The City
Municipality of Bremen ( , ) is a Hanseatic city in northwestern Germany
.
A port
city along the river Weser, about south
from its mouth on the North
Sea
, Bremen is part of the Bremen-Oldenburg
metropolitan area
(2.37 million people). Bremen and Bremerhaven
are the two cities in the state of Bremen
(official
name: Freie Hansestadt Bremen - Free
Hanseatic City of
Bremen). Bremen is the second most populous city in
North Germany and tenth in
Germany.
History
In
150 AD the geographer
Claudius Ptolemaeus (known in English as Ptolemy)
described
Fabiranum or
Phabiranum, known today as
Bremen.
At
that time the Chauci lived in the area now
called northwestern Germany or Lower Saxony
. By the end of the
3rd century, they had merged with the
Saxons. During the
Saxon
Wars (772-804) the Saxons, led by
Widukind, fought against the
West Germanic Franks, the founders of the
Carolingian Empire and lost the
war.
Charlemagne, the
King of the Franks, made a new law,
the
Lex Saxonum. This law stated that
Saxons were not allowed to worship
Odin (the god of the Saxons), but rather that they had
to convert to Christianity on pain of death. This period was called
the
Christianisation. In 787
Willehad of Bremen was the first
Bishop of Bremen.
In 848 the diocese of Hamburg
merged with
the diocese of Bremen, and in the following
centuries the bishops of Bremen were the driving force behind the
Christianisation of north
Germany. In 888 gained Archbishop
Rimbert, Kaiser
Arnulf of Carinthia, the
Carolingian King of East Francia, and the
market, coin and customs law.
The first stone
city walls were built
in 1032. Around this time trade with Norway, England and the
northern Netherlands began to grow, increasing the importance of
the city.
- : "…Rome equal to a well-known and rallying the peoples of
the North…"
Germania, in the early 2nd century
(Harper and Brothers, 1849)
In 1186 the Bremian
Prince-Archbishop
Hartwig of Uthlede and his
bailiff in Bremen confirmed - without generally waiving the
prince-archiepiscopal overlordship over the city - the
Gelnhausen Privilege, by which
Frederick I
Barbarossa granted the city considerable privileges.
The city was recognised as a political entity of its own law.
Property within the municipal boundaries could not be subjected to
feudal overlordship, this was true also for serfs acquiring
property, if they managed to live in the city for a year and a day,
after which they were to be regarded as free persons. Property was
to be freely inherited without feudal claims to reversion. This
privilege laid the foundation for Bremen's later status of
imperial immediacy (
Free Imperial City).
In fact, however, Bremen did not have complete independence from
the Prince-Archbishops, in that there was no
freedom of religion, and
burghers were still forced to pay taxes to the
Prince-Archbishops. Bremen played a double role, it participated in
the
Diets of the
neighboured
Prince-Archbishopric
of Bremen as part of the Bremian
Estates and paid its share in the
taxes, at least when it had consented to the levying before. Since
the city was the major taxpayer, its consent was mostly searched
for. Like this the city wielded fiscal and
political power within the
Prince-Archbishopric, while the city would rather not allow the
Prince-Archbishopric to rule in the city against its consent. In
1260 Bremen joined the
Hanseatic
League.
View from the Bremen Cathedral in the
direction of the Stephani-Bridge
De facto independence and becoming a territorial power
In 1350 the number of citizens reached 20,000. Around then the
Hansekogge (
cog ship) became a
speciality of Bremen.
In 1362
representatives of Bremen rendered homage to Albert
II, Prince-Archbishop of
Bremen in Langwedel
. In return Albert confirmed the city's
privileges and brokered a peace between the city and Count
Gerard III of
Hoya, who since 1358 held burghers of Bremen
in captivity. The city had to bail them out. In 1365 an extra tax,
levied to finance the ransom, incited uproar of burghers and
handcrafters, bloodily suppressed by the city council.
