The
City of London is a small area within Greater London
, England
.
It is the
historic core of London
around which
the modern conurbation grew and has held
city status since
time immemorial. The City’s
boundaries have remained almost unchanged since the
Middle Ages, and it is now only a tiny part of
the
metropolis of London. It is often
referred to as
the City or the
Square
Mile, as it is just over one square mile (1.12 mile²
/ 2.90 km²) in area.
These terms are also often used as metonymies for the United Kingdom
's financial
services industry, which has historically been based
here.
In the medieval period, the City was the full extent of London. The
term
London now refers to a much larger conurbation
roughly corresponding to Greater London, a local government area
which includes 32
London boroughs as
well as the City of London, which is not one of the 32 London
boroughs. The local authority for the City, the
City of London Corporation, is
unique in the United Kingdom, and has some unusual responsibilities
for a local authority in Britain, such as being the police
authority for the City. It also has responsibilities and ownerships
beyond the City's boundaries. The Corporation is headed by the
Lord Mayor of the City
of London, a separate (and much older) office to the
Mayor of London.
The City
is today a major business and financial centre, ranking on a par
with New York
City
as the leading centre of global finance; in the 19th century, the City
served as the world's primary business centre. The City has
a resident population of approximately 8,000, but around 340,000
people work there, mainly in the financial services sector.
The legal
profession form a major component of the western side of the City,
in and around the Inns of Court, of
which two - the Inner
and Middle Temples
- fall within the City of London
boundary.
Extent
The City of London is England's smallest
ceremonial county, both
by
population and
by area, and
with the 4th highest population density.
Of the 354 English districts, it is the second
smallest by
population, after the Isles of Scilly
, and the smallest by area.
It can
also be regarded as the second
smallest British
city in population, after St David's
in Wales
.
Changes over time
The size of the City was constrained by a defensive perimeter wall,
known as
London Wall, which was built by
the
Romans in the late 2nd century to
protect their strategic port city. However the boundaries of the
City of London no longer coincide with the old city wall, as the
City expanded its jurisdiction slightly over time.
During the medieval era, the City's jurisdiction expanded
westwards, crossing the historic western border of the original
settlement - the River
Fleet
- along Fleet Street
to Temple Bar
. The City also took in the other "City bars"
which were situated just beyond the old walled area, such as at
Holborn, Aldersgate, Bishopsgate and Aldgate. These were the
important entrances to the City and their control was vital in
maintaining the City's special privileges over certain
trades.
The walls have almost entirely disappeared, although several
sections remain visible.
A section near the Museum of
London
was revealed after the devastation of an air raid
on 29 December 1940 at the height of the Blitz. Other visible sections are at St Alphage, and there are two sections near
the Tower of
London
. The River Fleet was
canalised after the Great Fire of 1666 and then in
stages was bricked up and has been since the 18th Century one of
London's "
lost
rivers", today running entirely underground as a
storm drain.
The
boundary of the City then remained fixed until minor boundary
changes in 1993, when it expanded slightly to the west, north and
east, taking small parcels of land from the London Boroughs of
Westminster
, Camden
, Islington
, Hackney
and Tower Hamlets
. The main purpose of these changes was to
tidy up the boundary in places where its course had been rendered
obsolete by changes in the urban landscape. In the process the City
lost small parcels of land, though there was an overall net gain of
land.
Most notably, the changes placed the (then
recently developed) Broadgate
estate
entirely in the City.
Southwark
, to the south of the City on the other side of the
Thames, came within the City between
1550 and 1899 as the Ward of Bridge Without, although the
City's administrative responsibility there had in practice
disappeared by the mid-Victorian
period as various aspects of metropolitan government were extended
into the neighbouring areas. Today it forms part of the London
Borough of Southwark
. The Tower of London has always been outside the City and today comes
under the London Borough of Tower
Hamlets.
