The Regency era in the United Kingdom is the period between 1811 — when King George III was deemed unfit to rule and his son the Prince of Wales, later George IV, was instated to be his proxy as Prince Regent — and 1820 — when George IV became King on the death of his father.

The term "Regency era" is sometimes used to refer to a more extended timeframe than the decade of the formal Regency. The period between 1795 and 1837 — the latter part of the reign of George III and the reigns of his sons George IV, as Prince Regent and King, and William IV — was characterized by distinctive trends in British architecture, literature, fashions, politics, and culture. If "Regency era" is being used to describe the transition between "Georgian" and "Victorian" eras, the focus is on the "pre-Victorian" period from 1811, when the formal Regency began, through 1837 when Queen Victoria succeeded William IV. If, however, "Regency era" is being contrasted with the "Eighteenth century", then the period includes the later French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars.

The era was a time of excess for the aristocracy: for example, it was during this time that the Prince Regent built the Brighton Pavilion. However, it was also an era of uncertainty caused by several factors including the Napoleonic wars, periodic riots, and the concern—threat to some, hope to others—that the British people might imitate the upheavals of the French Revolution.

Society during the Regency

The Regency was noted in history for its elegance and achievements in the fine arts and architecture. This era encompassed a time of great social, political, and even economic change. War was waged with Napoleon and on other fronts, affecting commerce both at home and internationally as well as politics. Despite the bloodshed and warfare the Regency was also a period of great refinement and cultural achievement, shaping and altering the societal structure of Britain as a whole.One of the greatest patrons of the arts and architecture was the Prince Regent himself (the future George IV). Upper class society flourished in a sort of “mini Renaissance” of culture and refinement. Headed by the widely popular Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire, the nobility sought to outdo one another in extravagance, pomp, and circumstance, albeit of a “shallow” nature. As one of the greatest patrons of the arts, the Regent (the future George IV) ordered the costly building and refurbishing of the beautiful and exotic Brighton Pavilion, the ornate Carlton House, as well as many other public works and architecture (See John Nash). Naturally this required dipping into the treasury and the Regent, and later, King’s exuberance often outstripped his pocket, at the peoples’ expense. The famed poet of the time Shelley observed after a particularly ostentatious festivity held by the Regent that, this entertainment will cost 120,000 pounds. Nor will it be the last bauble which the nation must buy to amuse this overgrown bantling of Regency ”Not only was society marked by excessive spending on the part of the Prince Regent, it was also highly stratified, and in many ways there was a dark side to the beauty and fashion in England at this time. In the dingier, less affluent areas of London thievery, womanizing, gambling, the existence of rookeries, and constant drinking ran rampant. This combined with the massive population boom, which had leapt from just under a million in 1801 to one and a quarter million by 1820 created a wild, roiling, volatile, and vibrant scene. Indeed so vast was the difference between the levels of society that they developed nearly wholly different existences, as characterized by Robert Southey who stated that, “The inhabitants of this great city seem to be divided into two distinct casts, - the Solar and the Lunar races…” Thus beneath the glamour and gloss of Regency society there existed levels of such squalor as to form an extreme contrast to that of the Prince Regent's social circle. Poverty was a major issue and one that was addressed only marginally. In many ways the retirement of George III and the formation of the Regency saw the “death” of a more pious and reserved society and the “birth” of a more frivolous, ostentatious one, largely due to the character of the Regent, himself. One can blame the profligate nature of the Prince Regent on the fact that the policy of the time was to keep the heir apparent entirely removed from the machinations of politics and military exploits, which did nothing to channel his energies in a more positive direction, thereby leaving him with the pursuit of “pleasure” as his only outlet, as well as his sole form of “rebellion” against what he saw as disapproval and censure in the form of his father.

It was not only money and rebellious noble youth that fueled these changes but also significant technological advancements. In 1814 The Times adopted steam printing thereby increasing production capabilities, along with demand tenfold (printing 1100 sheets per hour versus the previous 200 per hour). This development brought about the rise of the wildly popular “fashionable novels” in which publishers spread the stories, rumors, and flaunting of the rich and aristocratic, not so secretly hinting at the specific identity of these individuals. The gap in the hierarchy of society was so great that those of the upper classes could be viewed by those below as wondrous and fantastical fiction, something entirely out of reach yet tangibly there.

