An
airline hub is an
airport that an
airline uses
as a transfer point to get passengers to their intended
destination. It is part of a
hub and spoke model, where
travelers moving between airports not served by
direct flights change planes en route to their
destinations. Many hubs of the airlines are also situated at
airports in the cities of the respective head offices.
Some airlines may use only a single hub, while other airlines use
multiple hubs. Hubs are used for both
passenger flights as well as
cargo flights.
Many airlines also utilize
focus cities,
which function much the same as hubs. Airlines may also use
secondary hubs, a non-technical term for large
focus cities.
For most
non-US airlines, it is more technically correct to use the term
home base rather than hub as a majority of their
flights are international and the so-called hubs are simply their
home countries' largest airports, such as Dubai
International Airport
for Emirates
Airline or Dublin
Airport
for Aer Lingus.
Indeed, the application of the term hub in such contexts is only
recently popularized by American airline industry analysts and
often contested by local commentators.
A point of onward transfer is required to be called something, and
a hub is as good a name as any other in the genre. An airline must
have a base, and while a hub is very much a travel industry and
aviation term, it describes the purpose of an airlines main base
airport, and similarly secondary hubs, and focus cities.
Fortress hub
A fortress hub is an airport where a single airline's share of
flights is at or above the monopoly standard of 70 percent of
flights in and out of the hub.
For example, in 2005 US
Airways occupied 72 (plus 1 shared with Lufthansa
) out of 85 total gates and accounted for
approximately 90% of passenger traffic at Charlotte/Douglas International
Airport
. Another example is at Detroit
, where only one route (DTW-CDG) from the airport
isn't operated by Delta Air
Lines. New entrants, such as Spirit Airlines at Detroit
, AirTran at Atlanta
, and Vanguard at
Dallas-Fort Worth
, allege to have been the target of exclusionary
practices by the dominant carrier. Some observers argue
that the existence of such hubs can stifle competition; ProAir's battle with Northwest when it briefly
flew out of Detroit City
Airport
is often cited as an example. Northwest was
able to out compete the short-lived discount carrier by matching
its fares and offering more frequent flights. Although these
competitive measures have nothing to do with hub status per se,
they are indicative of the measures a hub airline will take to
defend its preferred position at a hub airport.
A few examples of fortress hubs for major US airlines include but
not limited to:
Major passenger airlines and their hubs
Africa
Asia
- AirAsia (AK) uses
Kuala Lumpur International
Airport
(KUL).
- AirAsia X (D7) uses
Kuala Lumpur International
Airport
(KUL).
- Air China (CA) uses
Beijing Capital International
Airport
(PEK), Pudong International Airport
(PVG) and Chengdu
Shuangliu International Airport
(CTU).
- Air India (AI) uses
Chatrapati Shivaji International
Airport
(BOM), Indira
Gandhi International Airport
(DEL), Chennai International Airport
(MAA) and Frankfurt Airport
(FRA).
- Air Koryo (JS) uses
Pyongyang
Sunan International Airport
(FNJ).
- All Nippon
Airways (NH) uses Narita International Airport
(NRT), Haneda Airport
(HND), Kansai International Airport
(KIX) and Itami Airport
(ITM).
- Asiana
Airlines (OZ) uses Incheon International Airport
(ICN) and Gimpo Airport
(GMP).
- Bangkok
Airways (PG) uses Suvarnabhumi Airport
(BKK) and Samui Airport
(USM).
- Biman
Bangladesh Airlines (BG) uses Zia
International Airport
(DAC), Shah Amanat International
Airport
(CGP), Osmani International Airport
(ZYL).
- Caspian
Airlines (RV) uses Mehrabad Airport
(THR).
- Cathay Pacific
(CX) uses Hong Kong International
Airport
(HKG) (and to a lesser extent Suvarnabhumi
Airport
(BKK) and Taiwan
Taoyuan International Airport
(TPE)).
- China Airlines
(CI) uses Taiwan Taoyuan International
Airport
(TPE)
- China
Eastern Airlines (MU) uses Hongqiao International
Airport (SHA) and Pudong International Airport
(PVG).