In 1366 Albert II tried to take advantage from the dispute between
Bremen's
council and the
gild, whose members expelled some city councillors
from the city. When these councillors appealed to Albert II for
help, many handcrafters and burghers regarded this treason against
the city. Appealing at princes would only provoke them to abolish
city autonomy. In the night of May 29, 1366 Albert's troops invaded
the city.
After this the city had to render him homage
again, the Bremen
Roland
, symbol of the city's autonomy, was demolished and
a new city council was appointed. In return the new council
granted Albert a credit amounting to the enormous sum of 20,000
Bremian Marks. But city councillors of the prior council, who had
fled to the
County of Oldenburg
gained support of the Counts and recaptured the city on June 27,
1366. The members of the intermittent council were regarded
traitors and beheaded and the city
de facto
regained its autonomy. Thereupon, the city of Bremen, since long
rather holding an autonomous status, acted almost in complete
independence from the Prince-Archbishop. Albert failed to subject
the city of Bremen a second time, since he was always short in
money and without support by his family, the
Welfs, who fought the
War on Luneburgian Succession
(1370-1388).
By the end
of the 1360s Bremen granted credits to Albert II, to finance his
spendthrift lifestyle, and gained in return the fortress in
Vörde
and the dues
levied in the pertaining bailiwick as a pawn for the
credits. In 1369 Bremen again lent to Albert II against the
collateral of his mint and his privilege of coinage, from then on
run by the city council. In 1377 Bremen bought - from
Frederick, Duke of
Brunswick-Lüneburg - many of the prince-archiepiscopal castles,
which Albert had pledged as security for a credit to Frederick's
predecessor, thus Bremen gained a powerful position in the
Prince-Archbishopric, pushing its actual ruler aside.
In 1380
knights of the family von Mandelsloh and other Verdian
and Bremian robber
barons ravaged burghers of Bremen and people in the entire
Prince-Archbishopric of
Bremen. In 1381 the city's troops successfully ended
the brigandage and captured the castle of
Bederkesa
and the pertaining bailiwick, which it could hold
until November 1654, when after the Second Bremian War Bremen had to cede
Bederkesa and Lehe (a part of today's Bremerhaven) to Bremen-Verden. In 1386 the city of
Bremen made the noble families, holding the estates of Altluneburg
(a part of today's Schiffdorf
) and Elmlohe
, its vassals.
At the beginning of the 17th c. Bremen continued to play its double
role, wielding fiscal and political power within the
Prince-Archbishopric, but not allowing Prince-Archbishopric to rule
in the city against its consent.
The fortified city held its own guards, not allowing
prince-archiepiscopal soldiers to enter it. The city reserved an
extra very narrow gate, the so-called
Bishop's Needle
(Latin:
Acus episcopi, first mentioned in 1274), for all
clergy including the Prince-Archbishop. The narrowness of the gate
made it technically impossible to come accompanied by
knights.
Thirty Years War
Flag of Bremen
Soon after the beginning of the
Thirty
Years' War Bremen declared its neutrality, as did most of the
territories in the
Lower Saxon
Circle.
John
Frederick, Lutheran Administrator of the Prince-Archbishopric
of Bremen, tried desperately to keep his Prince-Archbishopric out
of the war, being in complete agreement with the Estates and the
city of Bremen. When in 1623 the
Republic
of the Seven United Netherlands, fighting in the
Eighty Years' War for its independence against
Habsburg's Spanish and imperial
forces, requested its
Calvinist
co-religionist Bremen to join, the city refused, but started to
reinforce its fortifications.
In 1623 the territories comprising the
Lower Saxon Circle decided to recruit an
army in order to maintain an
armed
neutrality, with troops of the
Catholic League already operating
in the neighbouring
Lower Rhenish-Westphalian
Circle and dangerously approaching their region. The
concomitant effects of the war,
debasements and dearness, had already caused an
inflation also felt in Bremen.
