The
Armenians ( , hayer) are a nation and ethnic group
which originated in the Caucasus and the
Armenian
Highland
. It
is estimated that there are 8 million Armenians around the world.
There is a
large concentration of Armenians in the Caucasus, especially in
Armenia
, and there is a significant presence in Georgia
, Iran
, Russia
, and
Ukraine
. As a result of the Armenian genocide, a large number of
survivors fled to many countries throughout the world, such as
France
, the United States
, Argentina
and the Levant. (see
Armenian diaspora).
Christianity began to spread in Armenia soon after Christ's death,
due to the efforts of two of his apostles,
St. Thaddeus and
St.
Bartholomew In the early 3rd century,
Arsacid Armenia became the first nation to
adopt Christianity as a state religion. Most Armenians adhere to
the
Armenian Apostolic
Church, a
Non-Chalcedonian
church. They speak two different, but mutually intelligible,
dialects of
their language:
Eastern Armenian (spoken mainly in
Armenia, Iran and the former Soviet republics) and
Western Armenian (spoken primarily
in the Armenian diaspora).
Etymology
Historically, the name
Armenian has come to
internationally designate this group of people.
It was first used by
neighbouring countries of ancient Armenia
. It
is traditionally derived from Armenak or
Aram
(the great-grandson of
Haik's great-grandson,
and another leader who is, according to Armenian tradition, the
ancestor of all Armenians). However, Armenians call themselves
Hay (Հայ, pronounced
Hye; plural: Հայեր,
Hayer). The word has traditionally been linked to the name
of the legendary founder of the Armenian nation,
Haik, which is also a popular Armenian name.
Origins
Armenia
lies in the
highlands surrounding the Biblical mountains of Ararat
, upon which, according to Judeo-Christian history,
Noah's Ark came to rest after the flood ( ). In the
Bronze
Age, several states flourished in the area of Greater Armenia,
including the
Hittite Empire (at the
height of its power),
Mitanni (South-Western
historical Armenia), and
Hayasa-Azzi
(1600-1200 BC). Soon after the Hayasa-Azzi were the
Nairi (1400-1000 BC) and the
Kingdom of Urartu (1000-600 BC), who
successively established their sovereignty over the Armenian
Highlands. Each of the aforementioned nations and tribes
participated in the
ethnogenesis of the
Armenian people.
Yerevan
, the modern
capital of Armenia, was founded in 782 BC by king Argishti I.
In 1984, it was suggested by
Thomas
Gamkrelidze and
Vyacheslav
V. Ivanov
that the Proto-Indo-European homeland is located in the Armenian
Highland
.
History
The first
state that was called Armenia by neighboring peoples (Hecataeus of Miletus and Behistun
Inscription
) was established in the early sixth century BC under the Orontid dynasty. At its zenith (95–65
BC), the state extended from the Caucasus all the way to what is
now central Turkey
, Lebanon
, and
northern Iran
. The
imperial reign of
Tigranes the
Great is thus the span of time during which Armenia itself
conquered areas populated by other peoples. Later it briefly became
part of the
Roman Empire
(AD 114–118).
The
Arsacid Kingdom of Armenia was
the first state to adopt
Christianity
as its religion (it had formerly been adherent to Hellenistic
paganism – the
Ancient Greek religion and then the
Ancient Roman religion). in
the early years of the 4th century, likely AD 314.This ushered a
new era in the history of the Armenian people (
see Religion). Later on, in order to further
strengthen the Armenian national identity,
Mesrop Mashtots invented the Armenian
alphabet. This event ushered the
Golden Age of Armenia, during which
many foreign books and manuscripts were translated to Armenian by
Mesrop's pupils. Armenia lost its sovereignty in 428 to the
Byzantine and Persian Empires.
