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These tables compare general and technical information for a number of widely used and currently available operating systems.

Due to the large number and variety of available Linux distributions, they are all grouped under a single entry; see comparison of Linux distributions for a detailed comparison. There are also a variety of BSD operating systems, covered in comparison of BSD operating systems. For information on views of each operating system, see operating system advocacy.

General information

Name Creator First public release Predecessor Latest stable version Latest release date Cost/Availability Preferred license Target system type
AIX IBM 1986-?-? System V R3 6.1 2007-11-? Bundled with hardware Proprietary Server, NetApp, Workstation
AmigaOS Classic Commodore International, Haage & Partner 1985-07-23 TRIPOS (as the disk operating component of AmigaOS) 3.9 Bundled with hardware up to version 2.0. Versions 2.1, 3.0, 3.1, 3.5 and 3.9 also available as separate package. Proprietary, Open source clone available under AROS Public License Workstation, Home Desktop
AmigaOS 4 Hyperion Entertainment 2004-05 AmigaOS Classic 4.1 2009-06-21 4.0 bundled with hardware. 4.0 for classic and 4.1 available as standalone package at € 99. Proprietary, Open source clone available under AROS Public License Workstation, Home Desktop
FreeBSD The FreeBSD Project 1993-12-? 386BSD 8.0 2009-11-26 Free BSD Server, Workstation, NetApp, Embedded
Haiku Haiku Inc. - BeOS R5 (14-09-09) Free MIT License Home Desktop
HP-UX Hewlett-Packard 1983-?-? Unix 11.31 "11i v3" 2007-02-15 $400 Proprietary Server, Workstation
IBM i IBM 1988-?-? OS/400 V6R1.1 2009-10-23 Bundled with hardware Proprietary Server
IRIX SGI 1988-?-? Unix 6.5.30 2006-08-16 Bundled with hardware Proprietary Server, Workstation
Inferno Bell Labsmarker 1997-?-? Plan 9 Fourth Edition 2007-02-? Free MIT/GNU GPL/GNU LGPL/LPL NetApp, Server, Embedded
GNU/Linux GNU, Linus Torvalds, et al. 1992-08-25 Unix , Minix Linux kernel 2.6.31.5; GNU C Library 2.10.1 2009-10-23; 2009-05-10 See Comparison of GNU/Linux distributions GNU GPL, GNU LGPL and other licenses See: Comparison of GNU/Linux distributions
Mac OS Apple Inc.marker 1984-01-24 None 9.2.2 2002-05-12 Bundled with 68K and PowerPC Macs;versions 7-9 sold as retail upgrades Proprietary Workstation, home desktop
Mac OS X Apple Inc.marker 2001-03-24 NeXTStep / OPENSTEP / Rhapsody, Mac OS, UNIX 10.6.2 2009-11-09 Bundled with hardware; upgrades sold separately:
Desktop $169 (Single User Mac Box Set), $29 (Single User Mac OS X v10.5 Upgrade)
Family Pack $229 (5 User Mac Box Set), $49 (5 uUser Mac OS X v10.5 Upgrade)

