Córdoba (also Cordova) is a city in Andalusia, southern Spain, and the capital of the province of Córdoba. Located at 37.88° North, 4.77° West, on the Guadalquivir river, it was founded in ancient Roman times as Corduba by Claudius Marcellus. Its population in 2008 was 325,453.

Today a moderately-sized modern city, the old town contains many impressive architectural reminders of when Qurṭuba (قرطبة), the thriving capital of the Caliphate of Córdoba, governed almost all of the Iberian peninsula. It has been estimated that in the latter half of the tenth century Córdoba, with up to 500,000 inhabitants, was then the most populated city in Europe and, perhaps, in the world.

History

Córdoba was the capital of the Roman province of Hispania Ulterior Baetica. Great Roman philosophers like Lucius Annaeus Seneca the Younger, orators like Seneca the Elder and poets like Lucan came from Roman Cordoba. Later, it occupied an important place in the Provincia Hispaniae of the Byzantine Empire (552-572) and during the Visigoth period.

It was captured in 711 by the Muslims, and Córdoba became capital during the Umayyad Caliphate, the period of its apogee, with a population of roughly 400,000 inhabitants, though estimates range between 250,000 and 500,000. In the 10th century, Cordoba – called قرطبة (Qurṭuba) in Arabic – was one of the most advanced cities in the world, as well as a great cultural, political and economic centre. The Córdoba Mosque dates back to this time. In 1236 it was captured by King Ferdinand III during the Spanish Reconquista.





With one of the most extensive historical heritages in the world (declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO December 17, 1984), the city also features a number of modern areas, including the districts of Zoco and the railway station district, Plan RENFE.

The regional government (the Junta de Andalucía) has for some time been studying the creation of a Córdoba Metropolitan Area that would comprise, in addition to the capital itself, the towns of Villafranca, Obejo, La Carlota, Villaharta, Villaviciosa, Almodóvar del Río and Guadalcázar.The combined population of such an area would be around 351,000.

Geography

The city is located on the banks of the Guadalquivir river and its easy access to the mining resources of the Sierra Morena(coal, lead, zinc) satisfies the population’s needs.

The city is located in a depression of the valley of the Guadalquivir. In the north is the Sierra Morena, which defines the borders of the municipal area.

Córdoba is one of the few cities in the world that has a near-exact antipodal city – Hamilton, New Zealand.

Climate

Córdoba has a Mediterranean climatewith Atlantic coastal influences. Winters are mild with isolated frosts.

Summers, with increased daily thermal oscillations, have the highest maximum temperatures in Europe, exceeding 40 °C occasionally. Local minimum summer temperature is 27 °C, the highest in Spain and Europe. Precipitation is concentrated in the coldest months; this is due to the Atlantic coastal influence. Precipitation is generated by storms from the west that occur more often from December through February. This Atlantic characteristic then gives way to a hot summer with significant drought more typical of Mediterranean climates.

Annual rain surpasses 500 mm although there is a recognized inter-annual irregularity. In agreement with the Köppen climate classification, the local climate can be described as Csa.

Registered maximum temperatures at Cordoba Airport (located at 6 km of the city) are 46.6° (23rd, July 1995) and 46.2° (1st, August 2003). The minimum temperature is -8.2° (28 January 2005).

May celebrations

Tourism is especially intense in Córdoba during May because of the weather and as this month hosts three very popular festivals.

The May Crosses Festival takes place at the beginning of the month. During three or four days, crosses of around 3 meters of height are placed in many squares and streets and decorated with flowers and a contest is held to choose the most beautiful one. Usually there is regional food and music near the crosses.

The most important of the three is the Patios Festival celebrated during the second and third week of the month. Many houses of the historic center open their private patios to the public and compete in a contest. Both the architectonic value and the floral decorations are taken into consideration to choose the winners. It is usually very difficult and expensive to find accommodation in the city during the festival.

Córdoba's Fair takes place at the ending of the month and is similar, if smaller, to the better known Seville Fair.

