joseon Dynasty
Show business, theatre, entertainers
- Barton Booth, actor
- Colley Cibber, actor, poet,
playwright
- Thomas Doggett, actor
- David Garrick, actor
- John Gay, English dramatist and
poet
- Charles Johnson,
English playwright
- Charles Macklin, actor
- Chikamatsu Monzaemon,
Japanese dramatist, playwright
- John O'Keeffee,
Irish playwright
- Anne Oldfield, English
actress
- Hannah Pritchard, English
actress
- Hester Santlow, English actress,
ballerina, dancer
- Kong Shangren, Chinese dramatist,
poet
- Richard Brinsley
Sheridan, Irish playwright
- John Small,
English cricketer
- Edward "Lumpy" Stevens, English
cricketer
- Robert Wilks, English actor
- Wang Yun, Chinese
playwright, poet
Musicians, composers

_by_Lange_1782.jpg/180px-Mozart_(unfinished)_by_Lange_1782.jpg)
- Tomaso Albinoni, Italian
composer
- Samuel Arnold, English
composer and musician
- Nidhu Babu, Indian and Bengali
musician and composer
- Johann Sebastian Bach,
German composer
- Charles Burney, English musician
and music historian
- François Couperin, French
composer
- William Cowper, English hymnist
and poet
- Dede Efendi, Turkish/Ottoman
composer
- Christoph Willibald
Gluck, German composer
- Francesco Geminiani, Italian
violinist, composer, and music theorist.
- George Frideric Handel,
German-English composer
- Joseph Haydn, Austrian
composer
- Hampartsoum Limondjian,
Armenian/Ottoman composer
- Kali Mirza, Bengali composer
- Leopold Mozart, Austrian
composer
- Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart,
Austrian composer
- Johann Pachelbel, German
composer, teacher
- François-André Danican
Philidor, French composer and chess master
- Jean-Philippe Rameau,
French composer
- Bharatchandra Ray, Bengali
composer, musician, and poet
- Sadarang, Hindustani composer
- Domenico Scarlatti, Italian
composer.
- Antonio Stradivari, Italian
violin maker
- Antonio Vivaldi, Italian
composer
- Isaac Watts, English hymnist
Visual artists, painters, sculptors, printmakers


- Michel Benoist, French painter,
architect, missionary in China
- William Blake, English artist and
poet
- Edmé Bouchardon, French
sculptor
- François Boucher, French
painter
- Giuseppe
Castiglione, Italian painter, architect, missionary in
China
- Jean-Baptiste-Siméon
Chardin, French painter
- John Singleton Copley,
American painter
- Jacques-Louis David, French
painter
- Étienne Maurice
Falconet, French sculptor
- Jean-Honoré
Fragonard, French painter
- Thomas Gainsborough, English
painter
- Francisco de Goya, Spanish
painter
- Jean-Baptiste Greuze,
French painter
- Suzuki Harunobu, Japanese
woodblock printer
- William Hogarth, English painter
and engraver
- Jean-Baptiste Lemoyne,
French sculptor, student of his father
- Jean-Louis Lemoyne, French
sculptor
- Robert Le Lorrain, French
sculptor
- Yuan Mei, Chinese painter, poet,
essayist
- Antoine Ignace Melling,
French-German painter, architect
- Gai Qi, Chinese painter, poet
- Bartolomeo Rastrelli,
Italian-born Russian architect
- Joshua Reynolds, English
painter
- Gilbert Stuart, American
painter
- Nishikawa Sukenobu, Japanese
printmaker, teacher
- Giovanni Battista
Tiepolo, Venetian painter
- Jiang Tingxi, Chinese artist and
scholar
- Kitagawa Utamaro, Japanese printmaker
and painter
- Antoine Watteau, French
painter
Writers, poets




