Bhopāl ( , pron.
) is the capital of the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh
and the administrative headquarter of Bhopal District and Bhopal Division. Bhopal is known as
the
Lake city (or
City of Lakes) as its landscape
is dotted with a number of natural lakes.Bhopal is also one of the
greenest cities of India.
Historically, Bhopal was capital of the
Bhopal state.
The city
attracted international attention due to the tragic Bhopal disaster
, when the Union
Carbide plant leaked deadly methyl
isocyanate gas during the night of 3 December, 1984. The
plant was operated by Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL). The gas
caused a massive loss of human life - numbering in thousands.
Thousands others were rendered sick and have been facing chronic
health problems such as Psychological & Neurological
disabilities, blindness etc.The rate of birth defects, in children
whose parents or even grandparents (i.e. second generation) were
exposed, is still very high.
Protest Rally Against DOW,
Bhopal
Since then, Bhopal has been a center of protests and campaigns
which have been joined by many people from across the globe.
On 11 April 2005, the
Indian Space Research
Organisation established a
Master Control Facility in
Ayodhya Nagar, to control the movements of satellites. It is the
second such installation in the country (the first being at Hassan
). Bhopal would be the second city to have an
All India
Institute of Medical Sciences campus, the first one being in
Delhi.
History
Bhopal is
said to have been founded by the Parmara
King Bhoj (1000–1055), who had his capital at
Dhar
. The city was originally known as
Bhojpal named after Bhoj and the dam ('pal') that
he is said to have constructed to form the lakes surrounding
Bhopal. The fortunes of Bhopal rose and fell with that of its
reigning dynasty. As the Parmaras declined in power, the city was
ransacked several times and finally faded away into
obscurity.
An
Afghan soldier of the
Orakzai tribe called Dost Mohammad Khan (not
to be confused with the later
Afghan
King carrying the same name) laid out the present city at the
same site following the death of the
Mughal Emperor
Aurangzeb in 1707. He brought with himself the
Islamic influence on the culture and architecture of Bhopal, the
ruins of which can be found at Islam Nagar. Bhopal, the second
largest Muslim state in pre-independence India was ruled by four
Begums from 1819 to 1926. Qudisa
Begum was the first female ruler of Bhopal City, who was succeeded
by her only daughter Sikandari, who in turn was succeeded by her
only daughter,
Shahjehan. Kaikhusrau
Jahan Begum was the last female ruler, and stepped down to her son.
The succession of the ‘Begums’ gave the city such innovations as
waterworks, railways and a postal system. Several monuments still
stand in the city as reminders of this glorious period in its
history. A municipality was constituted in 1907.
It was one of the last
princely
states to sign the '
Instrument of Accession' 1947.
Though India achieved Independence in August 1947, the ruler of
Bhopal acceded to India only on 1 May 1949.
Sindhi refugees from Pakistan
were
accommodated in West Bhopal Cities, Bairagarh Sub-Area (Sant
Hirdaram nagar), a western suburb of Bhopal. According to the
States Reorganization
Act of 1956, Bhopal state was integrated into the state of
Madhya
Pradesh, and Bhopal was declared as its capital. The population of the
city rose rapidly thereafter.
Bhopal disaster
On
December 3, 1984, a Union
Carbide Corporation plant in Bhopal leaked 32 tons of toxic
methyl isocyanate gas, leading to
the Bhopal
disaster. The
official
death toll of this disaster was
about 5,000 initially. A more probable figure is that 18,000 died
within two weeks, and it is estimated that an additional 8,000 have
since died from gas-poisoning-related diseases. The
Greenpeace organization cites a total casualty
figure of 20,000 as its own conservative estimate. The Bhopal
disaster is often cited as the world's worst
industrial disaster.December 3 is
observed as an annual day of mourning for this disaster, and each
year, all of the government offices in Bhopal are closed on this
day.
The Union Carbide India, Ltd., (UCIL) plant was established in 1969
in East Bhopal City. 51% of it was owned by Union Carbide
Corporation (UCC) and 49% by Indian authorities, although UCC was
responsible for all techniques and designs. It produced the
pesticide carbaryl (trade mark Sevin). Methyl isocyanate (MIC), an
intermediate in carbaryl manufacture, was also used, and in 1979 a
plant for producing MIC was added to the site.