 Open source core system (Both Intel and PowerPC versions) (APSL, GNU GPL, others) with proprietary higher level API layers Workstation, Home Desktop, Mobile (embedded)
Mac OS X Server Apple Inc.marker 2001-03-24 NeXTStep / OPENSTEP / Rhapsody, Mac OS 10.6.2 2009-10-09 Bundled with hardware; also sold separately:
$499 (unlimited clients)
 Open source core system (Both Intel and PowerPC versions) (APSL, GNU GPL, others) with proprietary higher level API layers Server
Minix3 Andrew S. Tanenbaum 2005-10-? Minix2 3.1.3a 2007-06-08 Free BSD Workstation
NetBSD The NetBSD Project 1993-05-? 386BSD 5.0.1 2009-08-02 Free BSD NetApp, Server, Workstation, Embedded
NeXTStep NeXT 1989-9-18 Unix 3.3 1995-02-01 Bundled with hardware, then sold separately Proprietary Workstation
NetWare Novell 1985 S-Net 6.5 SP7 2007-10-? $184 (single-user) Proprietary Server
OpenBSD The OpenBSD Project 1995-10-? NetBSD 1.0 4.6 2009-10-18 Free BSD Server, NetApp, Workstation, Embedded
OpenVMS DEC (now HP) 1977-10-25 RSX-11M 8.3-1H1 2007-10-? Free for non-commercial use Proprietary Server, Workstation
OS/2 IBM and Microsoft 1987-12-? UNIX, Windows 3.x 4.52 2001-12-? $300 Proprietary Home Desktop, Server
PC-BSD PC-BSD Software 2006-?-? FreeBSD 7.1.1 2009-06-07 Free BSD Desktop, Workstation, Server
Plan 9 Bell Labsmarker 1993-?-? Unix Fourth Edition (Daily snapshots) Free LPL Workstation, Server, Embedded, HPC
QNX QNX Software Systems 1982-?-? Unix 6.4.1 2009-05-28 ? Proprietary Workstation, Server, Embedded
Solaris Sun 1992-07-? SunOS 10 5/09 2008-04-15 Free CDDL Server, Workstation
OpenSolaris Sun 2008.05 Solaris 2009.06 2009-06-01 Free CDDL Desktop, Workstation, Server
Windows Server (NT family) Microsoft 1993-07-27 MS-DOS, OS/2, Windows 3.x Windows Server 2008 (NT 6.0) 2008-02-27 $469 Web Server; other editions dependent on number of CALs purchased Proprietary Server, NetApp, Embedded, HPC
Microsoft Windows (NT family) Microsoft 27 July 1993 MS-DOS, OS/2, Windows 3.x Windows 7 (NT 6.1.7600) 2009-10-22 Home Basic (Retail) $99.95, Home Premium (Retail) $119.95, Business (Retail) $299.95, Ultimate (Retail) $300.95 Proprietary Workstation, Home Desktop, media center, Tablet PC, embedded
Microsoft Windows (Classic family) Microsoft 1985-11-20 MS-DOS, Windows 1 and later Windows ME (Win 4.90.3000) 2000-09-14 Outdated product. No longer for sale. Proprietary Home Desktop, Media Center
RISC OS Acorn Computers, RISC OS Limited, Castle Technology Ltd 1989-04-? ARTHUR, also the BBC Master OS RISC OS 6.10 Select4i4 and RISC OS 5.13" 2008-05-28 Bundled with hardware, then sold separately at $127 (£70) Proprietary educational desktop, home computer
ZETA yellowTAB 2005-06-? BeOS R5 1.2 2006-04-27 Discontinued Proprietary Home Desktop, Media Workstation
STOP 6 / XTS-400 BAE Systemsmarker 2003-?-? STOP 5 / XTS-300 6.4.U1 2007-06-? Unknown; supplied to customers on-demand by BAE Systems Proprietary Server, Workstation, cross-domain solution, network guard
ReactOS ReactOS development team 1996-?-? Windows NT 0.3.10 2009-07-05 Free GNU GPL, GNU LGPL Workstation, Home Desktop
z/OS IBM 2000 OS/390 1.11 2009-09-25 Monthly License Charge (about $130 and up) Proprietary IBM mainframe
z/VM IBM 2000 VM 6.1 2009-10-23 Monthly License Charge Proprietary IBM mainframe
Name Creator First public release Predecessor Latest stable version Latest release date Cost/Availability Preferred license Target system type 


 Most OS distributions include bundled software with various other licenses.

 Although Lisa OS ran on the same (albeit a slower version) microprocessor and was developed by Apple Computermarker at the same time as Mac OS, they were developed as different projects, sharing only a similar GUI between them. [86055]

 Mac OS versions up to 7.5.5 are available free of charge  here.

GNU is a recursive acronym for GNU's Not Unix, which was chosen because its design is Unix-like, but differs from Unix by being Free software and by not containing any Unix code.

Minix inspired the Linux kernel. No code from Minix was used to create the Linux kernel.