Timeline of the formal Regency

1811:George IV begins nine-year tenure as Prince Regent. This sub-period of the Georgian era begins the formal Regency. The Duke of Wellington holds off the French at Fuentes d'Onoro and Albuhera in the Peninsular War. The Prince Regent holds a fete at nine p.m. June 19, 1811 at Carlton House in celebration of his assumption of the Regency. Luddite uprisings. Glasgow weavers riot.

1812: Spencer Perceval assassinated in the House of Commons. Final shipment of the Elgin Marbles arrives in England. Sarah Siddons retires from the stage. Shipping and territory disputes start the War of 1812 between England and the United States. The British are victorious over Spain at the Battle of Salamanca. The waltz is introduced from Europe into England. Gas company (Gas Light and Coke Company) founded.

1813: Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen is published. William Hedley's Puffing Billy, the first steam locomotive, runs on smooth rails. Quaker prison reformer Elizabeth Fry starts her ministry at Newgate Prison. Robert Southey becomes Poet Laureate.

1814: Invasion of France by allies leads to the Treaty of Paris, ending the Napoleonic Wars. Napoleon abdicates and is exiled to Elba. The Duke of Wellington is honored at Burlington House in London. British soldiers burn the White House. Last River Thames Frost Fair is held, which was the last time the river froze. Gas lighting introduced in London streets.

1815:Napoleon I of France defeated by the Seventh Coalition at the Battle of Waterloo. Napoleon is exiled to St. Helena. The English Corn Laws restrict corn imports. Sir Humphry Davy patents the miners' safety lamp. John Macadam's road construction method adopted.

1816: Income tax abolished. A "year without a summer" follows a volcanic eruption in Indonesia. Mary Shelley writes Frankenstein. William Cobbett publishes his newspaper as a pamphlet. The British return Indonesia to the Dutch. Regent's Canal, London, phase one of construction.

1817: Antonin Carême creates a spectacular feast for the Prince Regent at the Royal Pavilion in Brighton. The death of Princess Charlotte from complications of childbirth changes obstetrical practices. Beau Brummell escapes his creditors by fleeing to France. Elgin Marbles shown at the British Museum. Captain Bligh dies.

1818: Queen Charlotte dies at Kew. Manchester cotton spinners' strike. Riot in Stanhope between lead miners and the Bishop of Durham's men over Weardale gaming rights. Piccadilly Circus constructed in London.

1819:Peterloo Massacre. Princess Victoria (Future Queen Victoria) is christened in Kensington Palace. Ivanhoe by Walter Scott is published. Sir Stamford Raffles, a British administrator, founds Singapore. First steam-propelled vessel (The Savannah) crosses the Atlantic and arrives in Liverpool from Savannah, Georgia.

1820: Death of George III. Accession of George IV. The House of Commons and House of Lords pass a bill to grant George IV a divorce from Queen Caroline, but due to public pressure the bill is dropped, John Constable begins work on The Hay Wain. Cato Street Conspiracy fails. Royal Astronomical Society founded. Venus de Milo discovered.

Places

The following is a list of places associated with the Regency era: (incomplete list)

The Adelphi Theatre Almack's Astley's Ampitheatre Attingham Park Bath, Somerset Brighton Pavilion Brooks's Burlington Arcade Carlton House, London Chapel Royal, St. James's Cheltenham, Gloucestershire Circulating libraries, 1801-1825 Covent Garden Custom Office, London Docks Doncaster Races

Drury Lane Floris of London Fortnum & Mason Gretna Green Hatchard's Little Theatre, Haymarket Her Majesty's Theatre Houses of Parliament Hyde Park, London Jermyn Street Kensington Gardens List of London's gentlemen's clubs Lloyd's, City of London London Docks London Post Office