- China
Southern Airlines (CZ) uses Guangzhou
Baiyun International Airport
(CAN) and Beijing
Capital International Airport
(PEK).
- Continental Micronesia uses Antonio
B.
Won Pat
International Airport
(GUM).
- Dragonair (KA) uses
Hong Kong
International Airport
(HKG).
- El Al (LY) uses
Ben
Gurion International Airport
(TLV).
- Emirates
Airline (EK) uses Dubai International Airport
(DXB).
- Etihad Airways
(EY) uses Abu Dhabi International
Airport
(AUH).
- EVA Air (BR) uses
Taipei
Taiwan
Taoyuan International Airport
(TPE)
- Garuda
Indonesia (GA) uses Soekarno-Hatta International
Airport
(CGK), Ngurah Rai International
Airport
(DPS), Juanda International Airport
and Singapore Changi Airport
(SIN).
- Gulf Air (GF) uses
Bahrain
International Airport
(BAH).
- Iran Air (IR) uses
Imam Khomeini International
Airport
(IKA) and Mehrabad Airport
(THR).
- Iran Air Tours
(B9) uses Mashhad International Airport
(MHD).
- Iran Aseman
Airlines (EP) uses Mehrabad Airport
(THR) and Imam
Khomeini International Airport
(IKA).
- Japan Airlines
(JL) uses Narita International Airport
(NRT), Haneda Airport
(HND), Kansai International Airport
(KIX) and Itami Airport
(ITM).
- Jazeera
Airways (J9), uses Kuwait International Airport
(KWI) and Dubai International Airport
(DXB).
- Jet Airways (9W)
uses Mumbai
-Chatrapati Shivaji International
Airport
(BOM), Delhi
-Indira
Gandhi International Airport
(DEL) and Brussels
-Brussels
Airport
(BRU).
- Kingfisher
Airlines (IT) uses Bangalore
-Bengaluru International
Airport
(BLR), Mumbai
-Chatrapati Shivaji International
Airport
(BOM) and Delhi
-Indira
Gandhi International Airport
(DEL)
- Kish Air (Y9) uses
Mehrabad
Airport
(THR).
- Korean Air (KE)
uses Incheon International Airport
(ICN) and Gimpo Airport
(GMP).
- Kuwait Airways
(KU) uses Kuwait International Airport
(KWI).
- Mahan Air (W5) uses
Imam Khomeini International
Airport
(IKA).
- Malaysia
Airlines (MH) uses Kuala Lumpur
International Airport
(KUL).
- MASwings (MH) uses Miri Airport (MYY).
- Middle East
Airlines (ME) uses Beirut
Rafic Hariri International Airport
(BEY).
- Oman Air (WY) uses
Seeb
International Airport
(MCT).
- Pakistan International
Airlines (PK) uses Jinnah International Airport
(KHI), Islamabad International
Airport
(ISB) and Allama Iqbal
International Airport
(LHE).
- Philippine
Airlines (PR) uses Ninoy Aquino
International Airport
(MNL).
- Qatar Airways
(QR) uses Doha International Airport
(DOH).
- Royal
Brunei Airlines (BI) uses Brunei
International Airport
(BWN).
- Royal
Jordanian Airlines (RJ) uses Amman
Queen Alia
International Airport
(AMM).
- Saudi
Arabian Airlines (SV) uses King
Abdulaziz International Airport
(JED) King Khalid International
Airport
(RUH) and King Fahd
International Airport
(DMM).
- Shanghai
Airlines (FM) uses Shanghai
Pudong International Airport
(PVG) and Shanghai
Hongqiao International Airport
(SHA).
- Singapore
Airlines (SQ) uses Singapore Changi Airport
(SIN).
- SriLankan
Airlines (UL) uses Bandaranaike
International Airport
(CMB).
- Thai
Airways International (TG) uses Suvarnabhumi Airport
(BKK), Chiang Mai International
Airport
(CNX) and Phuket International Airport
(HKT).
- Thai Air Asia
(FD) uses Suvarnabhumi Airport
(BKK).