Today's boundary
Beginning
in the west, where the City borders Westminster, the boundary
crosses the Victoria
Embankment
from the Thames, passes to the west of Middle Temple, then turns for a short distance along Strand
and then
north up Chancery
Lane
, where it borders Camden. It turns east along
Holborn
to Holborn Circus, and then goes north east to
Charterhouse
Street
. As it crosses Farringdon Road
it becomes the boundary with Islington.
It
continues to Aldersgate
, goes north, and turns east into some back streets
soon after Aldersgate becomes Goswell
Road. Here, at Baltic Street West, is the most northerly
extent of the City.
The boundary includes all of the Barbican
Estate
and continues east along Ropemaker Street and its
continuation South Place on the other side of Moorgate
, becomes South Place. It goes north,
reaching the border with Hackney, then east, north, east on back
streets, with Worship Street forming a northern boundary, so as to
include the Broadgate estate. The boundary then turns south at Norton
Folgate
and becomes the border with Tower Hamlets
. It continues south into Bishopsgate
, and takes some backstreets to Middlesex Street
(Petticoat
Lane
) where it continues south-east then south.
It then
turns south-west, crossing the Minories
, so as to exclude the Tower of London from the City, and then reaches the river.
The
City's boundary then runs up the centre of the Thames, though the
City controls the full spans of London Bridge
and Blackfriars Bridge
but only half of the river underneath them, a
feature which is unique in British local
administration.
The
boundaries of the City are marked by black bollards bearing the
City's emblem, and at major entrances, such as at Temple
Bar on Fleet Street, a grander monument, with a dragon
facing outwards, marks the boundary.
Official boundary map, with wards.
In some places the financial district extends slightly beyond the
political boundaries of the City, notably to the north and east,
into the London Boroughs of Tower Hamlets, Hackney and Islington,
and informally these locations are seen as part of the "Square
Mile". Since the 1990s the eastern fringe of the City, extending
into Hackney and Tower Hamlets, has increasingly been a focus for
large office developments due to the availability of large sites
there compared to within the City.
History
Roman origins
It is
believed that Roman
London
was established as a trading port by merchants on
the tidal Thames around 50 AD.
The new
settlement and port was centred where the shallow valley of the
Walbrook
meets the Thames. However in around AD 60,
little more than ten years after
Londinium was founded, it
was sacked by the
Iceni, led by the their
queen
Boudica. Londinium was rebuilt as a
planned settlement soon after and the new town was prosperous and
grew to become the largest settlement in
Roman Britain by the end of the first century.
By the
end of the century, Londinium had replaced Colchester
as the capital of Roman Britain
("Britannia"). At its height, the Roman city had a
population of approximately 45,000-60,000 inhabitants. The Romans
built the
London Wall some time between
190 and 225.
The boundaries of the Roman city were
similar to those of the City of London today, though Londinium did
not extend further west than Ludgate
/the River
Fleet and the Thames was considerably wider than today,
thus the shoreline of the city was north of its present
position.
However already by the time of the construction of the London Wall,
the city's fortunes were in decline, with problems of plague and
fire. The Roman Empire entered a long period of
instability and decline,
including for example the
Carausian
Revolt in Britain. In the third and fourth centuries, the city
was under attack from
Picts, Scots and
Saxon raiders. The decline continued, both
for Londinium and the Empire, and in 410 AD the Romans withdrew
entirely from Britain. Many of the Roman public buildings in
Londinium by this time had fallen into decay and disuse, and
gradually after the formal withdrawal the city became almost (if
not, at times, entirely) uninhabited.
A number
of Roman sites and artefacts can be seen in the City of London
today, including the Temple of Mithras
, sections of the London Wall (at the Barbican and
near the Tower of London), the London Stone
and remains of the amphitheatre beneath the
Guildhall. The Museum of London, located in the City, holds many of the Roman finds
and has permanent Roman exhibitions, as well as being a source of
information on Roman London generally.