During the night of December 3, 1984, large amounts of water
entered the chemical storage tank E610, which contained about 40
tonnes of methyl isocyanate. The resulting reaction generated a
major increase in the temperature of liquid inside the tank to over
200°C (400°F). The MIC holding tank then gave off a large volume of
mixed toxic gases, forcing the emergency release of pressure.
Massive panic resulted as people woke up in a cloud of noxious
gasses that burned their lungs. About nine thousand people died
immediately from the gasses, and many more were trampled by others
who were fleeing.
Theories for how the water entered the chemical storage tank
differ. At the time, workers at the plant were cleaning out some
chemical pipes with water, and some authorities claim that because
of bad maintenance and leaking valves, it was possible for the
water to leak into the tank E610. The Union Carbide Corp. maintains
that this was not possible, and that the disaster was an act of
sabotage by a "disgruntled worker" who introduced water directly
into the tank. Much speculation arose in the aftermath, since the
government of India and the Union Carbide Corp. did not release the
results of their own investigations.A recently published highly
researched book, entitled "The Black Box of Bhopal", which has also
appended several original documents not scrutinized before,
presents a more complete picture about the events on the morning of
3rd of December 1984.
The deciding factors that contributed to the disaster
included:
- The chemical plant's poorly-chosen location—located near a
densely populated west city area, instead of the other side of
Bhopal City where the company had been offered land.
- Using hazardous ingredient chemicals (methyl isocyanate)
instead of less dangerous ones
- Storing these chemicals in large tanks instead of several
smaller storage tanks.
- Possible corrosion of the metals in the pipelines
- Poor maintenance at the chemical plant
- Failure of several safety systems, which where not in operation
at the time.
- Deficient staffing policies, such as in the number of employees
hired and their training for working with dangerous chemicals.
- Negligence on the part of the Union Carbide India, Ltd., and
the Governments of India and the state of Madhya Pradesh.
Geography
Bhopal has an average elevation of 499 metres (1637 ft).
Bhopal is
located in the central part of India, and is just north of the
upper limit of the Vindhya
mountain
ranges. Located on the Malwa
plateau, it is higher than the north Indian plains and the land
rises towards the Vindhya
Range
to the south. The city has uneven elevation
and has small hills within its boundaries. The major hills in
Bhopal comprise of Idgah hills and Shyamala hills in the northern
region and Arera hills in the central region.
The municipality covers 298 square kilometres. It has two very
beautiful big lakes, collectively known as the
Bhoj Wetland .
These lakes are the Upper Lake
(built by King Bhoj) and the Lower Lake.
Locally these are known as the Bada Talab and Chota Talab
respectively. The catchment area of the Upper Lake is 361 km²
while that of the Lower Lake is 9.6 km². The Upper Lake drains
into the Kolar River. The
Van
Vihar National Park is a national park situated beside the
Upper Lake.
A Panther in Van Vihar,Bhopal
The national park also has a museum in its premises. Kheoni Wild
Life Sanctuary is situated 125 km from Bhopal.
Climate
Bhopal has a humid-subtropical climate, with mild, dry winters, a
hot summer and a humid monsoon season. Summers start in late March
and go on till mid-June, the average temperature being around 30 °C
(86 °F), with the peak of summer in May, when the highs regularly
exceed 40 °C (104 °F). The monsoon starts in late June and ends in
late September. These months see about 40 inches
(1020 mm) of precipitation, frequent thunderstorms and
flooding. The average temperature is around 25 °C (77 °F) and the
humidity is quite high. Temperatures rise again up to late October
when winter starts, which lasts up to early March. Winters in
Bhopal are mild, sunny and dry, with average temperatures around 18
°C (64 °F) and little or no rain. The winter peaks in January when
temperatures may drop close to freezing on some nights. Total
annual rainfall is about 1146 mm (46 inches).
Economy
The city is divided into six major areas and about 75 suburbs.The
major areas include Old City and the New City. The major industries
in the old city are electrical goods, cotton, chemicals and
jewelry. Other industries include cotton and flour milling, cloth
weaving and painting, as well as making matches, sealing wax, and
sporting equipment. The residents of Bhopal also engage in large
retail businesses. Handicraft is a major product of the old city.
There is a huge demand for its very famous
zardozi work, which is a kind of embroidery done on
bridal dresses, sherwanis, and purses. Another famous handicraft of
Bhopal is 'Batua', a small string purse, usually used with Indian
traditional dresses. There are a large number of garages in the
older city which specialise in automobile conversion. These garages
produce custom-modified and tuned cars,
SUV and motorbikes.