- Jane Austen, English writer
- Anna Laetitia Barbauld,
English Poet, essayist, and children's author
- Pierre Beaumarchais, French
writer
- Nicolas
Boileau-Despréaux, French poet and literary critic
- James Boswell, Scottish
biographer
- Frances Burney, English
novelist
- Robert Burns, Scottish poet
- Giacomo Casanova, Venetian
adventurer, writer and womanizer
- Pierre Choderlos de
Laclos, French writer
- Daniel Defoe, English novelist and
journalist
- Liang Desheng, Chinese poet and
writer
- Maria Edgeworth, Anglo-Irish
novelist
- Henry Fielding, English
novelist
- Johann Wolfgang von
Goethe, German writer
- Oliver Goldsmith, Anglo-Irish
writer, poet, children's writer, and playwright
- Thomas Gray, English poet, scholar,
and educator
- Eliza Haywood, English writer
- Wu Jingzi, Chinese writer
- Samuel Johnson, British writer,
lexicographer, poet, and literary critic
- John Keats, British poet/writer
- Ferenc Kazinczy, Hungarian
writer
- Charlotte Lennox, English
novelist and poet
- Matthew Lewis, English
novelist and playwright
- Sadhak Kamalakanta, Indian
poet
- Henry Mackenzie, Scottish
novelist
- Jean-Paul Marat, French
journalist
- Gaspar Melchor de
Jovellanos, Spanish writer
- Yuan Mei, Chinese poet, scholar and
artist
- Honoré Mirabeau, French
writer and politician
- John Newbery, English children's
literature publisher
- Alexander Pope, English poet
- Ann Radcliffe, English
novelist
- Samuel Richardson, English
novelist
- Li Ruzhen, Chinese novelist
- Marquis de Sade, French writer
and philosopher
- Ramprasad Sen, Bengali poet and
singer
- Friedrich Schiller, German
writer
- Walter Scott, Scottish novelest and
poet
- Christopher Smart, English
poet and actor
- Robert Southey, English poet and
biographer
- Hester Thrale, English
memoirist
- Charlotte Turner Smith,
English writer
- Pu Songling, Chinese short story
writer
- Laurence Sterne, Anglo-Irish
writer
- Jonathan Swift, Anglo-Irish
satirist and Church of Ireland
Dean
- Ueda Akinari, Japanese writer
- Voltaire, French writer and
philosopher
- Horace
Walpole, English writer and politician
- Mary Wollstonecraft, British
writer and feminist
- Cao Xueqin, Chinese writer
Philosophers, theologians


- Arai Hakuseki, Japanese scholar,
writer and politician
- Jeremy Bentham, English
philosopher and reformer
- George Berkeley, Irish
empiricist philosopher
- Edmund Burke, British statesman and
philosopher
- Frederick Cornwallis,
Archbishop of Canterbury
- Erasmus Darwin, English
philosopher, poet and scientist
- Denis Diderot, French writer and
philosopher
- William Godwin, English
philosopher and novelist
- Aaron Halle-Wolfssohn,
German writer, Jewish theologian, translator, and professor
- Johann Gottfried Herder,
German philosopher, writer, and critic
- Thomas Herring, Archbishop of
Canterbury
- David Hume, Scottish philosopher
- Matthew
Hutton, Archbishop of Canterbury
- Immanuel Kant, German
philosopher
- Kamo no Mabuchi, Japanese
philosopher
- William Law, English theologian
- Alphonsus Liguori, Italian
bishop, founder of Redemptorists, Saint
- Moses Mendelssohn, German
philosopher
- Charles de
Secondat , French thinker
- John Moore, Archbishop
of Canterbury
- Motoori Norinaga, Japanese
philosopher and scholar
- Thomas Paine, English
philosopher
- Elihu Palmer, American deist
- Thomas Percy, English bishop and
editor
- Joseph Perl, German writer, Jewish
theologian, and educator
- John Potter, Archbishop
of Canterbury
- Jean-Jacques Rousseau,
French writer and philosopher
- Thomas Secker, Archbishop of
Canterbury
- Sugita Genpaku, Japanese scholar
and translator
- Emanuel Swedenborg, Swedish
scientist, thinker and mystic
- Thomas Tenison, Archbishop of
Canterbury
- Christian Thomasius, German
philosopher and jurist
- Baal Shem Tov, Ukrainian
rabbi
- Muhammad ibn Abd al
Wahhab, Arab Islamic theologian and founder of Wahhabism
- William Wake, Archbishop of
Canterbury
- John Wesley, English theologian,
founder of Methodism
- Nikolaus Ludwig von
Zinzendorf, German religious writer and bishop
Scientists, researchers