Anglo-Saxon restoration
.PNG/180px-London_1300_Historical_Atlas_William_R_Shepherd_(died_1934).PNG)
Map of London c.
Alfred the Great,
King of Wessex and often regarded as the
first
King of England, occupied and
began the resettlement of the old
Roman
walled area, in
886, and appointed his
son-in-law
Earl Æthelred of
Mercia over it as part of their reconquest of the
Viking occupied parts of England. The refortified
English settlement was known as
Lundenburh. The historian Asser stated that
"Alfred, king of the Anglo-Saxons, restored the city of London
splendidly ... and made it habitable once more." Alfred's
"restoration" entailed reoccupying and refurbishing the nearly
deserted Roman walled city, building quays along the Thames, and
laying a new city street plan.
In the
tenth century, Athelstan permitted eight
mints to be established, compared with
six in his capital, Winchester
, indicating the wealth of the city.
Medieval period
See also: Norman and
Medieval London
Civitas Londinium; Agas' Map of
London, (1570-1605?)
Following
the Battle of
Hastings
, William the
Conqueror marched on London, to Southwark and failed to get across London Bridge or to defeat
the Londoners. He eventually crossed the River Thames at
Wallingford
, pillaging the land as he went. Rather than
continuing the war, Edgar Ætheling,
Edwin of Mercia and Morcar of Northumbria
surrendered at Berkhamsted
. William rewarded London in granting the
citizens a charter in 1075; the City of London was one of the few
institutions where the English retained some authority.
William ensured against attack by building three castles nearby, to
keep the Londoners subdued:
In 1132,
Henry I recognised full
County status for the City, and by
1141 the whole body of the
citizenry was
considered to constitute a single community. This 'commune' was the
origin of the
City of London
Corporation and the citizens gained the right to appoint, with
the king's consent, a Mayor in 1189 and to directly elect the Mayor
from 1215.
The City was composed of wards governed by
Aldermen, who chaired the Wardmotes.
There was a folkmoot for the whole of the city held at the
outdoor cross of St Paul's Cathedral
. Many of the medieval positions and
traditions continue to the present day, demonstrating the unique
institution which the City, and its
Corporation, is.
The City
was burned severely on a number of occasions, the worst being in
1123 and then again (and more famously) in the Great Fire
of London
in 1666. Both of these fires were referred
to as
the Great Fire. After the fire of 1666, a number of
plans were drawn up to remodel the City and its street pattern into
a
renaissance-style city with planned
urban blocks, squares and boulevards. These plans were almost
entirely not taken up, and the medieval street pattern re-emerged
almost intact.
Growth of London
The 18th century was a period of rapid growth for London,
reflecting an increasing national population, the early stirrings
of the
Industrial Revolution,
and London's role at the centre of the evolving
British Empire.
The urban area
expanded beyond the borders of the City of London, most notably
during this period towards the West End
and Westminster
.
In 1708
Christopher Wren's masterpiece,
St. Paul's
Cathedral
, was completed on his birthday. However, the
first service had been held on 2 December 1697; more than 10 years
earlier. This Cathedral replaced the original St. Paul's which had
been completely destroyed in the Great Fire of London and is
considered to be one of the finest in Britain and a fine example of
Baroque architecture.
Expansion continued and became more rapid by the beginning of the
19th century, with London growing in all directions.
To the East
the Port of London
grew rapidly during the century, with the
construction of many docks, needed as the Thames at the City could
not cope with the volume of trade. The arrival of the
railways and the
Tube meant that
London could expand over a much greater area. By the mid-19th
century, with London still rapidly expanding in population and
area, the City had already become only a small part of the wider
metropolis.
19th & 20th centuries
An attempt was made in 1894 to
amalgamate the City and the surrounding County of London, but
it did not succeed. The City of London therefore survived, and does
so to this day, despite its situation within the London conurbation
and
numerous local
government reforms.