Construction of infrastructure has
become huge business
Being a state capital, the New City has a majority of residents
working for the State and Central Government Departments. There are
two major office complexes on Arera Hills named Satpura and
Vindhyachal, which house a number of State Government offices and
projects. Adjacent to them is the State Secretariat, Vallabh
Bhavan. In their vicinity are other State and Central Government
offices which include major national banks and insurance companies.
Bhopal's major commercial area is
M.P
Nagar, Bhopal which accommodates many business houses. There
are a number of hardware as well as software vendors in this part
of the city. Other businesses include daily newsletter offices and
press, hotels and restaurants, coaching and tuition centers and
entertainment.
Bhopal has a cantonment in the old city as well as military
presence near Bairagarh and the airport. The cantonment houses one
of the Services Selection board centers that recruits troops and
officers for the armed forces.
Bharat Heavy
Electricals Limited, the largest engineering and manufacturing
enterprise in India, has a
unit in Bhopal. It occupies a large area on the
eastern side of the city and maintains a suburb named after it. A
majority of the residents of the suburb are employed by the unit.
Mandideep
is an industrial suburb of Bhopal. It is
located to the South of Bhopal on the Bhopal-Itarsi highway and
houses a number of plants belonging to some of the reputed
companies of India like
Procter
& Gamble,
Fujitsu,
Eicher,
L&T, HEG,crompton greaves Ltd.having many of its
branches like the traction motor plant, the transformer plant etc.
and
VA Tech
Hydro. A North Western suburb of Bhopal called Bairagarh, which
was earlier a camp for Sindhi refugees from Pakistan, has developed
into market for textiles.
Bhopal is also home to the
Bhaskar
Group which is a Rs. 2500 crore
(Rs. 25 billion) business conglomerate with strong
presence in newspapers, television, entertainment, printing,
textiles, fast moving consumer goods, oils, solvents and internet
services. Its head office is located in Maharana Pratap Nagar.
Manjul Publishing
House, located in the old city, is a major publishing house
made famous by the translation of the
Harry
Potter series of novels into
Hindi.
The Madhya Pradesh State Electronics Development Corporation Ltd.
is going to develop a Software & Hardware Technology Park in
Bhopal. Multinational companies like
Genpact, Fujitsu and Taurus Microsystems are
expected to open their centers in the Technology Park.
Education & Health Care
There are more than 550 state government sponsored schools and
affiliated to the
Madhya Pradesh Board
of Secondary Education (MPBSE) located within the city limits.
In addition, there are eleven
Kendriya Vidyalayas in the city
affiliated to the
Central Board of Secondary
Education (CBSE). The city is also served by numerous other
private schools affiliated to either CBSE or MPBSE.
Bhopal is home to one of India's premier engineering colleges, the
Maulana
Azad National Institute of Technology, established in 1960 and
one of the first
Regional
Engineering Colleges. Maulana Azad National Institute of
Technology is also categorized by the Government of India as an
Institute of National
Importance. There are several other public and private
engineering schools (numbering almost 70) located in and around the
city. An
Indian Institute of
Science is also proposed to be set up at Bhopal in the near
future.
Gandhi Medical College is the city's oldest and most prominent
medical college and is associated with Hamidia Hospital. The
medical college is affiliated to the
Barkatullah University.
The hospital and the
college played a crucial role in emergency response and care after
the December 1984 Bhopal Gas Tragedy
.
Building
Other
institutes of higher learning that offer courses in pure sciences,
liberal arts, accounting, communication and other professional
training include the Rajiv Gandhi Technical
University
, the Barkatullah
University, the Madhya Pradesh Bhoj Open
University (for distance education) and the Makhanlal
Chaturvedi National University of Journalism.
The city is also home to several management and law institutes. The
prominent ones include the
Indian Institute of Forest
Management, The National Judicial Academy (for training judges
and one of its' kind in India) and the
National Law Institute
University, a highly ranked law school in India.
Other city institutes of learning that offer a diploma in education
are, The Regional Institute of Education (RIE) of Bhopal, a
constituent unit of the National Council of Educational Research
& Training (NCERT) and the
Digdarshika Institute of Rehabilitation and
Research, a non-profit and educational organization serving the
health sector.