In 1623 the
Republic of the Seven United
Netherlands, diplomatically supported by King
James I of England, the
brother-in-law of
Christian IV of Denmark, started a
new anti-
Habsburg campaign. Thus
the troops of the
Catholic
League were bound and Bremen seemed relieved.
But soon after the
imperial troops under Albrecht
von Wallenstein headed for the North in an attempt to destroy
the fading Hanseatic League, in
order to subject the Hanseatic cities of Bremen, Hamburg and Lübeck
and to establish a Baltic trade monopoly, to be run
by some imperial favourites including Spaniards and Poles.
The idea
was to win Sweden
's and
Denmark
's support, both of which since long were after the
destruction of the Hanseatic League.
In May 1625
Christian IV of
Denmark, Duke of Holstein was elected – in the latter of his
functions – by the
Lower Saxon
Circle's member territories
commander-in-chief of the
Lower Saxon troops. In the same year
Christian IV joined the Anglo-Dutch war coalition.
Christian IV ordered his troops to
capture all the important traffic hubs in the Prince-Archbishopric
and entered into the Battle of Lutter am
Barenberge
, on 27 August 1626, where he was defeated by the
Leaguist troops under
Johan 't Serclaes,
Count of Tilly. Christian IV and his surviving
troops fled to the Prince-Archbishopric and took their headquarters
in Stade
.
In 1627
Christian IV withdrew from the
Prince-Archbishopric, in order to fight
Wallenstein's
invasion of his
Duchy of Holstein.
Tilly then invaded the Prince-Archbishopric and captured
its southern parts. Bremen shut its
city
gates and entrenched behind its improved fortifications. In
1628
Tilly turned to the city, and Bremen paid him a
ransom of 10,000
rixdollars in order to
spare its siege. The city remained unoccupied.
The Leaguist takeover enabled
Ferdinand II, Holy Roman
Emperor, to implement the
Edict
of Restitution, decreed March 6, 1629, within the
Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen including the city of
Bremen. In September 1629
Francis William, Count of
Wartenberg, appointed by
Ferdinand II as chairman of
the imperial
restitution commission for the
Lower Saxon Circle, carrying out the
provisions of the
Edict of Restitution, ordered the
Bremian Chapter, seated in Bremen, to render an account of all the
capitular and prince-archiepiscopal
estates (not to be confused with the
Estates). The Chapter refused, arguing
first that the order was not authenticised and later that due to
disputes with Bremen's city council, they couldn't freely travel to
render an account, let alone do the necessary research on the
estates. The anti-Catholic attitudes of Bremen's burghers and
council would make it completely impossible to prepare the
restitution of estates from the Lutheran Chapter to the
Roman Catholic Church. Even Lutheran
capitulars were uneasy in Calvinistic Bremen.
Bremen's city council ordered that the capitular and
prince-archiepiscopal
estates within
the boundaries of the unoccupied city weren't to be restituted to
the
Roman Catholic Church. The
council argued, that the city had long been Protestant, but the
restitution commission replied that the city was
de jure a part of the Prince-Archbishopric, so
Protestantism had illegitimately
alienated Catholic-owned estates. The city council answered under
these circumstances it would rather separate from the
Holy Roman Empire and join the
quasi-independent
Republic of the Seven Netherlands.
The city
was neither to be conquered nor to be successfully beleaguered due
to its new fortifications and its access to the North Sea.
In October 1631 an army, newly recruited by
John
Frederick, started to reconquer the Prince-Archbishopric -
helped by forces from Sweden and the city of Bremen.
John
Frederick was back in his office, only to realise the
supremacy of Sweden, insisting on its supreme command until the end
of the war.
With the impending enfeoffment of the
military Great Power of Sweden with the
Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen, as under negotiation for
the Treaty of Westphalia, the
city of Bremen feared to fall as well under Swedish rule.