PC-BSD uses FreeBSD as a base system with custom configuration and several desktop oriented tools to create an easy to use FreeBSD system for Desktops and Workstations.

 Mac OS 7.6 was the first Mac OS operating system to be labeled Mac OS. Operating systems prior to this were named System Software 0.1 (available only to developers) through System Software 7.5, and known as System #.# for short.

 Windows Vista was released to manufacturing on November 8, 2006, and was subsequently made available to software developers and businesses in November 2006, with retail availability following on January 30, 2007


Technical information

Name Computer architectures supported File systems supported Kernel type Source lines of code GUI default is on Package management Update management Native API Non-native APIs supported through subsystems
AIX PowerPC JFS, JFS2, ISO 9660, UDF, NFS, SMBFS, GPFS Monolithic No installp, RPM Service Update Management Assistant (SUMA) SysV, POSIX
AmigaOS Classic 68k Proprietary (OFS, FFS,SFS, PFS), FAT, ISO 9660, UDF, many others via 3rd party drivers, such as SMBFS, etc. Microkernel Yes Installer (almost not necessary) Proprietary UNIX (BSD) (available through 3rd party ixemul.library)
AmigaOS 4 PPC (x86 Clone available, see: AROS) Proprietary (OFS, FFS,SFS, PFS), JXFS, FAT, ISO 9660, UDF, many others via 3rd party drivers, such as SMBFS, etc. Microkernel Yes Installer (almost not necessary) AmiUpdate (almost not necessary) Proprietary UNIX (BSD) (available through 3rd party ixemul.library)
FreeBSD x86, x86-64, PC98, SPARC, others UFS2, ext2, ext3, FAT, ISO 9660, UDF, NFS, ReiserFS (read only), XFS (experimental), ZFS (experimental) and others Monolithic with modules No ports tree, packages by source (CVSup, portsnap), network binary update (freebsdupdate) POSIX, BSD Mono, Java, Win16, Win32, Linux
Haiku x86, 68k BFS (default), FAT, ISO 9660, ext3, NTFS Hybrid Yes - None POSIX, BeOS API
HP-UX PA-RISC, IA-64 VxFS, HFS, ISO 9660, UDF, NFS, SMBFS Monolithic with modules No swinstall swa (HP-UX Software Assistant) SysV, POSIX
Linux x86, x86-64, PPC, SPARC, Alpha, others ext2, ext3, ext4, ReiserFS, FAT, ISO 9660, UDF, NFS, and others Monolithic with modules ~ 9 million [86056] (Kernel)~283 million (Debian GNU/Linux) See: Comparison of Linux distributions POSIX Mono, Java, Win16, Win32
Inferno x86, PPC, SPARC, Alpha, MIPS, others Styx/9P2000, kfs, FAT, ISO 9660 Monolithic with modules, user space file systems Yes Proprietary
Mac OS Classic 68k, PPC HFS+, HFS, AFP, ISO 9660, FAT, UDF Monolithic with modules Yes None Software Update Toolbox, Carbon (from version 8.1)
Mac OS X PPC, x86, x86-64, ARM HFS+ (default), HFS, UFS, AFP, ISO 9660, FAT, UDF, NFS, SMBFS, NTFS, FTP, WebDAV, ZFS (experimental) Hybrid ~86 million Yes Mac OS X Installer Software Update Carbon, Cocoa, Java, BSD/POSIX Toolbox (only in versions up to Mac OS X 10.4, not supported on x86 architecture), Win16, Win32
Minix3 x86 Microkernel 4000 No POSIX
NetBSD x86, x86-64, ARM, MIPS, PPC, SPARC64, others UFS, UFS2, ext2, FAT, ISO 9660, NFS, LFS, and others Monolithic with modules No pkgsrc by source (CVS, CVSup, rsync) or binary (using sysinst) BSD, POSIX Linux, others
NetWare x86 NSS, NWFS, FAT, NFS, AFP, UDF, CIFS, ISO 9660 Hybrid Yes NWCONFIG.NLM, RPM, X11-based GUI installer binary updates, ZENWorks for Servers, Red Carpet Proprietary