Bhopal is also famous for its engineering colleges, which are 63 in
number.
Government and Politics
Bhopal is
the capital city of Madhya Pradesh. It houses the State Legislative Assembly,
or the
Vidhan Sabha, which
seats 230 members of Legislative Assembly. The twelfth (and
current) Vidhan Sabha was elected in May, 2008. Currently, the
party in the majority in Vidhan Sabha is
Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) which is
led by
Shivraj Singh Chauhan.
Bhopal district elects seven seats to the Assembly.
The administration of Bhopal city is handled by Bhopal Municipal
Corporation, also known as BMC. The total area under BMC is
285 km². The city is divided into 66 wards. Each ward elects a
corporator. The winning party elects a council of members, who are
responsible for various departments. The council members chose the
Mayor among themselves. At present, there are ten members in the
council. The Commissioner of Bhopal is the highest officer of
Municipal Corporate Office, which is responsible for the
departments of public works, revenue and tax, water supply,
planning and development, fire brigade, health and sanitation,
finance & accounts etc. The Commissioner of Bhopal currently is
Manish Singh.
Transportation
Roads
Today Bhopal Roads are best in whole Madhya Pradesh and
Chattisgarh,all road in and around Bhopal are four lane,six lane
and Eight lane.e.g. Lalghati to Bairagarh Eight
Lane.Bhopal has for a long time been a railroad and
highway transportation hub. Bhopal has its own lower level. which
disabled people friendly city bus services (BCLL) which is always
under GPS navigation, for faster and comfortable journey.Metro Taxi
and Auto-rickshaws are another major means of transport.In some
routes in the older city and the new city as well, the new Tata
Magics are running successfully which have replaced the old bigger
diesel rickshaws - known as "bhat".
Bhopal is also implementing a "Bus Rapid Transit System", projected
to become functional in the year 2009.
Apart from the long distance services, there are many services to
nearby places within the state. The bus services are operated from
9 Major bus stands in the city:
- ISBT Terminal
- Naadra Bus Stand, Old City
- Jawahar Chowk Stand
- Halalpura Bus Stand
- Bharat Talkies Stand
- Jnyaneshwari Bus Stand, South
- Piplani Bus Stand, East
- Ayodhya Nagari BusStand
- ISBT Bus Stand, Kasturba Nagar
National Highway 12 passes through Bhopal which connects it to
Jabalpur in the East and Jaipur in the West. National Highway 86
connects Bhopal to Sagar in the East to Indore in the West. There
are number of daily buses to Indore, Ujjain, Gwalior, Jabalpur,
Khajuraho, Sanchi, Pachmarhi, Vidisha, and as well to Ahmedabad,
Jodhpur, Kota, Nagpur, Jaipur, Agra, and Allahabad. An interstate
bus terminus is near the Habibganj station. There are also a number
of Metro Buses running in the city.
Metro Train
MP Government is conducting a survey for startng Metro Train.
Railways
Bhopal railway station
- Bhopal Junction Railway Station
is a major railway station and junction. It is connected by rail to
all parts of the country being on the main North-South line of the
country. A list of all major trains passing through Bhopal can be
found here. More than 150 daily trains
have stoppages in Bhopal. It is also close to the main East-West
junction, Itarsi
.
Bhopal has Five other railway stations within the city, namely :
- Habibganj Railway Station is
the most developed and major station of Bhopal having lots of
modern amenities and also holds the distinction of being the first
ISO 9000:2001 certified railway station in India.other stations
includes:-
Bhopal Express :
Shaan - E - Bhopal, with its headquarter at Habibganj station,
is also the first train in India to obtain an ISO 9001:2000
certificate.
international Airport
Bhopal has international airport with all modern amenities that
connects it directly to Delhi, Mumbai, Indore, Gwalior, Jabalpur,
Ahmedabad, Raipur, Hyderabad and many major cities of
India.
The Raja Bhoj Airport
is located near the satellite suburb
Bairagarh. There are three routes ways to reach the airport:
(1) Via Bairagarh, (2) Via Ranchyati, (3) Via Mahavir Tekari.
Demographics
According to the 2001 census the total Bhopal population is about
1,458,416. The population consists of 56% Hindus and 38% Muslims,
with the rest of the population including Christians, Sikhs, Jains,
and, Buddhists. The Old City of Bhopal is a predominantly
Muslim area with large population that claims
Pashtun descent, but New Bhopal is a
demographically cosmopolitan area.