Therefore the city beseeched an imperial confirmation of its status
of
imperial immediacy from 1186
(
Gelnhausen Privilege). In
1646
Ferdinand III,
Holy Roman Emperor, granted the requested confirmation
(
Diploma of Linz) to the
Free Imperial City.
Defence against Swedish mediatisation attempts
Nevertheless, Sweden, represented by its imperial fief
Bremen-Verden, which comprised the secularised
prince-bishoprics of Bremen and Verden, did not accept the
imperial immediacy of the city of Bremen.
Swedish
Bremen-Verden tried to
remediatise the
Free Imperial City of
Bremen. To this aim
Swedish Bremen-Verden waged war
on Bremen twice.
In 1381 the city of Bremen had captured de
facto rule in an area around Bederkesa and westwards thereof up to the lower Weser stream near Bremerlehe (a part of today's
Bremerhaven). Early in 1653
Bremen-Verden's Swedish
troops captured Bremerlehe by violence. In February 1654 the city
of Bremen achieved, that
Ferdinand III, Holy Roman
Emperor, granted it a seat and the vote in the
Holy Roman
Empire's Diet, thus
accepting the city's status as
Free Imperial City of
Bremen.
Ferdinand III ordered his vassal
Christina of Sweden, Duchess regnant of
Bremen-Verden to compensate the city of Bremen for the damages
caused and to restitute Bremerlehe. When in March 1654 the city of
Bremen started to recruit soldiers in the area of Bederkesa, in
order to prepare for further arbitrary acts, Swedish Bremen-Verden
enacted the
First Bremian War
(March to July 1654), arguing to act in
self-defence. The
Free Imperial City of
Bremen had meanwhile urged
Ferdinand III for support,
who in July 1654 ordered his vassal
Charles X Gustav of Sweden,
Christina's successor as Duke of Bremen-Verden, to cease the
conflict, which resulted in the
Recess
of Stade (November 1654). This treaty left the main issue,
accepting the city of Bremen's imperial immediacy, unresolved. But
the city agreed to pay tribute and levy taxes in favour of Swedish
Bremen-Verden and to cede its possessions around Bederkesa
and Bremerlehe, therefore later called Lehe.
In December 1660 the city council of Bremen rendered homage as
Free Imperial City of Bremen to
Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor.
In 1663 the city gained seat and vote in the
Imperial Diet, sharply protested by
Swedish Bremen-Verden.
In March 1664 the Swedish
Diet
came out in favour of waging war on the Free
Imperial City of Bremen. Right after
Leopold
I, busy with wars against the
Ottoman Empire, had enfeoffed the minor King
Charles XI of Sweden with
Bremen-Verden, and with the neighboured
Brunswick and Lunenburg-Celle being
paralysed by succession quarrels and France being not opposed,
Sweden started from its
Bremen-Verden the
Second Bremian War (1665-1666).
Swedes under
Carl Gustaf Wrangel
beleaguered the city of Bremen. The siege brought
Brandenburg-Prussia,
Brunswick and
Lunenburg-Celle,
Denmark,
Leopold I and the
Netherlands to the scene, all in favour of the city, with
Brandenburgian, Cellean, Danish and Dutch troops at
Bremen-Verden's borders ready to invade. So on 15 November
1666 Sweden had to sign the
Treaty
of Habenhausen, obliging it to destroy the fortresses built
close to Bremen and banning Bremen from sending its representative
to the
Diet of the
Lower
Saxon Circle. From then on no further Swedish attempts to
capture the city sprang out.
File:Central Europe, 919-1125.jpg|Map of
Central Europe from 919-1125, by
William R. ShepherdFile:Bremen
Braun-Hogenberg.jpg|1600 BremenFile:Bremen coin, 1748
retouched.jpg|1748 coin of BremenFile:MarktBremen1859.jpg|1859
Marketplace of BremenFile:Bremen um 1900.jpg|1900 BremenFile:Bremen
Freihafen Segelschiff 1911.jpg|1911 Ports of Bremen
19th century
In 1811
Napoleon invaded Bremen
and integrated it as the capital of the
de Bouches-du-Weser (Department of the
Mouths of the Weser) in the French State. In 1813 the French - on
their retreat - withdrew from Bremen.