Regarding representation to Parliament
, the City elected four members to the unreformed House of Commons,
which it retained after the Reform Act
1832 and into the 20th century. Today it is included
wholly in the Cities of London and
Westminster
constituency, and statute requires that it not be
divided between two neighbouring areas.
The City's population fell rapidly in the 19th century and through
most of the 20th century as people moved outwards to London's vast
suburbs and many houses were demolished
to make way for modern office blocks.
The largest
residential section of the City today is the Barbican
Estate, constructed between 1965 and 1976. Here a
major proportion of the City's population now live.
The Museum of
London is located here, as are a number of other services
provided by the Corporation.
The City, like many areas of London and other British cities, fell
victim to large scale and highly destructive aerial bombing during
World War II, in what is known as
The Blitz. Whilst St Paul's Cathedral
survived the onslaught, large swathes of the City did not. A major
rebuilding programme therefore occurred in the decades following
the war, in some parts (such as at the Barbican) dramatically
altering the City's urban landscape. The destruction of the City's
older historic fabric however allowed, and continues to allow, the
construction of modern and larger-scale developments in parts of
the City, whereas in those parts not so badly affected by bomb
damage, the City retains its older character of smaller buildings.
The
street pattern, which is still largely medieval, was altered
slightly in certain places, although there is a more recent trend
of reversing some of the post-war modernist changes made, such as
at Paternoster
Square
.
The 1970s
saw the construction of tall office buildings including the
600-foot, 42-storey Natwest
Tower
, which became the first skyscraper in the UK. Office space
development has intensified especially in the central, northern and
eastern parts of the City, with a second (30 St Mary Axe
) and most recently a third skyscraper (Broadgate
Tower
) being built.
The
Latin motto of the City of London is
"
Domine dirige nos", which translates as "
Lord, guide
us". The City has its own flag and coat of arms. The red sword
is commonly supposed to commemorate the killing of
Peasants' Revolt leader
Wat Tyler by the
Lord Mayor of London William Walworth in 1381, but in fact is
the symbol of the martyrdom of
Saint
Paul, London's patron saint.
Present-day developments
The trend for purely office development is beginning to reverse as
the Corporation encourages residential use, although the resident
population is not expected to exceed 10,000 people. Some of the
extra accommodation is in small pre-
World
War II listed buildings, which are not
suitable for occupation by the large companies which now provide
much of the City's employment.
Since the 1990s, the City has diversified away from near exclusive
office use in other ways. For example, several hotels and the
City's first
department store have
opened. A shopping mall is being built at New Change, near St
Paul's Cathedral. However, large sections of the City remain very
quiet at weekends, especially those areas in the eastern section of
the City, and it is quite common to find
pub and cafes closed on these days.
A number of
skyscrapers have been built
in recent years in the City of London and further skyscrapers are
either under construction or planned to be built soon. These
include:
Population
1. not strictly comparable with the 1971
figure
Economy
The City
houses the London Stock
Exchange (shares and bonds), Lloyd's of London
(insurance) and the
Bank of
England
. There are over 500
banks with offices in the City, with established leads
in areas such as
Eurobonds,
foreign exchange markets,
energy futures and global
insurance. The
Alternative
Investment Market has been a growth market over the past
decade, allowing London to also expand as an international
equity centre for smaller firms.
Since
1991 Canary
Wharf
a few miles east of the City in Tower Hamlets, has
become a second centre for London's financial services industry and
now houses banks and other institutions formerly located in the
Square Mile. However, fears that the City would be damaged
by this development appear to have been unfounded with growth
occurring in both locations. Canary Wharf may have been of great
service to the Square Mile by providing large floorplate office
buildings at a time when this was difficult within the City
boundary, and therefore preventing companies such as
HSBC from relocating abroad. In 2008, the City of
London accounted for 4 percent of UK GDP.
BT Group (British Telecom) had its world
headquarters in the BT Centre in the City of London.