In 885 the Armenians reestablished themselves as a sovereign entity
under the leadership of
Ashot I
of the
Bagratid Dynasty. A
considerable portion of the Armenian nobility and peasantry fled
the Byzantine occupation of Bagratid Armenia in 1045, and the
subsequent invasion of the region by
Seljuk
Turks in 1064. They settled in large numbers in
Cilicia, an Anatolian region where Armenians were
already established as a minority since Roman times. In 1080, they
founded an independent
Armenian Principality then Kingdom
of Cilicia, which became the focus of Armenian
nationalism. The Armenians developed close
social, cultural, military, and religious ties with nearby
Crusader States, but eventually succumbed to
the
Mamluk invaders.
In the 16th century, Eastern Armenia was conquered by the
Turco-Persian Safavid Empire, while Western Armenia fell
under Ottoman rule.
In the 1820s, parts of historic Armenia
under Persian control centering on Yerevan
and Lake
Sevan
were incorporated into the Russian
Empire
, but Western Armenia remained in the Ottoman
Empire. During these tumultuous times, Armenians depended on
the Church to preserve and protect their unique identity.
The
ethnic cleansing of Armenians
during the final years of the Ottoman Empire is widely considered a
genocide, an estimated 1.5 million victims,
with one wave of persecution in the years 1894 to 1896 culminating
in the events of the
Armenian
Genocide in 1915 and 1916.
With World War I
in progress, the Turks accused the (Christian) Armenians as liable
to ally with Imperial
Russia
, and used it as a pretext to deal with the entire
Armenian population as an enemy within their empire.
Turkish governments since that time have consistently rejected
charges of genocide, typically arguing either that those Armenians
who died were simply in the way of a war or that killings of
Armenians were justified by their individual or collective support
for the enemies of the Ottoman Empire. Passage of legislation in
various foreign countries condemning the persecution of the
Armenians as genocide has often provoked diplomatic conflict. (See
Recognition of the
Armenian Genocide)
Following the breakup of the Russian Empire in the
aftermath of World War I for a
brief period, from 1918 to 1920, Armenia was an
independent
republic
.
In late 1920, the communists came to power following an invasion of
Armenia by the Red Army, and in 1922,
Armenia became part of the Transcaucasian SFSR of the Soviet Union
, later forming the Armenian
Soviet Socialist Republic (1936 to September 21, 1991).
In 1991,
Armenia
declared
independence from the USSR
and
established the second Republic of Armenia.
Geographic distribution
Armenia
Armenians
have had a presence in the Armenian Highland
for over four thousand years, since the time when
Haik, the legendary patriarch and founder of
the first Armenian nation, led them to victory over Bel of Babylon
. Today, with a population of 3.5 million,
they not only constitute an overwhelming majority in Armenia, but
also in the disputed region of
Nagorno-Karabakh. Armenians in the diaspora
informally refer to them as
Hayastantsis (Հայաստանցի),
meaning those that are from Armenia (that is, they or their
ancestors were not forced to flee in 1915). They, as well as the
Armenians of Iran and Russia speak the Eastern dialect of the
Armenian language. The country itself is secular as a result of
Soviet domination, but most of its citizens are Apostolic Armenian
Christian.
Diaspora
Small Armenian trading communities have existed outside of Armenia
for centuries.
For example, a community has existed for
over a millennium in the Holy Land, and
one of the four quarters of the walled old city of Jerusalem
has been called the Armenian Quarter
. There are also remnants of formerly populous
communities in India, Myanmar, South East Asia, Poland
, Hungary
, Romania
, Serbia
, Ethiopia
, Sudan
and Egypt
.
However, most Armenians have scattered throughout the world as a
direct consequence of the genocide of 1915, constituting the
Armenian diaspora.
Armenian communities
in and around the Georgian capital city of Tbilisi
, in Syria
and in
Iran
existed since antiquity.
Within the diasporan Armenian community, there is an unofficial
classification of the different
kinds of Armenians. For
example, Armenians who originate from Iran are referred to as
Parskahay (Պարսկահայ),
while Armenians from Lebanon are usually referred to as
Lipananahay (Լիբանանահայ).