- Uzbekistan
Airways (HY) uses Tashkent International
Airport
(TAS).
- Vietnam
Airlines (VN) uses Tan Son Nhat
International Airport
(SGN) and Noi Bai International Airport
(HAN).
Europe
- Adria Airways
(JP) uses Ljubljana International
Airport
(LJU).
- Aer Lingus (EI)
uses Dublin
Airport
(DUB), Cork Airport
(ORK), Belfast International Airport
(BFS), London Gatwick Airport
(LGW) and Shannon Airport
(SNN).
- Aeroflot (SU) uses
Moscow
-Sheremetyevo International
Airport
(SVO).
- Aerosvit (VV) uses
Kiev
-Boryspil International
Airport
(KBP).
- Air Berlin (AB)
uses Berlin-Tegel International
Airport
(TXL), Düsseldorf
International Airport
(DUS), Munich Airport
(MUC), Nuremberg Airport
(NUE) and Palma de Mallorca Airport
(PMI).
- AirBaltic (BT) uses
Riga
International Airport
(RIX)
- Air France (AF)
uses Paris-Charles de Gaulle
Airport
(CDG), Lyon-Saint Exupéry Airport
(LYS) and to a lesser extent Orly Airport
(ORY).
- Air Moldova (9U)
uses Chisinau International
Airport
(KIV)
- Alitalia (AZ) uses
Rome
Leonardo Da Vinci International
Airport
(FCO).
- Anadolujet (TK)
uses Esenboğa International
Airport
(ESB).
- Austrian
Airlines (OS) uses Vienna International Airport
(VIE).
- British
Airways (BA) uses London Heathrow Airport
(LHR), London Gatwick Airport
(LGW).
- Blue1 (KF) uses
Helsinki-Vantaa Airport
(HEL).
- BMI (BD) uses
Manchester
Airport
(MAN) and London Heathrow Airport
(LHR).
- Bmibaby (WW), a
low-fare airline, uses Birmingham Airport
(BHX), Cardiff Airport
(CWL) and East Midlands Airport
(EMA)
- Brussels
Airlines (SN) uses Brussels Airport
(BRU).
- Bulgaria Air
(FB) uses Sofia
Airport
(SOF).
- City Star
Airlines (CA) uses Aberdeen Airport
(ABZ)
- Condor
Airlines (DE) uses Frankfurt International
Airport
(FRA).
- Croatia
Airlines (OU) uses Zagreb Airport
(ZAG).
- Cyprus Airways
(CY) uses Larnaca
Airport
(LCA).
- Czech Airlines
(OK) uses Prague
Ruzyne International Airport
(PRG).
- EasyJet (EZY) a
low-fare airline uses Belfast
International Airport
(BFS), Berlin-Schönefeld International
Airport
(SXF), Bristol International
Airport
(BRS), Dortmund Airport
(DTM), East Midlands Airport
(EMA), Edinburgh Airport
(EDI), EuroAirport
Basel-Mulhouse-Freiburg
(BSL), Geneva
Cointrin International Airport
(GVA), Glasgow International
Airport
(GLA), Liverpool John Lennon
Airport
(LPL), London Luton Airport
(LTN), London Gatwick Airport
(LGW), London Stansted Airport
(STN), Madrid
Barajas International Airport
(MAD), Malpensa
International Airport
(MXP), Newcastle Airport
(NCL) and Paris Orly Airport
(ORY).
- Finnair (AY) uses
Helsinki-Vantaa Airport
(HEL).
- Flyglobespan
(Y2) uses Glasgow International
Airport
(GLA) and Edinburgh Airport
(EDI)
- Iberia
Airlines (IB) uses Madrid
Barajas International
Airport
(MAD).
- Icelandair (FI)
uses Keflavík International
Airport
(KEF).
- Jat Airways (JU)
uses Belgrade
Airport
(BEG).
- Jet2.com (LS) uses
Leeds Bradford International
Airport
(LBA).
- KLM (Royal Dutch
Airlines) (KL) uses Amsterdam
-Schiphol International
Airport
(AMS).