Lyme Regis Marshalsea Debtor's Prison Mayfair, London Newgate Prison Newmarket Racecourse The Old Bailey Old Bond Street Opera House Pall Mall, London The Pantheon Ranelagh Gardens Regent's Park Regent Street Royal Circus

Royal Opera House Royal Parks of London Rundell and Bridge Jewellery firm Saville Row St George's, Hanover Square St. James's Sydney Gardens, Bath Temple of Concord, St. James's Park Tattersalls The Thames Tunnel Tunbridge Wells Vauxhall Gardens West End of London White's

Important people

(incomplete list)

Adam Sedgwick Arthur Aikin Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington Beau Brummell Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford Benjamin West Bow Street Runners Caroline of Brunswick, Prinny's wife Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey Charles Lamb David Douglas David Garrick Edmund Kean Edward Jenner Elizabeth Armistead Elizabeth Conyngham, Marchioness Conyngham Elizabeth Fry Emily Lamb, Lady Cowper Emma, Lady Hamilton Frances Burney Lord Frederick Beauclerk Frederick Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich George IV of the United Kingdom, Prince of Wales, Prince Regent and King George Campbell, 6th Duke of Argyll, Prinny's set George Cayley George Cruikshank George Gordon, Lord Byron George Ormerod Grace Elliott Hannah More Henrietta Ponsonby, Countess of Bessborough Henry Addington, 1st Viscount Sidmouth

Henry Paget, 1st Marquess of Anglesey Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson Humphry Davy Humphry Repton Isabella Ingram-Seymour-Conway, Marchioness of Hertford James Sadler Jane Austen Jane Porter James Gillray Jeffry Wyattville John Constable John Dalton John Disney John Jackson John Keats John Loudon McAdam John Nash John Palmer , Royal Mail John Soane John Wedgwood Joseph Banks Joseph Mallord William Turner Lady Caroline Lamb Leigh Hunt Marguerite, Countess of Blessington Maria Edgeworth Maria Fitzherbert Mary Brunton Mary Linwood Mary Shelley Patrick Colquhoun Percy Bysshe Shelley Princess Charlotte Augusta of Wales

Princess Lieven Queen Caroline of Brunswick Pierce Egan Richard Barry, 7th Earl of Barrymore, Prinny's set Richard Sheridan Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh Rudolph Ackermann Samuel Solomon Samuel Taylor Coleridge Sarah Siddons Sarah, Countess of Jersey Spencer Percival Walter Scott Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin Thomas de Quincey Sir Thomas Lawrence, PRA Thomas Raikes Thomas Rowlandson Thomas Young Tom Cribb William Arden, 2nd Baron Alvanley, Prinny's set William Blake William Cobbett William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville William Harcourt, 3rd Earl Harcourt William Hedley William Henry Pyne William Hyde Wollaston William Wilberforce William Wordsworth William Hazlitt

Newspapers, pamphlets, and publications

• Ackermann's Repository
• The Gentleman's Magazine
• British Journalists 1750-1820
• Newspapers in the Regency era
• The Times
• The Observer
• Weekly Political Register, William Cobbett
• La Belle Assemblée

The British Regency in popular culture

• Regency Reenactment Groups
• Social Customs During the Regency Era
• Regency Recipes and Manners
• Regency novels
• Regency Romance
• Jane Austen in popular culture
• Republic of Pemberley
• The British Regency Period in film and costume dramas

See also

• Regency architecture
• Regency fashions
• Regency dance
• Régence, the period of the early 18th-century regency in France.
• Society of Dilettanti