Armenians of the Diaspora are the primary speakers of the Western
dialect of the Armenian language. This dialect has considerable
differences with Eastern Armenian, but speakers of either of the
two variations can usually understand each other.
Eastern Armenian in
the diaspora is primarily spoken in Iran, Russia and former Soviet
states such as Ukraine
and Georgia
(where they form a majority in the Samtskhe-Javakheti
province). In diverse communities (such as
in Canada and the U.S.) where many different kinds of Armenians
live together, there is a tendency for the different groups to
cluster together.
Since the arrival of
Martin the
Armenian to the
Jamestown
Colony around 1618, Armenians have dispersed all throughout the
United States.
Watertown, Massachusetts
; Fresno, California
; Detroit, Michigan
; Glendale, California
; and Los Angeles, California
are centers of Armenian population in the United
States; there is also a significant concentration in New York City
. In Canada, large numbers of Armenians can be
found in Toronto,
Ontario
, and Montreal, Quebec
. Armenians are also present in every country
in Latin America, with the largest concentrations being found in
Brazil
, Argentina
, Uruguay
, Chile
, the
Dominican Republic
, Venezuela
, Costa
Rica
, and Mexico
.
Glendale
, California, in particular, is famous for its high
concentration of Armenians; there are approximately 78,000
Armenians, according to the 2000 U.S. census. Armenian
residents of the city are active members in the municipal
government and chamber of commerce .
In Hollywood,
California
, a small portion is known as "Little
Armenia
", extending east to west from Wilton Avenue to
Vermont Avenue and north and south from Hollywood Boulevard to
Santa Monica Boulevard.
Genetic relations
The geographical distribution of the
R1b haplotype is such that it is
shared by Armenians and two other populations from the Caucasus.
Moreover, it is lacking in most other populations from the
Caucasus, as well as in the other populations from further east. On
the other hand, it is more frequently found in Europe, where, as we
know, haplogroup R1b tends to have higher frequencies as
well.
Religion
Before Christianity, Armenians adhered to a polytheistic religion.
Even after the adaption of Christianity many pockets of Armenians
maintained non-Christian beliefs.
In 301 AD, Armenia adopted
Christianity as a state religion, becoming the
first nation to do so. It established a Church that still exists
independently of both the
Catholic
and the
Eastern Orthodox churches,
having become so in 451 AD as a result of its
excommunication by the
Council of Chalcedon. Today this church
is known as the
Armenian
Apostolic Church, which is a part of the
Oriental Orthodox communion, not to be
confused with the
Eastern Orthodox
communion. During its later political eclipses, Armenia depended on
the church to preserve and protect its unique identity. The
original location of the Armenian Catholicosate is Echmiadzin.
However, the continuous upheavals, which characterized the
political scenes of Armenia, made the political power move to safer
places. The Church center moved as well to different locations
together with the political authority.
Therefore, it
eventually moved to Cilicia as the Holy See of
Cilicia
.
The Armenians collective has, at times, constituted a Christian
"island" in a mostly
Muslim region. There is,
however, a minuscule minority of ethnic Armenian Muslims, known as
Hamshenis, while the
history of the Jews in
Armenia dates back 2000 years. The
Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia had
close ties to European
Crusader
States. Later on, the deteriorating situation in the region led
the bishops of Armenia to elect a Catholicos in Etchmiadzin, the
original seat of the Catholicosate. In 1441, a new Catholicos was
elected in Etchmiadzin in the person of Kirakos Virapetsi, while
Krikor Moussapegiants preserved his title as Catholicos of Cilicia.
Therefore, since 1441, there have been two Catholicosates in the
Armenian Church with equal rights
and privileges, and with their respective jurisdictions. The
primacy of honor of the Catholicosate of Etchmiadzin has always
been recognized by the Catholicosate of Cilicia.