- LOT Polish
Airlines (LO) uses Warsaw Frederic Chopin
Airport
(WAW).
- Lufthansa
(LH) uses Frankfurt International
Airport
(FRA) and Munich
Franz Josef Strauss Airport
(MUC).
- Luxair (LG) uses
Luxembourg-Findel International
Airport
(LUX).
- Malév Hungarian Airlines (MA)
uses Budapest Ferihegy International
Airport
(BUD).
- Martinair (MP)
uses Amsterdam Schiphol Airport
(AMS).
- Montenegro
Airlines (YM) uses Podgorica Airport
(TGD) and Tivat Airport
(TIV).
- Olympic Air (OA)
uses Athens
Eleftherios Venizelos
Airport
(ATH).
- Portugalia (NI)
uses Lisboa
Portela Airport
(LIS).
- Ryanair (FR) a
low-fare airline uses Dublin
International Airport
(DUB), Shannon International
Airport
(SNN), Cork Airport
(ORK), London Stansted Airport
(STN), London Luton Airport
(LTN), Bristol International
Airport
(BRS), East Midlands Airport
(EMA), Prestwick International
Airport
(PIK), Liverpool John Lennon
Airport
(LPL), Frankfurt-Hahn Airport
(HHN), Airport Weeze
(NRN), Bremen Airport
(BRE), Brussels South Charleroi
Airport
(CRL), Orio al
Serio International Airport
(BGY), Galileo
Galilei International Airport
(PSA), Rome Ciampino Airport
(CIA), Paris Beauvais Tillé
Airport
(BVA), Marseille Provence Airport
(MRS), Madrid
Barajas International Airport
(MAD), Girona-Costa Brava Airport
(GRO), Valencia Airport
(VLC), Alicante International
Airport
(ALC) and Stockholm-Skavsta Airport
(NYO), Birmingham International
Airport
(BHX), Bournemouth Airport
,(BOU) and Belfast City Airport
(correct as of January 2008)
- Scandinavian Airlines System
(SK) uses Stockholm-Arlanda Airport
(ARN) and Copenhagen Airport
(CPH) [and to a lesser extent Oslo
Airport, Gardermoen
(OSL)].
- Spanair (JK) uses
Madrid
Barajas International
Airport
(MAD) and Barcelona
El Prat International
Airport
(BCN).
- Swiss International Airlines
(LX) uses Zürich
Airport
(ZRH) (and to a lesser extent Geneva
Cointrin International Airport
(GVA)).
- TAP Portugal
(TP) uses Lisboa
Portela Airport
(LIS) and Oporto
Francisco Sá Carneiro
Airport
(OPO) .
- TAROM Romanian Air
Transport (RO) uses Henri
Coandă International Airport
(OTP) as a principal hub and Cluj-Napoca International
Airport
(CLJ) as a second hub.
- Turkish
Airlines (TK) uses Istanbul Ataturk International
Airport
(IST)
- Virgin
Atlantic (VS) uses London Heathrow Airport
(LHR) and London Gatwick Airport
(LGW).
- VLM Airlines
uses London
City Airport
(LCY).
North America (including Hawaii)

- Aeroméxico
(AM) uses Mexico City International
Airport
(MEX). Aeromexico is the dominant
carrier in Mexico,
- Air Canada (AC)
uses Toronto Pearson International
Airport
(YYZ), Montréal-Pierre Elliott Trudeau
International Airport
(YUL), Vancouver International
Airport
(YVR), and Calgary
International Airport
(YYC) as major hubs.
- Air Transat (TS)
uses Montréal-Pierre Elliott Trudeau
International Airport
(YUL), Toronto
Pearson International Airport
(YYZ), and Vancouver International
Airport
(YVR).
- AirTran
Airways (FL), a low-fare
airline, uses Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International
Airport
(ATL) as its main hub, and Orlando
International Airport
(MCO) & Baltimore/Washington International
Thurgood Marshall Airport
(BWI) as secondary hubs.