The chief languages are
Hindi-
Urdu (
Hindustani)
and
English, but there are a
substantial number of
Marathi,
Sindhi,
Marwari speakers as well. In the
princely state of Bhopal,
Persian was the court language until
nineteenth century. The common street Hindi spoken in Bhopal is
termed as Bhopali and is the subject of comedy in
Bollywood movies. An example of the language is
used by actor
Jagdeep in the film
Sholay.
- Population: 1.46 million
- Total waste generation: 6 ton/day
- Waste generation per capita: 0.43 kg/person per day
Culture
Shairis and poetry recitals are popular in Bhopal. Bhopal is famous
for its culture of
parda and
zarda.
Parda is a curtain, which was used to veil the women of
the house from outsiders,
zarda is a kind of tobacco
product which is quite famous with Bhopalis, The official language
of Bhopal City is Hindi,and Bhopali is spoken in West and East
Bhopal City.
Bhopal has an extensive culture of
paan eating.
Paan (Beetle leaf) is a preparation with a betel leaf
topped with variety of seasonings, the most common being
chuna,
kattha and
supari(nut). Bhopalites treat
paan preparation as a science and an art, which is
perfected among the streets of Bhopal, a tradition passed down
generations. The paans in Bhopal are wide in variety and
innovations
Diwali is celebrated with equal pomp and
glory as
Eid. Gifts and sweets are exchanged and
donation are made to the poor. Diwali is celebrated by worshiping
the wealth goddess
Lakshmi. Later
that night,
firecrackers are burst in
the open by young and old. Eid is special to the city as all the
Hindus take time out to visit their Muslim friends and greet them
and get treated with delicacies, the specialty of the day being
sweet
sewaiya. Bhopali culture is such that both Hindus
and Muslims visit each other on their respective festivals to greet
and exchange sweets. During
Ganesh puja and
Durga Puja (Navratras), idols of Ganesh
and Durga are established in
jhankis throughout the city.
People throng to offer prayers to their deities. At the end of
Navratras, on the day of
Vijayadashami
(or
Dussehra), huge effigies of
Ravan
are burnt in different parts of the city. Some of them are
organized by the local administration and stand as tall as .
Bharat Bhawan,a big centre for
theatre,music,arts and other cultural activities.
Bharat Bhavan is the main cultural
centre of the city and of the most important cultural centers of
India. It has an art gallery, an open-air amphitheatre facing the
Upper Lake, two other theatres and a tribal museum. Indira Gandhi
Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya (National Museum of Humans) showcases
the various hutments that tribals of across India use for
shelter.Popular holiday spots near Bhopal include :
Those into archeology can venture about forty kilometres from
Bhopal to Bhimbetka, which has one of the largest collections of
pre-historic paintings and rocks, some of which date back more than
10,000 years.Shiva temple in Bhojpur holds great religious value
and is famous for a massive Shivalingam. Anglers can head about 10
kilometres from the city to Hathaikheda, which is a popular fishing
zone. Or, you can travel fifty kilometres to the city of Sanchi, a
site famous for Buddhist monuments and temples dating back several
centuries.
Bhopal has many mosques including
Taj-ul-Masajid (one of the largest mosques in
Asia),
Dhai Seedi ki Masjid (one of the smallest mosques in Asia), Jama
Masjid (built by Qudsia Begum in 1837) and Moti Masjid (built by
Sikander Begum in
1860). Some of the major historical buildings in Bhopal include
Shaukat Mahal (a mixture of Indo-Islamic and European styles of
architecture).
Gohar Mahal (built by Qudsia Begum, fusion of Hindu and Mughal
architecture), Sadar Manzil (used by the Begums for public
audience, now used as the head office of the Municipal Corporation)
and Purana Kila (part of the 300-year-old fort of Queen Kamalapati,
situated in the Kamala Nehru Park). Lakshmi Narayan Temple (or
Birla Mandir), situated to the south of Lower
Lake, is a temple devoted to
Vishnu and his
mythological consort
Laxmi. An annual fare is
held on Kartik Purnima at Manua Bhan Ki Tekri (Mahavir Giri), a
Jain pilgrimage center located around seven
kilometres away from Bhopal.