Johann Smidt, Bremen's representative at the
Congress of Vienna, successfully
achieved that Bremen, Hamburg and Lübeck
were not mediatised and incorporated into
neighbouring monarchies, but became sovereign
republics.
The first German steamship was manufactured in 1817 at the yard of
Johann Lange.
In 1827 Bremen, under Johann Smidt, its
Burgomaster at that time, purchased land from
the
Kingdom of Hanover, to
establish the city of Bremerhaven (Port of Bremen) as an outpost of
Bremen because of the increased silt buildup in the
Weser river.
Brauerei Beck & Co KG, a brewery,
was founded in 1837 and remains in operation today. The shipping
company
The North German Lloyd
was founded in 1857. The Lloyd was a byword for commercial shipping
and is now a part of
Hapag-Lloyd. In
1872 the Bremer Cotton Exchange was created.
Focke-Wulf Flugzeugbau AG was founded in 1923,
and is today part of
Airbus, a manufacturer
of civil and military aircraft.
Borgward,
an
automobile manufacturer, was
founded in 1929, and is today part of
Daimler
AG.
The town of Vegesack became part of the city
of Bremen in 1939, and the Bremen-Vegesack
concentration camp was
used during World War II.
Following the
Bombing
of Bremen in World War II, Bremen was captured by the
British 3rd Infantry
Division under
General Whistler
in late April 1945. After
World War II,
the city became a part of the
American occupation zone.
Bremen's
burgomaster traveled to the US to seek Bremen's independence from
Lower
Saxony, as Bremen had traditionally been a city-state.
In 1947
Nordmende was founded, a
manufacturer of entertainment electronics.
In 1958 OHB-System
was founded, a manufacturer of medium-sized
spaceflight satellites.
Politics
The
Stadtbürgerschaft (municipal assembly) is made up of
68 of the 83 legislators of the state legislature, the
Bremische Bürgerschaft, who reside in the city of Bremen.
The legislature is elected by the citizens of Bremen every four
years.
One of the two mayors (
Bürgermeister) is elected
President of the Senate
(
Präsident des Senats) and serves as head of the city and
the state. The current President is
Jens Böhrnsen.
Main sights
Roland
- Many of the sights in Bremen are found in the Altstadt
(Old Town), an oval area surrounded by the Weser River, on the
southwest, and the Wallgraben, the former moats of the
medieval city walls, on the northeast. The oldest part of the
Altstadt is the southeast half, starting with the
Marktplatz and ending at the Schnoor quarter.
- The
Marktplatz (Market square) is dominated by the opulent
façade of the Town
Hall
. The building was erected between 1405 and
1410 in Gothic style, but the
façade was built two centuries later (1609–12) in Renaissance style. Today, it hosts a
restaurant in original decor with gigantic wine barrel, the Ratskeller in Bremen
, and the wine lists boasts more than 600 —
exclusively German — wines. It is also home of the twelve
oldest wines in the world, stored in their original barrels in the
Apostel chamber.
- Two
statues stand to the west side of the Town Hall: one is the
statue (1404) of
the city's protector, Roland, with his view
against the Cathedral and bearing Durendart, the "sword of
justice" and a shield decorated with an imperial eagle
. The other near the entrance to the
Ratskeller is Gerhard Marcks's bronze sculpture (1953) Die
Stadtmusikanten (Town
Musicians) which portrays the donkey, dog, cat and rooster of
the Grimm Brothers' fairy tale.