OpenBSD x86, x86-64, SPARC, 68k, Alpha, VAX, others ffs, ext2, FAT, ISO 9660, NFS, some others Monolithic with modules No ports tree, packages by source BSD, POSIX
OpenVMS VAX, Alpha, IA-64 Files-11 (ODS), ISO 9660, NFS, CIFS Monolithic with modules No PCSI, VMSINSTAL Proprietary POSIX
OS/2 x86 HPFS, JFS, FAT, ISO 9660, UDF, NFS Monolithic with modules Yes Feature Install and others Proprietary, DOS API, Win16 Win32
PC-BSD x86 UFS2, ext2, ext3, FAT, ISO 9660, UDF, NFS, ReiserFS (read only), XFS (experimental) and others Monolithic with modules Yes ports tree, packages, PBI Graphical Installers by PBI updates, source (CVSup, portsnap), network binary update (freebsdupdate) BSD, POSIX Win16, Win32
Plan 9 x86, Alpha, MIPS, PPC, SPARC, others fossil/venti, 9P2000, kfs, ext2, FAT, ISO 9660 Monolithic, user space file systems Yes None replica Proprietary (Unix-like) POSIX compatibility layer
QNX x86, SH-4, PowerPC, ARM, MIPS QNX4, QNX6, ext2, FAT, ISO 9660, Joliet, NFS, CIFS, ETFS, UDF, HFS, HFS Plus, NTFS, and others. Micro POSIX, Java
ReactOS x86, PowerPC FAT Hybrid 1-2 mil Yes None None Win32, NT API
RISC OS ARM (both 26 and 32-bit) Acorn ADFS, Econet ANFS, FAT, ISO 9660, many others as loadable filesystems Unprotected monotasking microkernel with large number of relocatable modules Yes Applications self-contained; hardware drivers often in ROM !IyoUpWtch Huge number of SWI calls; extensive C libraries
Solaris x86, x86-64, SPARC UFS, ZFS, ext2, FAT, ISO 9660, UDF, NFS, QFS, some others Monolithic with modules Yes SysV packages (pkgadd) Sun Connection SysV, POSIX, GTK, Java Win16, Win32, Mono, Linux
OpenSolaris x86, x86-64, SPARC(AI) UFS, ZFS, ext2, FAT, ISO 9660, UDF, NFS, QFS, some others Monolithic with modules ~10 million Yes Image Packaging System (pkg), SysV packages (pkgadd) Image Packaging System SysV, POSIX, GTK, Java Win16, Win32, Mono, Linux
STOP 6 / XTS-400 x86 Proprietary Monolithic No RPM for some untrusted applications Binary updates via postal mail and proprietary tools some SysV, some POSIX, some Linux, some proprietary
Windows Server (NT family) x86, x86-64, IA-64 NTFS, FAT, ISO 9660, UDF; 3rd-party drivers support ext2, ext3, reiserfs , and HFS Hybrid ~45 million Yes MSI, custom installers Windows Update Win32, NT API DOS API, Win16 (only in 32-bit versions), POSIX, .NET
Windows (NT family) x86, x86-64 NTFS, FAT ISO 9660, UDF; 3rd-party drivers support ext2, ext3, reiserfs , and HFS Hybrid ~ 40(XP)/64(Vista) million Yes MSI, custom installers Windows Update Win32, NT API DOS API, Win16 (only in 32-bit versions), POSIX, .NET
ZETA x86 BFS (default), FAT, ISO 9660, UDF, HFS, AFP, ext2, CIFS, NTFS (read only), ReiserFS (read only, up to v3.6) Hybrid Yes SoftwareValet, script-based installers None POSIX, BeOS API
z/OS z/Architecture VSAM catalogs, HFS, zFS, etc. Monolithic No SMP/E SMP/E Access methods, etc. POSIX
Name Computer architectures supported File systems supported Kernel type Source lines of code GUI default is on Package management Update management Native API Non-native APIs supported through subsystems 


 Operating systems where the GUI is not installed and turned on by default are often bundled with an implementation of the X Window System, installation of which is usually optional.