While the Armenian Apostolic Church remains the most prominent
church in the Armenian community throughout the world, Armenians
(especially in the diaspora) subscribe to any number of other
Christian denominations. These include the
Armenian Catholic Church (which
follows its own liturgy but recognizes the
Roman Catholic Pope),
the
Armenian Evangelical
Church, which started as a reformation in the Mother church but
later broke away, and the
Armenian Brotherhood Church,
which was born in the Armenian Evangelical Church, but later broke
apart from it. There are other numerous Armenian churches belonging
to Protestant denominations of all kinds.
Through the ages many Armenians have collectively belonged to other
faiths or Christian movements, including the
Paulicians which is a form of Gnostic and
Manichaean Christianity. Paulicians sought to restore the pure
Christianity of Paul and in c.660 founded the first congregation in
Kibossa, Armenia.
Another example is the
Tondrakians, who
flourished in medieval Armenia between the early 9th century and
11th century. Tondrakians advocated the abolishment of the Armenian
Church, denied the immortality of the soul, did not believe in an
afterlife, supported property rights for peasants, and equality
between men and women.
Culture
Language and literature
Armenian is a sub-branch of the
Indo-European family, and with some
8 million speakers one of the smallest surviving branches,
comparable to
Albanian or the
somewhat more widely spoken
Greek,
with which it may be connected (see
Graeco-Armenian).
Five million Eastern Armenian speakers live in the Caucasus,
Russia, and Iran, and approximately two to three million people in
the rest of the
Armenian diaspora
speak Western Armenian. According to US Census figures, there are
300,000 Americans who speak Armenian at home. It is in fact the
twentieth most commonly spoken language in the United States,
having slightly fewer speakers than
Haitian Creole, and slightly more
than
Navajo.
Armenian literature dates back to 400 AD, when Mesrob Mashdots
first invented the
Armenian
alphabet. This period of time is often viewed as the
Golden Age of Armenian literature. Early Armenian
literature was written by the "father of Armenian history",
Moses of Chorene, who authored
The History of
Armenia. The book covers the time-frame from the formation
of the Armenian people to the fifth century A.D. The nineteenth
century beheld a great literary movement that was to give rise to
modern Armenian literature. This period of time, during which
Armenian culture flourished, is known as the Revival period
(Zartonki sherchan).
The Revivalist authors of Constantinople
and Tiflis
, almost
identical to the Romanticists of Europe, were interested in
encouraging Armenian nationalism. Most of them adopted the
newly created Eastern or Western variants of the Armenian language
depending on the targeted audience, and preferred them over
classical Armenian (grabar). This period ended after the
Hamidian massacres, when Armenians
experienced turbulent times. As Armenian history of the 1920s and
of the Genocide came to be more openly discussed, writers like
Paruyr Sevak,
Gevork Emin,
Silva
Kaputikyan and
Hovhannes Shiraz
began a new era of literature.
Architecture
The first Armenian churches were built on the orders of
St. Gregory the Illuminator, and
were often built on top of pagan temples, and imitated some aspects
of Armenian pre-Christian architecture.
Classical and Medieval Armenian Architecture is divided into four
separate periods.
The first Armenian churches were built between the 4th and 7th
century, beginning when Armenia converted to Christianity, and
ending with the Arab invasion of Armenia. The early churches were
mostly simple
basilicas, but some with side
apses. By the fifth century the typical cupola cone in the center
had become widely used. By the seventh century, centrally-planned
churches had been built and a more complicated
niched
buttress and radiating
Hrip'simé style had formed. By
the time of the Arab invasion, most of what we now know as
classical Armenian architecture had formed.
From the
9th to 11th century, Armenian architecture underwent a revival
under the patronage of the Bagratid Dynasty
with a great deal of building done in the area of Lake Van
, this included both traditional styles and new
innovations. Ornately carved Armenian
Khachkars were developed during this time.