- Roger Joseph Boscovich,
physicist, astronomer, mathematician, philosopher, diplomat, poet,
and Jesuit
- Maria Gaetana Agnesi,
Italian mathematician
- Jean le Rond d'Alembert,
French mathematician, physicist and encyclopedist
- Joseph Banks, English botanist
- Laura Bassi, Italian scientist, the
first European female college teacher
- Daniel Bernoulli, Swiss
mathematician and physicist
- Anders Celsius, Swedish
astronomer
- Alexis Clairault, French
mathematician
- James Cook, English navigator,
explorer and cartographer
- Eugenio Espejo, Ecuadorian
scientist
- Leonhard Euler, Swiss
mathematician
- Daniel Gabriel
Fahrenheit, German physicist and engineer
- George Fordyce, Scottish
physician and chemist
- Carl Friedrich Gauss,
German mathematician, physicist and astronomer
- Edward Gibbon, English
historian
- Edward Jenner, English inventor of
vaccination
- William Jones,
English philologist
- Joseph Louis Lagrange,
Italian-French mathematician and physicist
- Pierre Simon Laplace,
French physicist and mathematician
- Antoine Lavoisier, French
chemist
- John Law, Scottish
economist
- Pan Lei, Chinese scholar and
mathematician
- Adrien-Marie Legendre,
French mathematician
- Carolus Linnaeus (Carl von
Linné), Swedish biologist
- Mikhail Lomonosov, Russian
scientist
- Edmond Malone, Irish literary
scholar
- Thomas Malthus, English
economist
- Joseph Priestley, dissenting
minister and chemist
- John Smeaton, civil engineer and
physicist
- Adam Smith, Scottish economist and
philosopher
- Antonio de Ulloa, Spanish
scientist and explorer
- James Watt, Scottish
scientist and inventor
- John Whitehurst, English
geologist
- Dai Zhen, Chinese mathematician,
geographer, phonologist and philosopher
Inventions, discoveries, introductions
Literary and philosophical achievements
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- 1703: The Love Suicides at
Sonezaki by Chikamatsu first
performed
- 1704–1717: One Thousand and One Nights
translated into French by Antoine
Galland. The work becomes immensely popular throughout
Europe.
- 1704: A Tale
of a Tub by Jonathan Swift
first published
- 1712: The Rape of the Lock by Alexander Pope (publication of first
version)
- 1719: Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe
- 1725: The New Science by Giambattista Vico
- 1726: Gulliver's Travels by Jonathan Swift
- 1728: The
Dunciad by Alexander Pope
(publication of first version)
- 1744: A Little Pretty Pocket-Book
becomes one of the first books marketed for
children
- 1748: Chushingura (The Treasury of Loyal
Retainers), popular Japanese puppet
play, composed
- 1748: Clarissa by Samuel Richardson
- 1749: The History of Tom Jones,
a Foundling by Henry
Fielding
- 1751: Elegy Written in a Country
Churchyard by Thomas Gray
published
- 1751–1785: The French
Encyclopédie
- 1755: A Dictionary of the English
Language by Samuel
Johnson
- 1759: Candide by Voltaire
- 1759: The Theory of Moral
Sentiments by Adam Smith
- 1759–1767: Tristram Shandy by Laurence Sterne
- 1762: Emile: or, On Education by
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
- 1762: The Social Contract, Or Principles of
Political Right by Jean-Jacques Rousseau
- 1774: The Sorrows of Young
Werther by Goethe first
published
- 1776: Ugetsu monogatari
(Tales of Moonlight and Rain) by Ueda Akinari
- 1776: The Wealth of Nations, foundation
of the modern theory of economy, was published by Adam Smith
- 1776–1789: The
History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire was
published by Edward Gibbon
- 1779: Amazing
Grace published by John
Newton
- 1779–1782: Lives of the Most
Eminent English Poets by Samuel
Johnson
- 1781: Critique of Pure Reason by
Immanuel Kant (publication of first
edition)
- 1781: The
Robbers by Friedrich
Schiller first published
- 1782: Les Liaisons dangereuses by
Pierre Choderlos de
Laclos
- 1786: Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish
Dialect by Robert Burns
- 1787–1788: Federalist Papers by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James
Madison
- 1788: Critique of Practical
Reason by Immanuel Kant
- 1789: Songs of Innocence by William Blake
- 1790: Journey from St.
Petersburg to Moscow by Alexander Radishchev
- 1790: Reflections on the
Revolution in France by Edmund
Burke
- 1791: Rights
of Man by Thomas Paine
- 1792: Poor Liza by Nikolai Karamzin
- 1794: Songs of Experience by William Blake
- 1798: Lyrical Ballads by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge
- 1798: An Essay on the
Principle of Population published by Thomas Malthus
- (mid-18th century): The Dream of the Red
Chamber (authorship attributed to Cao Xueqin), one of the most famous Chinese
novels
Musical works
- 1711: Rinaldo, Handel's
first opera for the London stage, premiered
- 1721: Brandenburg concertos by Bach
- 1723: The Four Seasons, violin
concertos by Antonio Vivaldi,
composed
- 1724: St
John Passion Bach
- 1727: St Matthew Passion composed
by Bach
- 1733: Hippolyte et Aricie, first opera by
Jean-Philippe Rameau
- 1741: Goldberg Variations for harpsichord published by Bach
- 1742: Messiah, oratorio by Handel premiered in Dublin

- 1749 Mass in
B Minor by Bach
assembled in current form
- 1762: Orfeo ed Euridice, first "reform
opera" by Gluck,
performed in Vienna

- 1786: The Marriage of Figaro, opera by
Mozart
- 1787: Don
Giovanni, opera by Mozart
- 1788: Jupiter Symphony (Symphony
No.41) composed by Mozart
- 1791: The
Magic Flute, opera by Mozart
- 1791–1795: London symphonies by Haydn
- 1798: The Creation, oratorio by Haydn first performed
References
Decades and years