"Five Boroughs" redirects here. For the Mercian area of this name during the tenth and eleventh centuries, see Five Boroughs of the Danelaw.

New York City, one of the largest cities in the world, is segmented into five boroughs. A borough is a unique form of government that administers the five fundamental constituent parts of the consolidated city. Technically, under New York State Law, a "borough" is a municipal corporation that is created when a county is merged with the cities, towns, and incorporated villages within it. It differs significantly from other borough forms of government used in other parts of the Tri-State Region and elsewhere in the United States.

Background

New York City is often referred to collectively as the Five Boroughs. The term is used to refer to New York City as a whole unambiguously, avoiding confusion with any particular borough or with the greater metropolitan area. It is often used by politicians to counter a focus on Manhattan and to place all five boroughs on equal footing. The term Outer Boroughs refers to all the boroughs excluding Manhattan (although the geographic center of the city is along the Brooklyn/Queens border).

Unlike most American cities, which lie within a single county, extend partially into another county, or constitute a county in themselves, each of New York City's five boroughs is coextensive with a county of New York state:

• The Borough of The Bronx is Bronx County.
• The Borough of Brooklyn is Kings County.
• The Borough of Manhattan is New York County.
• The Borough of Queens is Queens County.
• The Borough of Staten Island is Richmond County.

The densities of the boroughs are as follows: Manhattan 71,078; Brooklyn 36,008; the Bronx 33,141; Queens 21,037; Staten Island 8,404.

All boroughs were created in 1898 during consolidation, when the city's current boundaries were established. The Borough of The Bronx was originally the parts of New York County that had been previously ceded by Westchester County, until Bronx County was created in 1914. The Borough of Queens originally consisted of the western part of Queens County, until Nassau County was created out of the three eastern towns in 1899. The Borough of Staten Island was officially the Borough of Richmond until the name was changed in 1975 to reflect its common appellation.

Each borough is represented by a borough president and, with the exception of Manhattan, has a borough hall (the same functions, and others, reside in the Manhattan Municipal Building). Since the abolition of the Board of Estimate in 1990 (due to a 1989 ruling of the U.S. Supreme Court) the borough president now has minimal executive powers, and there is no legislative function within a borough. Most executive power is exercised by the mayor of New York, and legislative functions are the responsibility of the members of the New York City Council. Because they are counties, each borough also elects a district attorney, as does every other county of the state. Some civil court judges are also elected on a borough-wide basis, although they are generally eligible to serve throughout the city.

Marble Hill

Marble Hill is a small enclave on the North American mainland that appears to be part of the Bronx, but is really part of Manhattan. After an increase in ship traffic in the 1890s, the Army Corps of Engineers constructed the Harlem River Ship Canal making Marble Hill an island. The old river channel was filled in 1914, linking Marble Hill to the mainland.

The sixth borough

A number of areas near and far have been rhetorically identified as New York City's "sixth borough". Places to which the "sixth borough" appellation have been applied include New Jersey (especially Hudson County, New Jersey or Newark, New Jersey); Nassau County, New York; Philadelphia; South Florida and even Israel. The only proposal to merit any formal consideration was a 1934 bill submitted by a New York City alderman that suggested merging Yonkers into New York City as a sixth borough.

See also

• To the 5 Boroughs, a 2004 album by Beastie Boys

References