References

Further reading

• Ashton, John, Social England Under the Regency, Kessinger Publishing, 2006
• David, Saul. Prince of Pleasure The Prince of Wales and the Making of the Regency. New York: Atlantic Monthly P, 1998.
• Knafla, David, Crime, punishment, and reform in Europe, Greenwood Publishing, 2003
• Lapp, Robert Keith. Contest for Cultural Authority - Hazelitt, Coleridge, and the Distresses of the Regecy. Detroit: Wayne State UP, 1999.
• Low, Donald A. The Regency Underworld. Gloucestershire: Sutton, 1999.
• Morgan, Marjorie. Manners, Morals, and Class in England, 1774-1859. New York: St. Martin's P, 1994.
• Parissien, Steven. George IV Inspiration of the Regency. New York: St. Martin's P, 2001.
• Pilcher, Donald. The Regency Style: 1800-1830 (London: Batsford, 1947).
• Simond, Louis, Journal of a tour and residence in Great Britain, during the years 1810 and 1811
• Smith, E. A. George IV. New Haven and London: Yale UP, 1999.
• Wellesley, Lord Gerald. "Regency Furniture," The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs 70, no. 410 (1973): 233-41.

External links

• Greenwood's Map of London, 1827
• Horwood Map of London, 1792 - 1799
• Results of the 1801 and 1811 Census of London, The European Magazine and London Review, 1818, p. 50
• The Bluestocking Archive
• End of an Era: 1815-1830
• New York Public Library, England - The Regency Style
• Regency Style Furniture

Images from the British Regency

Image:Neckclothitania-1818.gif|Necklothitania,1818Image:Astley's Ampitheatre Microcosm edited.jpg|Astley's Ampitheatre, 1808-1811.Image:Brighton Pavilion from Views of the Royal Pavilion (1826) edited.jpg|Brighton Pavillion. 1826.Image:CarltonHouseFacade.jpg|Carlton House, Pall Mall London.Image:Vauxhall Garden edited.jpg|Vauxhall Gardens. 1808-1811.Image:Church of All Souls-2.jpg|Church of All Souls, architect John Nash. 1823.Image:Regent's Canal Limehouse1823.jpg|Regent's Canal, Limehouse. 1823.Image:Frost Fair of 1814 by Luke Clenell.jpg|Frost Fair, Thames River. 1814Image:Burlington_Arcade_by_Thomas_Hosmer_Shepherd_1827-28.JPG|The Piccadilly entrance to the Burlington Arcade. 1819.Image:Princess Charlotte Augusta of Wales and Leopold I after George Dawe.jpg|Princess Charlotte Augusta of Wales and Leopold I. 1817.Image:Morning-dress-Ackermanns-ca1820.png|Morning dress, Ackermann. 1820.Image:Humphry Repton01.jpg|Water at Wentworth, Humphry Repton. 1752-1818.Image:Hanover Square Horwood 1819.jpg|Hanover Square, Horwood Map, 1819.Image:BrummellDighton1805.jpg|Beau Brummell. 1805Image:Sadler, Battle of Waterloo.jpg|Battle of Waterloo. 1815.Image:Almack's Assembly Rooms inside.jpg|Almack's Assembly Room. 1805-1825.Image:Drury lane interior 1808.jpg|Drury Lane interior. 1808.Image:James Sadler - 12 Aug 1811 ascent.jpg|Balloon ascent, James Sadler, 1811.Image:Rowlandson - The Anatomist.JPG|The Anatomist, Thomas Rowlandson, 1811.Image:Regent's Park London from 1833 Schmollinger map.jpg|Regent's Park, Schmollinger map, 1833.Image:National Gallery at 100 Pall Mall.jpg|100 Pall Mall, former location of National Gallery, 1824-1834Image:Cognocenti-Antique-Gillray.jpeg|Cognocenti, Gillray Cartoon, 1801Image:Custom Office London Dock.jpg|Custom Office, London Docks, 1811-1843Image:London Dock Custom and Excise 1820.jpg|Custom and Excise, London Docks, 1820Image:Mailcoach.jpg|Mail coach, 1827Image:Assassination of Spencer Perceval.jpg|Assassination of Spencer Perceval, 1812Image:Pillory Charing Cross edited.jpg|The pillory at Charing Cross, Ackermann's Microcosm of London (1808-11)Image:Covent Garden Theatre 1827-28.jpg|Covent Garden Theatre, 1827-28Image:Covent Garden Theatre 1827-28.jpg|Covent Garden Theatre, 1827-28