- Other interesting buildings in the vicinity of the Marktplatz
are the Schütting, a 16th-century Flemish-inspired guild hall, and
the Stadtwaage, the former weigh
house (built in 1588), with an ornate Renaissance façade. The
façades and houses surrounding the market square were the first
buildings in Bremen to be restored after World War II, by the
citizens of Bremen themselves.
- The
impressive Cathedral
St. Petri
(13th century), to the east of the Marktplatz, with
sculptures of Moses and David, Peter and Paul, Charlemagne and Christopher
Maki.
- The Liebfrauenkirche (Our Lady's Church) is the oldest
church of the town (11th century). Its
crypt features several impressive murals from the 14th
century.
- Off
the south side of the Markplatz, the 110-metre (120 yards)
Böttcherstraße
was transformed in 1923–1931 by the coffee
magnate Ludwig Roselius, who
commissioned local artists to convert the narrow street (in
medieval time, the street of the barrel makers) into an inspired
mixture of Gothic and Art Nouveau. It was considered
"entartete Kunst" (depraved art) by the Nazis. Today, the
street is one of Bremen's most popular attractions.
- At the end of Böttcherstraße, by the Weser bank, stands the
Martinikirche (St Martin's Church), a Gothic brick church
built in 1229, and rebuilt in 1960 after its destruction in World
War II.
- Tucked away between the Cathedral and the river is the
Schnoor, a small, well-preserved area of crooked lanes,
fishermen's and shipper's houses from the 17th and 18th centuries,
now occupied by cafés, artisan shops and art
galleries.
- Schlachte, the medieval harbour of Bremen (the modern
port is some kilometres downstream) and today a riverside boulevard
with pubs and bars aligned on one side and the banks of Weser on
the other.
More contemporary
tourist
attractions include:
File:Weserhb2.jpg|View from the Stephani-Bridge in the direction of
the CathedralFile:Bremen Schlachte von
Teerhofbrücke.jpg|SchlachteFile:BaumwollboerseBremen-1.jpg|Baumwollbörse
(Cotton exchange)File:ParkHotelBremen-01.jpg|The Parkhotel in the
Bürgerpark (central park)File:Musicaltheater Bremen front
left.jpg|Musical-TheaterFile:Windmill rose garden, bremen
05.JPG|Central Park Wallanlagenimage:Bremen-rathaus.jpg|The city
hall (
Rathaus)image:bremen.pigs.750pix.jpg|Swineherd and
pigs sculpture in BremenFile:weserhb.jpg|The
Weser River in
BremenFile:Bremen-Böttcherstraße-wall.jpg|A building on
BöttcherstraßeFile:Bremenbank.jpg|Bremer
BankFile:P7032981.JPG|Central Bremen and the Weser from St. Petri
DomFile:Flughafen Bremen 1.JPG|Airport BremenFile:BSAG
3102.jpg|TramFile:Boettcherstrasse04.jpg|BöttcherstraßeFile:Schnoor.JPG|SchnoorFile:Bremen-Becks
Brewery.jpg|Beck & Co
File:AWD Dome Bremen Handball WM07.JPG|The
AWD-Dome
Structures
The
Freie Waldorfschule in Bremen-Sebaldsbrück was
Germany's first school built to the
Passivhaus low-energy building standard.
Transport
Main train station Bremen
Bremen
has an international airport
situated in the south of the city.
Bremer Straßenbahn AG
(translates from German as
Bremen Tramways Corporation),
often abbreviated BSAG, is the
public
transport provider for Bremen, offering
tramway and
bus services.
Industries
Several high-tech industries have settled in the city. Many of
Germany's space technology exports are manufactured in
EADS Astrium facilities in Bremen, such as the
Columbus module of the
International Space
Station, Europe's
Ariane 5 rocket upper
stages and the
Automated
Transfer Vehicle.
The telematics, space technology and
satellite company OHB-System is also based in the city. Furthermore,
Bremen is the home of the second biggest
Airbus plant of Germany, producing wing equipment for
the
A300/
A310,
A330/
A340 and
A380
families of aircraft.