Many new
cities and churches were built during this time, including a new
capital at Lake
Van
and a new Cathedral on Akdamar Island
to match. The Cathedral of Ani
was also completed during this dynasty.
It wad
during this time that the first major monasteries, such as Haghpat
and Haritchavank
were built. This period was ended by the
Seljuk invasion.
Sports

Armenian children at the UN Cup Chess
Tournament in 2005.
Many types of sports are played in Armenia, among the most popular
being
football,
chess,
boxing,
basketball,
hockey,
sambo,
wrestling,
weightlifting and
volleyball. Since independence, the Armenian
government has been actively rebuilding its sports program in the
country.
During
Soviet rule, Armenian athletes rose to prominence winning plenty of
medals and helping the USSR
win the
medal standings at the Olympics on numerous occasions.
The first
medal won by an Armenian in modern Olympic history was by Hrant Shahinian, who won two golds and two
silvers in gymnastics at the 1952
Summer Olympics in Helsinki
. In football, their most successful team was
Yerevan's FC Ararat, which had
claimed most of the Soviet championships in the 70s and had also
gone to post victories against professional clubs like
FC Bayern Munich in the Euro cup.
Armenians have also been successful in chess, which is the most
popular mind sport in Armenia. Some of the most prominent chess
players in the world are Armenian such as
Tigran Petrosian,
Levon Aronian and
Garry Kasparov. Armenians have also been
successful in weightlifting and wrestling, winning medals in each
sport at the Olympics.
Music and dance

Armenian Folk Musicians
Armenian music is a mix of indigenous folk music, perhaps
best-represented by
Djivan
Gasparyan's well-known
duduk music, as
well as light pop, and extensive
Christian music.
Instruments like the duduk, the
dhol, the
zurna and the
kanun are
commonly found in Armenian folk music. Artists such as
Sayat Nova are famous due to their influence in
the development of Armenian folk music. One of the oldest types of
Armenian music is the
Armenian chant
which is the most common kind of religious music in Armenia. Many
of these chants are ancient in origin, extending to pre-Christian
times, while others are relatively modern, including several
composed by Saint Mesrop Mashtots, the inventor of the Armenian
alphabet.
Whilst under Soviet
rule,
Armenian classical music composer Aram Khatchaturian became internationally
well known for his music, for various ballets and the Sabre Dance from his composition for the ballet
Gayaneh.

Traditional Armenian Dance
The Armenian Genocide caused widespread emigration that led to the
settlement of Armenians in various countries in the world.
Armenians kept to their traditions and certain diasporans rose to
fame with their music. In the post-Genocide Armenian community of
the United States, the so called "kef" style Armenian dance music,
using Armenian and Middle Eastern folk instruments (often
electrified/amplified) and some western instruments, was popular.
This style preserved the folk songs and dances of
Western Armenia, and many artists also
played the contemporary popular songs of Turkey and other Middle
Eastern countries from which the Armenians emigrated.
Richard Hagopian is perhaps the most famous
artist of the traditional "kef" style and the
Vosbikian Band was notable in the 40s and 50s
for developing their own style of "kef music" heavily influenced by
the popular American
Big Band Jazz of the
time. Later, stemming from the Middle Eastern Armenian diaspora and
influenced by Continental European (especially French) pop music,
the Armenian pop music genre grew to fame in the 60s and 70s with
artists such as
Adiss Harmandian
and
Harout Pamboukjian performing
to the Armenian diaspora and Armenia. Also with artists such as
Sirusho, performing pop music combined with
Armenian folk music in today's entertainment industry. Other
Armenian diasporans that rose to fame in classical or international
music circles are world renown
French-Armenian singer and composer
Charles Aznavour, pianist
Sahan
Arzruni, prominent opera sopranos such as
Hasmik Papian and more recently
Isabel Bayrakdarian and
Anna Kasyan. Certain Armenians settled to sing
non-Armenian tunes such as the heavy metal band
System of a Down (which nonetheless often
incorporates traditional Armenian instrumentals and styling into
their songs) or pop star
Cher. In the Armenian
diaspora,
Armenian
revolutionary songs are popular with the youth. These songs
encourage Armenian patriotism and are generally about Armenian
history and national heroes.