Local government
The City of London has a unique political status (
sui generis), a legacy of its uninterrupted
integrity as a corporate city since the
Anglo-Saxon period and its singular relationship
with the
Crown. Historically its
system of government was not unusual, but it was not reformed by
the
Municipal Reform Act
1835 and little changed by later reforms.
It is administered by the
City of London Corporation,
headed by the
Lord Mayor of
London (not the same as the more recently created position of
Mayor of London). The City is a
ceremonial county,
although it has a Commission, headed by the Lord Mayor, instead of
a
Lord-Lieutenant.
The City
contains two independent enclaves (extra-parochial areas), Inner Temple and Middle
Temple. These form part of the City and ceremonial
county, but are not governed by the
City of London Corporation. The
Corporation governs the rest of the City and is responsible for a
number of functions and owns a number of locations beyond the
City's boundaries.
The City is made up of 25
wards which have
recently had their boundaries changed, though the number of wards
and their names have not changed.
Elections
The City has a unique electoral system. Most of its voters are
representatives of businesses and other bodies that occupy premises
in the City. Its ancient wards have very unequal numbers of
voters.
The principal justification for the non-resident vote is that about
450,000 non-residents constitute the city's day-time population and
use most of its services, far outnumbering the City's residents,
who are fewer than 10,000. Nevertheless, the system has long been
the cause of controversy.
The business vote was abolished in all other
UK local
authority elections in 1969.
A private act of Parliament in 2002 reformed the voting system for
electing Members to the Corporation of London and received the
Royal Assent on 7 November 2002. Under
the new system, the number of non-resident voters has doubled from
16,000 to 32,000. Previously disfranchised firms (and other
organizations) are entitled to nominate voters, in addition to
those already represented, and all such bodies are now required to
choose their voters in a representative fashion.
Bodies employing fewer than ten people may appoint one voter; those
employing ten to 50 people may appoint one voter for every five
employees; those employing more than 50 people may appoint ten
voters and one additional voter for each 50 employees beyond the
first 50.
The Act also removed other anomalies that had developed within the
City's system, which had been unchanged since the 1850s.
Proposals for further change
The present system is widely seen as undemocratic , but adopting a
more conventional system would place the 7,800 residents of the
City in control of the local planning and other functions of a
major financial capital that provides most of its services to
hundreds of thousands of non-residents.
Proposals
to annex the City to one of the neighbouring London boroughs, possibly the City of
Westminster, have not widely been taken seriously. One
proposal floated as a possible reform is to allow those who work in
the City to each have a direct individual vote, rather than
businesses being represented by appointed voters.
In May 2006 the
Lord Chancellor
stated to Parliament that the government was minded to examine the
issue of City elections at a later date, probably after 2009, in
order to assess how the new system has bedded down.
Other functions
Within
the City, the Corporation owns and runs both the Smithfield Market and Leadenhall
Market
. The Corporation owns and is responsible for
a number of locations beyond the boundaries of the City.
These
include various open
spaces (parks, forests and commons) in and around greater
London, including most of Epping Forest
, Hampstead
Heath
and many public spaces in Ulster through The Honourable The Irish
Society. It also owns Old
Spitalfields Market
and Billingsgate Fish Market, both of
which are within the neighbouring London Borough of Tower Hamlets. The Corporation also owns and helps fund the
Old
Bailey
the Central Criminal Court for England and Wales, as a gift to the
nation, it having begun as the City and Middlesex
Sessions.
The City has its own independent police force, the
City of London Police - the
Corporation is the police authority.
The rest of Greater
London is policed by the Metropolitan Police Service,
based at New Scotland
Yard
.
The City
of London has one hospital, St Bartholomew's Hospital
. Founded in 1123 and commonly known as
'Barts', the hospital is at Smithfield
, and is undergoing a long-awaited regeneration
after many doubts as to it continuing in use during the
1990s.
The City is the third largest UK funding-patron of the arts.