- Alaska
Airlines (AS) uses Seattle-Tacoma International
Airport
(SEA), Ted Stevens Anchorage International
Airport
(ANC), Los Angeles International
Airport
(LAX) and Portland International
Airport
(PDX).
- American
Airlines (AA) uses Dallas-Fort Worth International
Airport
(DFW), Chicago's O'Hare
International Airport
(ORD), Miami International Airport
(MIA), and New York's John F.
Kennedy International Airport
(JFK).
- American
Eagle Airlines (MQ) uses Chicago-O'Hare International
Airport
(ORD), Dallas/Fort Worth International
Airport
(DFW), San Juan's Luis Muñoz Marín International
Airport
(SJU), Miami International Airport
(MIA), Logan International Airport
(BOS), and LaGuardia Airport
(LGA).
- Continental
Airlines (CO) uses Houston's George
Bush Intercontinental Airport
(IAH), Newark
Liberty International Airport
(EWR), and Cleveland Hopkins International
Airport
(CLE).
- Delta Air
Lines (DL) uses Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International
Airport
(ATL), Salt Lake
City International Airport
(SLC), Cincinnati-Northern Kentucky
International Airport
(CVG), John F.
Kennedy International Airport
(JFK), and in the future LaGuardia Airport
(LGA).
- Frontier
Airlines (F9), a low-fare
airline, uses Denver International
Airport
(DEN).
- Hawaiian
Airlines (HA), uses Honolulu International
Airport
(HNL).
- JetBlue
Airways (B6), a low-fare
airline, uses John F. Kennedy International
Airport
(JFK) and Boston's Logan
International Airport
(BOS).
- Mexicana (MX) uses
Mexico City International
Airport
(MEX) and Don Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
International Airport
(GDL).
- Midwest
Airlines (YX) uses Milwaukee's General Mitchell International
Airport
(MKE) and Kansas
City International Airport
(MCI).
- Northwest
Airlines (NW) uses Minneapolis-Saint Paul International
Airport
(MSP), Detroit
Metropolitan Wayne County Airport
(DTW), Memphis International
Airport
(MEM), Amsterdam Schiphol Airport
(AMS), and Tokyo's Narita
International Airport
(NRT).
- Porter
Airlines (PD) uses Toronto Island Airport
(YTZ) as its principle hub.
- Southwest Airlines
(WN), a low-cost
airline, mostly runs point-to-point service, but has hub-like
operations in Baltimore/Washington International
Thurgood Marshall Airport
(BWI), Chicago Midway Airport
(MDW), Dallas Love Field Airport
(DAL), Las Vegas's McCarran
International Airport
(LAS), Houston Hobby Airport
(HOU), and Phoenix Sky Harbor International
Airport
(PHX).
- Spirit
Airlines (NK), a low-fare
airline, uses Detroit
Metropolitan Wayne County Airport
(DTW) and Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood International
Airport
(FLL), Spirit uses the term "bases" instead of
"hubs" to define Detroit and Fort Lauderdale.
- TACA uses Comalapa
International Airport
(SAL), La
Aurora International Airport
(GUA), Jorge
Chávez International Airport
(LIM) (for its TACA Peru South American
destinations) and Juan Santamaría International
Airport
(SJO)
- United
Airlines (UA) uses Chicago's O'Hare
International Airport
(ORD), San
Francisco International Airport
(SFO) (as its Pacific gateway), Washington Dulles International
Airport
(IAD), Denver International
Airport
(DEN), and Los
Angeles International Airport
(LAX).
- US Airways (US)
uses Phoenix Sky Harbor International
Airport
(PHX), Charlotte/Douglas International
Airport
(CLT), and Philadelphia International
Airport
(PHL).
- Virgin
America (VX), a low-fare
airline uses San Francisco International
Airport
(SFO)
- WestJet (WS) uses
Calgary
International Airport
(YYC) and Toronto
Pearson International Airport
(YYZ).
Caribbean
Oceania
South America
See also
References
- Source: City of Charlotte & Mecklenburg County, May
2005; US Airways,
June 2005 A fortress hub is difficult for new entrant carriers to
penetrate.
- Hub Cities: Air Canada.com [1]
External links