Carpet weaving
Carpet-weaving is historically a major traditional profession for
the majority of Armenian women, including many Armenian families.
Prominent Karabakh carpet weavers there were men too. The oldest
extant Armenian carpet from the region, referred to as
Artsakh during the medieval era, is from the village
of Banants (near
Gandzak) and dates to the
early 13th century. The first time that the Armenian word for
carpet,
gorg, was used in historical sources was in a
1242-1243 Armenian inscription on the wall of the Kaptavan Church
in Artsakh.
Art historian Hravard Hakobyan notes that "Artsakh carpets occupy a
special place in the history of Armenian carpet-making." Common
themes and patterns found on Armenian carpets were the depiction of
dragons and eagles. They were diverse in style, rich in color and
ornamental motifs, and were even separated in categories depending
on what sort of animals were depicted on them, such as
artsvagorgs (eagle-carpets),
vishapagorgs
(dragon-carpets) and
otsagorgs (serpent-carpets). The rug
mentioned in the Kaptavan inscriptions is composed of three arches,
"covered with vegatative ornaments", and bears an artistic
resemblance to the
illuminated
manuscripts produced in Artsakh.
The art of carpet weaving was in addition intimately connected to
the making of curtains as evidenced in a passage by
Kirakos Gandzaketsi, a 13th century
Armenian historian from Artsakh, who praised Arzu-Khatun, the wife
of regional prince Vakhtang Khachenatsi, and her daughters for
their expertise and skill in weaving.
Armenian carpets were also renowned by foreigners who traveled to
Artsakh; the Arab geographer and historian
Al-Masudi noted that, among other works of art, he
had never seen such carpets elsewhere in his life.
Food
Armenians enjoy many different native and foreign foods. The most
popular food is
khorovats an
Armenian-styled barbecue, which is famous worldwide.
Lavash is a very popular Armenian rollable bread, and
Armenian
baklava is a special treat. Other
famous Armenian foods include the
kabob (a
skewer of marinated roasted meat and vegetables),
t'pov dolma (minced lamb,or beef meat and rice
wrapped in grape leaves),
kaghambi
dolma (minced meat and rice wrapped in cabbage),
amarayin dolma (cored tomatoes, eggplants and
green peppers stuffed with minced mixed meats and rice), and
pilaf, a tasty rice dish. Also, Ghapama,a rice
dish, and many different salads are popular in Armenian culture.
Fruits play a large part in the Armenian diet.
Apricots (also known as
Armenian Plum) native to this area and have
really unique taste,
peaches are native too
and are very popular; also common are
grapes,
figs,
pomegranates,
and
melons.
Institutions
The
nation-state of Armenia
is the most
prominent Armenian institution today. Other important
institutions include:
- The Armenian Apostolic
Church
- The Armenian Catholic
Church
- The Armenian Evangelical
Church The community was formally recognized in 1846 by the
Ottoman Empire.
- The Armenian
General Benevolent Union (AGBU) founded in 1906 and the largest
Armenian non-profit organization in the world with educational,
cultural and humanitarian projects on six continents.
- The Armenian
Revolutionary Federation was founded in 1890. It is generally
referred to as the Dashnaktsutyun, which means
Federation in Armenian. The ARF is the strongest worldwide
Armenian political organization and the only diasporan Armenian
organization with a significant political presence in the Republic of
Armenia
.
- The Armenian Relief
Society, founded in 1910.
- Hamazkayin, an
Armenian cultural and educational society founded in Cairo
in 1928,
and responsible for the founding of Armenian secondary schools and
institutions of higher education in several countries.