 Most operating systems use proprietary APIs in addition to any supported standards.

 NetBSD and OpenBSD include the X Window System as base install sets, managed in their respective main source repository, including local modifications. Packages are also provided for more up-to-date versions which may be less tested.

 Windows can read and write with Ext2 and Ext3 file systems only when a driver from  FS-driver or  ext2fsd is installed. However, using Explore2fs, Windows can read from, but not write to, Ext2 and Ext3 file systems. Windows can also access ReiserFS through  rfstool and related programs.

 only i686 CPU

 Amiga OS features since OS 2.0 version a standard centralized Install utility called Installer, which could be used by any software house to install programs. It works as a LISP language interpreter, and install procedures could be listed as simple text. AmigaOS can also benefit of a 3rd party copyrighted library called XAD that is available for all POSIX (Unix, Linux, BSD, and for AmigaOS, MorphOS, etc.). This library is freely distributable and publicly available on Aminet Amiga centralized repository of all Open Source or Free programs and utilities. XAD.Library, complete with GUI Voodoo-X, is based on modules and capable to manage over 300 compression methods and package systems (Voodoo-X GUI supports 80 package systems), including those widely accepted as standards such as .ZIP, .CAB, .LHA, .LZX, .RPM, etc.

 A standard AmigaOS installation requires usually only few files (typically 3 to 10 files) to be copied in their appropriate directory, and libraries and language files for national localization to be put in their standard OS directories. Any Amiga user with some minimal experience knows where these files should be copied and could perform programs installations by hand.

AmiUpdate is capable to update AmigaOS files and also all Amiga programs which are registered to use the same update program that is standard for Amiga. Updating AmigaOS requires only few libraries to be put in standard OS location (for example all libraries are stored in "Libs:" standard virtual device and absolute path finder for "Libs" directory, Fonts are all in "Fonts:" absolute locator, the files for language localization are all stored in "Locale:" and so on). This leaves Amiga users with a minimal knowledge of the system almost free to perform by hand the update of the system files.


Security

Resource access control Subsystem isolation mechanisms Integrated firewall Encrypted file systems No execute page flag Known unpatched vulnerabilities (severity not accounted for)
Hardware Emulation Number Oldest
AIX Unix, ACL chroot IP Filter, IPSec VPNs, basic IDS n/a 3 11 October 2002
FreeBSD Unix, ACL, MAC chroot, jail, MAC Partitions IPFW2, IPFilter, PF colspan="2"
HP-UX Unix, ACL chroot IPFilter 4 12 December 2002
Inferno Unix Namespaces, Capability-based security, no superuser or setuid bit colspan="2"
Linux Unix, ACLs , MAC chroot, Capability-based security , seccomp, SELinux Netfilter/Varied by distribution 10 10 May 2004
Mac OS Classic 0 -
Mac OS X Unix, ACLs chroot ipfw (as of 10.5, X64 Only) (Intel Only) 5 22 November 2006
NetBSD Unix, Veriexec, PaX, kauth chroot, systrace, kauth IPFilter, PF colspan="2"
NetWare Directory-enabled ACLs Protected Address Spaces IPFLT.NLM colspan="2"
OES-Linux Directory-enabled ACLs chroot IPFilter colspan="2"
OpenBSD Unix chroot, systrace PF 0 -
OpenVMS ACLs, Privileges logical name tables 0 -
OS/2 / eComStation ACLs IP Filter colspan="2"
PC-BSD Unix, ACL, MAC chroot, jail, MAC Partitions IPFW2, IPFilter, PF colspan="2"
Plan 9 Unix (?) Namespaces, Capability-based security, no superuser or setuid bit ipmux colspan="2"
QNX Unix IP Filter colspan="2"
Solaris Unix, RBAC, ACLs, Least privilege, Trusted Extensions chroot, Containers , Logical Domains IPFilter 5 2005-04-13
OpenSolaris Unix, RBAC, ACLs, Least privilege, Trusted Extensions chroot, Containers , Logical Domains IPFilter
Windows Server 2008 ACLs, Privileges, RBAC Win32 WindowStation, Desktop, Job objects Windows Firewall, TCP/IP Filtering 0 -
Windows XP ACLs Win32 WindowStation, Desktop, Job objects Windows Firewall, TCP/IP Filtering (With NTFS) 4; 30 23 February 2007; 2 September 2002
ZETA Unix colspan="2"
STOP 6 / XTS-400 Unix, Multilevel security, Biba mandatory integrity, ACLs, Privileges, subtype mechanism Multilevel security, Biba Integrity Model, subtype mechanism colspan="2"
z/OS RACF RACF, key-protected address spaces z/OS IPSecurity Optional Yes (key-protected address spaces) Yes 0 - - 
 The one OpenBSD vulnerability mentioned in the report was patched. The patch is available through ftp  here.