The
Udaygiri Caves, located near the town
of Vidisha
, are cut into the side at a sandstone hill, date
back from A.D. 320 to 606. An inscription in one of these
caves states that it was carved out during the reign of
Chandragupta II (A.D. 382-401). A three-day Iztima-Muslim dhaarmik
sammelan or Muslim religious assembly (religious congregation) used
to be held in the precincts of the Taj-ul-Masjid annually. It draws
scores at Muslim pilgrims from all parts of India. It has now been
shifted outside the city limits. Every year in January/February,
the villages of the Manav Sangrahalaya hosts the potters'
workshops, folk music and dance, and open-air plays. It showcases
the tribals of the region who demonstrate their skills in painting,
weaving, and the fashioning of bell metal into works of art.
Sports
Cricket is popular in Bhopal. Although it does not have any stadium
of international level, cricket at various levels is played at the
Baba Ali stadium and the Bharat Heavy Electrical Ltd. Sports
Complex; the latter has even hosted a few matches at the national
level. Construction of a Khelgaon is being carried out which will
have facilities for hosting international cricket, football and
tennis as well as other indoor games. At local level, cricket is
played at Old Campion ground. Other tennis ball matches also take
place in various parts of the city. The youngest captain of the
Indian cricket team,
Mansoor
Ali Khan Pataudi, was born and brought up in Bhopal. The Tatya
Tope Stadium, located in the heart of the city, was a cricket
stadium and held matches at local and state level. But it has
lately been converted into a multi-purpose stadium, with facilities
for athletics, footbal, tennis, squash, table tennis, volleball,
basketball, skating, martial arts and a gymnasium.
Bhopal is also known for its hockey lovers. The Aishbagh stadium is
synonymous for hockey players. Many players reach different grounds
for practice. The city has produced many national and international
players for Indian hockey team. The more famous one being
Aslam Sher Khan, who represented India in
several international games and was a part of the World Cup winning
team in 1975. He later joined politics and went on to become a
Member of Parliament. He also served the national hockey by being a
part of the national selection committee. His father, Ahmed Sher
Khan, represented India at the Berlin Olympics in 1936 along with
Major Dhyan Chand.
Another popular sport of Bhopalites is bodybuilding. In the old
city, there are a number of gyms where youngsters workout everyday
to make their body muscular. Slowly, this trend has caught up even
in the new city where more modern equipments are being employed to
help their members get into better shape. Body builders from the
local gyms participate at national level and have tasted success at
the state level. Apart from this, at school and college level,
table tennis,
volleyball,
basketball,
football and
swimming are also popular sports. Every
summer,
Sports Authority of
India holds camps which provide coaching to students of various
ages games and sports of their choices.
Another famous son of Bhopal is (Late)
J P
Narayanan. A graduate Mechanical Engineer from
Maulana Azad College of
Technology, Narayanan had to his credit broadcasting running
commentaries in English for 100 One-Day Internationals and 44 Test
matches in his career as a cricket commentator for All India Radio
(AIR).
The third One-Day International match
between India and Pakistan played at Keenan Stadium, Jamshedpur
on April 9, 2005 was his last assignment as a
cricket commentator. An employee of
Bharat Heavy Electricals
Limited, the BHEL sports complex was renamed to JP Narayanan
Sports Complex, in an effort to honor his contribution to cricket
in Bhopal and nationally as well.
Bhopal is also coming up as a center of adventure sports.
Trekking
camps are being organised by Youth Hostels and other private clubs
and their destinations are Budhni Ghat, Narsingarh, Ratapani
Sanctuary, Delawadi, Bhimbetka
, Manuabhan Ki Tekri etc. The government has also
established India's first National Sailing Club at the Boat Club,
in the Upper
Lake. This club offers various water sports such
as kayaking, canoeing, rafting, water skiing, para-sailing etc.
Since its inception, it has hosted Canoeing and Kayaking
Championships at national as well as international levels.
Industrial Area
Bhopal has its own industrial area with the name "Govindpura". It
has so many small and medium scale industries involve in various
type of production. In near future bhopal might have an IT Park
consisting of India's major IT companies branches such as TCS (TATA
Consultancy Services).
See also
Further reading
References
External links
(famous for a Shiva temple and
Jain shrines)
(notable for
ancient Buddhist Stupas built by Ashoka),
(a World Heritage
Site of archaeological interest).
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