- Homenetmen, an Armenian scouting and
athletic organization founded in 1910 with a worldwide membership
of about 25,000.
See also
Notes
- Miniature Empires: A Historical Dictionary of the Newly
Independent States - Page 3 by James B Minahan
- see
- Vahan Kurkjian, "History of Armenia", Michigan, 1968, [1]; Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia, v. 12,
Yerevan 1987; Artak Movsisyan, "Sacred Highland: Armenia in the
spiritual conception of the Near East", Yerevan, 2000; Martiros
Kavoukjian, "The Genesis of Armenian People", Montreal, 1982
- The Early History of Indo-European Languages, Thomas
V. Gamkrelidze and V. V. Ivanov Scientific American, March 1990,
P.110
- "The conversion of Armenia to Christianity was probably the
most crucial step in its history. It turned Armenia sharply away
from its Iranian past and stamped it for centuries with an
intrinsic character as clear to the native population as to those
outside its borders, who identified Armenia almost at once as the
first state to adopt Christianity". (Nina Garsoïan in
Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times, ed. R.G.
Hovannisian, Palgrave Macmillan, 1997, Volume 1, p.81).
- traditionally dated to 301 following Mikayel Chamchian
(1784). 314 is the date favoured by mainstream scholarship, so
Nicholas Adontz (1970), p.82, following the research of Ananian,
and Seibt The Christianization of Caucasus (Armenia, Georgia,
Albania) (2002).
- Flemish DNA and Ancestry: History of Three Families Over Five
Centuries ... - Page 261 by Guido Deboeck
- Sacred Geometry and Armenian Architecture | Armenia
Travel, History, Archeology & Ecology | TourArmenia | Travel
Guide to Armenia
- Armenia, Past and Present; Elisabeth Bauer, Jacob Schmidheiny,
Frederick Leist , 1981
- Hakobyan. Medieval Art of Artsakh, p. 84.
- Kirakos Gandzaketsi. Պատմություն
Հայոց (History of Armenia). Yerevan, Armenian SSR:
Armenian Academy of Sciences,
1961, p. 216, as cited in Hakobyan. Medieval Art of
Artsakh, p. 84, note 18.
References
- The
categorization of Armenian churches in Los Angeles used information
from Sacred Transformation: Armenian Churches in Los
Angeles a project of the USC
School of Policy, Planning, and
Development.
- Some of the information about the history of the Armenians
comes from the multi-volume History of the Armenian
People, Yerevan, Armenia, 1971.
Further reading
- George A. Bournoutian, A History of the Armenian
People, 2 vol. (1994)
- George A. Bournoutian, A Concise History of the Armenian
People (Mazda, 2003, 2004).
- I. M. Diakonoff, The Pre-History of the Armenian
People (revised, trans. Lori Jennings), Caravan Books, New
York (1984), ISBN 0-88206-039-2.
- Russell D. Gray and Quentin D. Atkinson, "Language-tree
divergence times support the Anatolian theory of Indo-European
origin", Nature, 426, 435-439 (2003)
UCLA conference series proceedings
The
UCLA
conference series titled "Historic Armenian Cities
and Provinces" is organized by the Holder of the Armenian
Educational Foundation Chair in Modern Armenian History. The
conference proceedings are edited by
Richard G. Hovannisian. Published in Costa Mesa,
CA, by Mazda Publishers, they are:
- Armenian Van/Vaspurakan (2000)
- Armenian Baghesh/Bitlis and Taron/Mush (2001)
- Armenian Tsopk/Kharpert (2002)
- Armenian Karin/Erzerum (2003)
- Armenian Sebastia/Sivas and Lesser Armenia (2004)
- Armenian Tigranakert/Diarbekir and Edessa/Urfa
(2006)
- Armenian Cilicia (2008)
- Armenian Pontus: the Trebizond-Black Sea communities
(2009)
External links