Main sights

Religious architecture

• Great Mosque of Córdoba, which contains columns that date back to the Roman and Visigothic periods, primarily constructed during the Umayyad period (its construction started in 784). It was converted into a Cathedral after the Reconquista.
• Córdoba Synagogue (14th century)
• Fernandine and Alphonsine-style churches (13th century)
• Various monasteries and convents
• Walcha Cave (built in 1489)

Civil and military architecture

• Alcázar of the Christian Kings (14th century)
• Palace of Viana with its flowered patios (16th century)
• Royal residences and palaces
• The Tower of Calahorra (14th century)
• The Door of the Bridge (16th century)
• The Plaza Vieja or Plaza Mayor
• Walls and towers of the Muslim and also Christian period

Archaeological sites

• Roman archaeological remains (temple, mausoleum)
• Islamic archaeological remains (minarets preserved in the churches, Arab baths)
• Archaeological site of Madinat Al-Zahra (10th century)
• The Roman Bridge

Parks and Gardens

• Garden of the Victory
• Garden of the Rivas Duc
• Garden of the Agriculture
• Garden of the Conde de Vallellano
• Garden of Juan Carlos I
• Park Cruz Conde
• Sotos de la Albolafia
• Balcón del Guadalquivir
• Peri-urban park of Los Villares
• Park of the Miraflores

Famous people born in Córdoba and its province

Cordova was the birthplace of five famous philosophers and religious scholars:

• In Roman times the Stoic philosopher Seneca,
• In classical Islamic times

• The Islamic scholar ibn Hazm, a major Muslim theologian and legal jurist,
• The Islamic scholar ibn Rushd or Averroes, one of Islam's most famous and eminent scholars and philosophers,
• Imam Abu 'Abdullah al-Qurtubi, a leading jurist of the Maliki madhab, and
• The rabbi and Jewish philosopher Moses Maimonides.

Calleja de las flores
Weather averages for Córdoba (Airport)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Average high (°C)
14,7
16,9
20,5
22,1
26,2
31,6
36,2
35,9
31,7
25,0
18,9
15,3
24,6
Average low (°C)
3,7
4,9
6,4
8,6
11,8
15,5
18,1
18,5
16,2
12,1
7,6
5,2
10,7
Precipitation (mm)
64
53
40
61
34
17
3
3
24
62
85
89
536

Córdoba was also the birthplace of

• The Roman poet Lucan,
• The medieval Spanish poet Juan de Mena, and
• The Renaissance poet Luis de Góngora, who lived most of his life and wrote all his most important works but one in Cordoba.

In addition some scholars have linked to Córdoba

• The Renaissance philosopher Abraham Cohen de Herrera and
• The prominent Jewish mystic Moses ben Jacob Cordovero

Both of these were evidently descended from families which lived in Córdoba before the expulsion of the Jews from Spain.

More recently, several flamenco artists were born here as well, including

• Vicente Amigo
• Joaquín Cortés
• Fosforito
• Paco Peña
• Juan Serrano

Transport

The city is connected by high speed trains to the main Spanish cities: Madrid, Barcelona, Seville, Malaga and Zaragoza. More than 20 trains per day connect the downtown area, in 54 minutes, with Málaga Airport.

Twin cities

• São Paulo, Brazil
• Manchester, United Kingdom
• Bourg-en-Bresse, France
• Fes, Morocco
• Lahore, Pakistan
• Bethlehem, Palestinian Authority
• Damascus, Syria
• Al Qayrawan, Tunisia
• Adana, Turkey
• Istanbul, Turkey
• Izmir, Turkey
• Bukhara, Uzbekistan

References

1. http://www1.ine.es/nomen2/index.do?accion=busquedaDesdeHome&nombrePoblacion=C%F3rdoba&x=13&y=8 Instituto Nacional de Estadística
2. (Spanish) Registros históricos del observatorio de Córdoba (1971-2000) Datos de valores climatológicos procedentes del Instituto Nacional de Meteorología extracto de la publicación Guía resumida del clima en España 1971-2000.
3. In the city the temperature is higher than at the airport. The airport is about 7 kilometers from the city center.
4. http://www.mayocordobes.es
5. Corporaciones locales españolas hermanadas con Europa - Federación Española de Municipios y Provincias
6. The City of Bethlehem has signed a twinning agreements with the following cities Bethlehem Municipality.
7. La Cooperación Directa en el Ayuntamiento de Córdoba - Córdoba City Council Web

External links

• Official website of the city council.
• Córdoba Mosque and Roman Bridge - The second largest mosque and a Roman Bridge with 17 arches Córdoba, Roman City(Spain)-
• Tourism and Monuments in Córdoba
• Tourism and Monuments in Córdoba
• Natural Monument Sotos de la Albolafia
• Córdoba: The City that Changed the World by The Guardian