There is also a
Mercedes-Benz factory
in Bremen, building the
C,
CLK,
SL, and
SLK series of cars. Beginning in
2008, the
GLK sport utility
vehicle will also be built in Bremen.
Beck & Co's headlining brew
Beck's and
St Pauli Girl beers are
brewed in Bremen. In past centuries when Bremen's port was the "key
to Europe", the city also had a large number of wine importers, but
the number is down to a precious few. Apart from that there is
another link between Bremen and wine: about 800 years ago, quality
wines were produced here. The largest
wine
cellar in the world is located in Bremen (below the city's main
square), which was once said to hold over 1 million bottles, but
during WWII was raided by occupying forces.
A large
number of food producing or trading companies are located in Bremen
with their German or European headquarters: Anheuser-Busch
InBev (Beck's Brewery), Kellogg's, Kraft
Foods (Kraft, Jacobs Coffee, Milka Chocolate, Milram,
Miràcoli), Frosta (frosted food), Nordsee (chain of sea fast food),
Melitta Kaffee, Eduscho Kaffee, Azul Kaffee,
Vitakraft (pet food for birds), Atlanta AG (Chiquita banana),
chocolatier Hachez (fine chocolate and
confiserie), feodora chocolatier .
Events
- Every
year since 1036, in the last two weeks of October, Bremen has
hosted Freimarkt
("Free market"), one of the world's oldest and in
Germany one of today's biggest continuously celebrated fairground
festivals.
- Bremen is also host for the "Bremer 6 Tage Rennen" a bicycle
race at the AWD-Dome.
- Every year the city plays host to young musicians from across
the world, playing in the International Youth Symphony Orchestra of
Bremen (IYSOB).
- Bremen was host to the 2006 RoboCup competition.
Sports
It is home of the
football team
SV
Werder Bremen which won the
German Football
Championship for the fourth time and the German Football Cup
for the fifth time in 2004, making SV Werder Bremen just the fourth
team in German football history to win the double; the club has
most recently won the German Football Cup for the sixth time in
2009. It´s the second best footballteam in Germany. Only
Bayern Munich has won more titles.
Education
The
University
of Bremen
is the largest university in Bremen , and is also
home to the international Goethe-Institut. Furthermore Bremen
has a University of the Arts
and the University of
Applied Sciences, more recently the Jacobs
University Bremen
.
Miscellaneous
- In December 1949, Bremen hosted the lecture cycle "Einblick in
das, was ist" by the philosopher Martin
Heidegger, in which Heidegger introduced his concept of a
"fourfold" of earth and sky, gods and mortals. This was also
Heidegger's first public speaking engagement following his removal
from his Freiburg
professorship by the Denazification authorities.
Notable people
International relations
Twin towns - sister cities
Bremen is
twinned with:
See also
Notes
- The Dutch independence was finally confirmed by the
Treaty of Westphalia in 1648).
- Sir John Smythe Bolo Whistler: The Life of General Sir
Lashmer Whistler Frederick Muller Ltd 1967
- www.bremische-buergerschaft.de
- Passivhaus schools , Passivhaus
Institute. Retrieved 2007-05-30.
References
-
page 64
-
Claus Christian: A photographic excursion through Bremen,
Bremen-North, Bremerhaven, Fischerhude and Worpswede, 2007 ISBN
978-3-00-015451-5
External links
, a modern science
museum
, a major collection of rhododendrons and azaleas, which also includes a botanical garden
, an art museum with paintings from the 19th and
20th century, maintained by the citizens of Bremen
.jpg/175px-Weserstadion(2).jpg)
, Poland
(since 1976)
, Latvia
(since 1985)
(since 1985)
, Germany
, Israel
(since 1988)
, Slovakia
(since 1989)
, Nicaragua
(since 1989)
, Bosnia and Herzegovina
(since
1994)
, Turkey
(since 1995)
, India
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