It
oversees the Barbican
Centre
and subsidises several important performing arts
companies.
The
Port of
London's health authority is also the responsibility of
the Corporation, which includes the handling of imported cargo at
London
Heathrow
airport. The Corporation oversees the running of the
Bridge House Trust, which
maintains five key bridges in central London, London Bridge, Blackfriars Bridge, Southwark
Bridge
, Tower
Bridge
and the Millennium
Bridge. The
City's
flag flies over Tower Bridge, although neither footing is in
the City.
Transport
See also: Transport for
London.
The Millennium Bridge, looking north
towards St. Paul's Cathedral and the City.
The City is well served by the
London
Underground network, as well as
Docklands Light Railway and
Thameslink services.
Additionally, the
City has three National Rail termini
stations, at Liverpool Street
, Fenchurch Street
and Cannon Street
. The high capacity west-east Crossrail railway line, which is scheduled to be
completed by 2017, will run underground across the north of the
City, with two stations at Farringdon
/Barbican
and Moorgate
/Liverpool Street. The whole of the City of London lies in
Travelcard Zone 1.
The
national A1
, A3, and A4
road routes begin in the City of London. The
entirety of the City lies within the
London congestion charge zone, with
the small exception on the eastern boundary of the parts of the
A1210/A1211 routes which form part of the
inner ring road.
The
following bridges, listed west to east (heading downstream), cross
the River Thames from the City of
London to the southern bank: Blackfriars Bridge, Blackfriars Railway Bridge
, Millennium Bridge
(footbridge), Southwark Bridge, Cannon Street Railway Bridge
and London
Bridge. The famous landmark, the Tower Bridge, is not in the City of London.
One
London River Services pier
exists on the Thames along the City of London shore, the Blackfriars
Millennium Pier
, though the Tower Millennium Pier
lies adjacent to the City's boundary, near the
Tower of London. One of the Port of London's 25 safeguarded
wharfs in central London, Walbrook Wharf
, is located on the City of London's shore, adjacent
to Cannon Street station, and is used by the Corporation of London
to transfer waste via the river.
Education
The City
has only one directly maintained primary school, Sir John Cass's
Foundation Primary School at Aldgate
(ages 4 to 11). It is a Voluntary-Aided (VA)
Church of England school,
maintained by the Education Service of the City of London.
City
residents may send their children to schools in neighbouring
Local Education
Authorities, such as Islington, Tower Hamlets, Westminster and Southwark.
The City
controls three very well regarded independent schools, City of
London School
(a boys school) and City of
London School for Girls
(girls) which are in the City itself, and the
City of
London Freemen's School
(co-educational day and boarding) which is in
Ashtead
, Surrey
. The City of London School for Girls has its
own preparatory department for entrance at age seven.
It is also the
principal sponsor of the City of London Academy
which is based in Southwark.
The City
is also home to the renowned Cass Business School
, the Guildhall School of Music
and Drama and parts of three of the universities in London: The
Maughan Library
of King's College London's
Strand Campus, and the business school of London
Metropolitan University
. A third business school in the City is a
campus of the
University of
Chicago Graduate School of Business at Ropemaker Place.
The
College of Law
has its London campus in Moorgate.
Public libraries
Libraries operated by the City of London include Barbican Library,
Camomile Street Library, City Business Library, Guildhall Library,
and Shoe Lane Library.
Gardens
Gardens are maintained by the Corporation within the City.
These
range from formal gardens such as the one in Finsbury
Circus
, containing a bowling green and bandstand, to
churchyards such as one belonging to the church of St Olave
Hart Street
, entered from Seething Lane.
Gardens include:
Policing and Security
The City has its own
territorial police force, the
City of London Police, which
is a separate organisation to the
Metropolitan Police Service
which covers the rest of Greater London.