 Comparison of known unpatched vulnerabilities is based on Secunia vulnerabilities reports with a severity of less critical and above. Updated automatically.

 POSIX ACL support is included in Linux 2.6, but requires a file system capable of storing them (such as ext3, XFS or ReiserFS).

 A jail mechanism is available separately in the Linux-VServer project, but is not integrated into any mainline Linux kernel.

 The Exec Shield and PaX extensions provide NX emulation on x86 hardware. They are not yet integrated inside the mainline kernel but are available as patches or separate kernels

 ACLs were added to Mac OS X beginning with version 10.4.

 ACLs are available only in OS/2 Server versions with HPFS386 filesystem.

 "Solaris Containers" (including "Zones") are a jail-type mechanism introduced with Solaris 10.

 Zeta has full Unix file permissions, but the OS is single user, and users always run as superuser.

 STOP 6 is certified under Common Criteria at EAL5+.

 Additionally swap space may be encrypted during installation, uses memory based tmp file storage by default. 

 Through ZFS 

 Novell NetWare uses MSDOS to load itself in to memory and once it is running, MSDOS is not used and can be unloaded (it is a common misconception that NetWare "runs on top of MSDOS").

 AIX use the PowerPC architecture which offer page-level protection mechanism. Since AIX version 5300-03 (5.3), this feature can be activated using the  sedmgr command. 

 FreeBSD can be built with ProPolice/SSP. 

 Available on XP sp2, 2003 sp1 and newer. 

 By default, software-enforced  DEP helps protect only limited system binaries.


Commands



description FreeBSD Linux Linux+BusyBox MacOSX Solaris Windows (cmd) Windows (powershell)
list directory ls ls ls ls ls dir dir & ls & Get-ChildItem
clear console clear clear ? clear clear cls clear
copy file(s) cp cp cp cp cp copy cp & Copy-Item
move file(s) mv mv mv mv mv move mv & Move-Item
delete file(s) rm rm rm rm rm del (erase) rm & Remove-Item
delete directory rm -r rm -r rm -r rm -r rm -r rd (rmdir) rm -r & rmdir
create directory mkdir mkdir mkdir mkdir mkdir md (mkdir) mkdir
change current directory cd cd cd cd cd cd (chdir) cd & Set-Location
run shell script with new shell sh file.sh sh file.sh sh file.sh sh file.sh sh file.sh cmd /c file.cmd
kill processes pkill, killall kill kill, pkill taskkill taskkill
change process priority nice, renice start /low, start /normal, start /high, start /realtime
change io priority ionice
create file system mkfs newfs format
file system check and recovery fsck fsck chkdsk
create hardware raid (raidutil)
create software raid atacontrol, gmirror (mdadm—create) metainit, zfs create
mount device mount mount diskutil mount mount mountvol mount & New-PSDrive
unmount device umount umount diskutil unmount(disk) umount mountvol /d Remove-PSDrive
mount file as block device vnconfig + mount mount -o loop
show network configration ifconfig ifconfig ifconfig ipconfig ipconfig
show network route route route
trace network route traceroute traceroute tracert tracert
trace network route with pings (mtr) pathping pathping
description FreeBSD Linux Linux+BusyBox MacOSX Solaris Windows (cmd) Windows (powershell)


See also



References

External links




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