The City Police have
three police stations, located at
Snow Hill, Wood
Street
and Bishopsgate, and has 813 police
officers, 85 Special
Constables and 48 PCSOs. Covering just
the City of London, it is the smallest territorial police force in
England and Wales, both in terms
of geographic area and the number of police officers.
Where the majority of British police forces have silver-coloured
badges, those of the City Police are gold. The force also have a
unique red and white chequered sleeve and cap bands (red and white
being the colours of the City of London), which in most other
British police forces are black and white. City police officers
wear slightly larger
helmets than
other forces whilst on foot patrol. These helmets do not feature
the
Brunswick Star, which is used on
most other police helmets in England and Wales.
The City's position as the United Kingdom's financial centre and a
critical part of the country's economy, contributing about 2.5% of
the UK's
gross national
product, has resulted in it becoming a target for political
violence.
The Provisional
IRA exploded several bombs in the City in
the early 1990s, including the 1993 Bishopsgate bombing
.
The area is also spoken of as a possible target for
al-Qaeda.
For instance, when in May 2004 the BBC's
Panorama programme
examined the preparedness of Britain's emergency services for a
terrorist attack on the scale of September 11, 2001 attacks, they
simulated a chemical explosion on Bishopsgate in the east of the City.
The
"Ring of Steel"
is a particularly notable measure, established in the wake of the
IRA bombings, that has been taken against terrorist threats.
London Fire Brigade
Dowgate fire station
The City
has fire risks in many places, including St Paul’s
Cathedral
, The Old
Bailey
, Mansion House
, Smithfield
Market, the Bank of
England, the Guildhall
, Tower
42
(formerly the NatWest Tower) and 30 St.
Mary Axe
(The Gherkin). There is one fire station
within the City, at Dowgate, with one pumping appliance. The City
relies upon stations in the surrounding London boroughs to support
it at some incidents. Within the City the first fire engine is in
attendance in roughly five minutes on average, the second when
required in a little over five and a half minutes. There were 1,814
incidents attended in the City in 2006/2007 - the lowest in Greater
London amongst the 32 London boroughs. No one has died in an event
arising from a fire in the City in the last four years prior to
2007.
Tallest buildings
The tallest buildings in the City are:
Buildings over 150 metres either under construction or
proposed:
References
- The City and London Borough Boundaries Order 1993
- Asser's Life of King Alfred, ch. 83, trans. Simon
Keynes and Michael Lapidge, Alfred the Great: Asser's Life of
King Alfred & Other Contemporary Sources (Penguin
Classics) (1984), pp. 97-8.
- Vince, Alan, Saxon London: An Archaeological
Investigation, The Archaeology of London series (1990).
- " Contact BT." BT Group. Retrieved on 8 September
2009.
- " Boundary Map." City of London. Retrieved on 8
September 2009.
- HMSO City of London (Ward Elections) Act 2002
(2002 Chapter vi)
- Port Health Authority
- britishflags.net- City of London
- Schools
- Primary schools
- " City of London libraries." City of
London. Retrieved on 13 January 2009.
- Gardens of the City of London
- Key facts
- London Fire Brigade - City of London
Profile
External links
- Official websites
- * City of London Corporation - the City's local
government website
- * Visit the City - the City's visitor website
- * Museum of London
- Geographical information
- *City of London Corporation: Ward boundary maps
- * MAPCO : Map
And Plan Collection Online - High
resolution historic maps of London c. 1560-1925
- * Street map — the boundary is shown in
mauve-grey, and is easiest to pick up in the river. Click the arrow
on the left for the western and northern parts of the City
- Local information
- * City of
London pubs
- * TheCity.co.uk
- 63 floors, 288 metres, foundations and basements
under construction.
- 48 floors, 225 metres, began construction but
temporarily on hold.
- 40 floors, 165 metres. Construction
planned to start in 2011.
- 36 floors, 160 metres, site
demolished.
- Aldersgate
- St Dunstan's
Hill or Idol Lane
- Aldermanbury
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