The Connecticut River is the largest river in New England, flowing south from the Connecticut Lakes in northern New Hampshire, along the border between New Hampshire and Vermont, through western Massachusetts and central Connecticut into Long Island Sound at Old Saybrook, Connecticut. It has a total length of , and a drainage basin extending over . The mean freshwater discharge into Long Island Sound is per second. The river is tidal up to Windsor Locks, approximately from the mouth. The source of the Connecticut River is the Fourth Connecticut Lake in New Hampshire. Some tributaries include the Ashuelot, West, Miller's, Deerfield, White, and Chicopee rivers. (The Swift River, a tributary of the Chicopee, has been largely replaced by the Quabbin Reservoir which provides water to Boston.)

The river carries a heavy amount of silt, especially during the spring snow melt, from as far north as Quebec. The heavy silt concentration of the river forms a large sandbar near its mouth on Long Island Sound and has historically provided a formidable obstacle to navigation. The difficulty of navigation on the river is the primary reason that it is one of the few large rivers in the region without a major city near its mouth. The Connecticut River estuary and tidal wetlands complex is listed as one of the 1,759 wetlands of international importance under the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands.

History

Geological history

Early settlement

The river's name is the French corruption of the Algonquian word "quinetucket" and means long tidal river. The first European to see the river was the Dutch explorer Adriaen Block in 1614. As a result of this exploration, the Dutch named the Connecticut River the "Fresh River", and it was the northeastern limits of the New Netherland colony, and the original border between New Netherland and New England. The first English colonist to record his visit was Edward Winslow from the Plymouth Colony in 1632. In 1633 the English built a trading post on the site of Windsor, Connecticut, and the Dutch built one with a fort at the site of Hartford, Connecticut. As the number of English colonists increased, the Dutch abandoned their enterprise in 1654. The Fort at Number 4, now Charlestown, New Hampshire, was the northernmost English settlement on the river until the end of the French and Indian War in 1763. In the Treaty of Paris , ending the American Revolutionary War, the new border between New Hampshire and what was to become the Province of Canada was defined to include the "northwesternmost headwaters of the Connecticut" . Because there are several streams that could fit that description, a boundary dispute led to the short-lived Indian Stream Republic, which existed from 1832 to 1835.

At first the broad, fertile valley attracted agricultural colonies, but the volume and fall of the river contributed to the rise of manufacturing in the valley. The greatest single drop of is at Holyoke, Massachusetts. Other important centers include Windsor and Hartford in Connecticut, Springfield, Massachusetts, the largest city on the river, Lebanon, New Hampshire, and Brattleboro, Vermont.



In 1829 the Enfield Falls Canal was opened to circumvent shallows on the Connecticut River. The locks built for this canal gave their name to the town of Windsor Locks, Connecticut.

In the late 1800s the river was used for massive logging drives from the far north, particularly the Nullhegan River basin in Essex County, Vermont. These spring drives were stopped after 1915, when pleasure boat owners complained about the hazards to navigation.

The Connecticut River Flood Control Compact was established in 1953 in response to severe flooding. The agreement was ratified by the states of Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Vermont.

Boating

The mouth of the river up to Essex is thought to be the busiest stretch of waterway in Connecticut. Some local police departments and the state Environmental Conservation Police patrol the area a few times a week. Some towns keep boats available if needed.

Fish

The Connecticut River is a habitat to several species of anadromous fish, including the American shad, American eel, striped bass and the sea lamprey. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service is undertaking an effort to repopulate the river with another species of migratory fish, the Atlantic salmon. For more than 200 years, Atlantic salmon have been extinct from the river due to damming. Several fish ladders and fish elevators have been built to allow fish to resume their natural migration upriver each spring.

Angling the Connecticut

The headwaters of the Connecticut River are at the northern tip of New Hampshire, near the Canadian border. Much of the beginning of the river's course in the town of Pittsburg is occupied by the Connecticut Lakes, a chain of deep, cold water lakes that are home to lake trout and landlocked salmon.

The river itself holds native brook trout, rainbow trout, large brown trout, shad, smallmouth bass, striped bass, carp, catfish, American eel, and several other species of game fish. Landlocked salmon make their way into the river during spring spawning runs of bait fish and during their fall spawn. The river has fly-fishing-only regulations on of river. Most of the river from Lake Francis south is open to lure and bait as well. Two tail-water dams provide cold river water for miles downstream making summer fishing on the Connecticut River excellent.

Tributaries

The vast majority of the water in the Connecticut comes from Vermont and Vermont tributaries. Listed from south to north by location of mouth:

Black Hall River (CT) Falls River (CT) Eightmile River (CT) Deep River (CT) Salmon River (CT) Mattabesset River (CT) Hockanum River (CT) Park River (CT) Farmington River (CT) Scantic River (CT) Westfield River (MA) Mill River (Springfield, MA) Chicopee River (MA) Manhan River (MA) Mill River (Northampton, MA) Fort River (Hadley, MA) Mill River (Hatfield, MA) Mill River (Amherst, MA) Sawmill River (MA) Deerfield River (MA) Fall River (MA) Millers River (MA) Ashuelot River (NH) West River (VT) Partridge Brook (NH) Cold River (NH) Saxtons River (VT)

Williams River (VT) Black River (VT) Little Sugar River (NH) Sugar River (NH) Blow-me-down Brook (NH) Ottauquechee River (VT) Mascoma River (NH) White River (VT) Mink Brook (NH) Ompompanoosuc River (VT) Waits River (VT) Oliverian Brook (NH) Wells River (VT) Ammonoosuc River (NH) Stevens River (VT) Passumpsic River (VT) Johns River (NH) Israel River (NH) Upper Ammonoosuc River (NH) Paul Stream (VT) Nulhegan River (VT) Simms Stream (NH) Mohawk River (NH) Halls Stream (VT) Indian Stream (NH) Perry Stream (NH)

Crossings

The Connecticut River is a significant barrier to travel between western and eastern New England. Several major transportation corridors cross the river including Amtrak's Northeast Corridor, Interstate 95 (Connecticut Turnpike), Interstate 90 (Massachusetts Turnpike), and Interstate 89. In addition, Interstate 91, whose route largely follows the river north-south, crosses it twice - once in Connecticut and once in Massachusetts.

See also

• Connecticut River Museum in Essex, Connecticut
• Lake Hitchcock, post-glacial predecessor to the Connecticut River
• Lake Connecticut, post-glacial predecessor to Lake Hitchcock
• History of Connecticut
• List of Connecticut rivers
• List of Massachusetts rivers
• List of New Hampshire rivers
• List of Vermont rivers
• The Great Attack - the burning of American ships on the Connecticut River at Essex in 1814

Additional reading

References

1. Connecticut Heritage (Dorothy A. DeBisschop). "The Canal at Windsor Locks.". Retrieved January 20, 2006.
2. Connecticut River Valley Flood Control Commission. Greenfield, MA. "Connecticut River Flood Control Compact." Effective September 8, 1953.
3. Kaplan, Thomas, "River Watchers, Tackling Speeders and Thin Budgets." New York Times, Metro section, August 30, 2007, accessed same day.
4. Daily Hampshire Gazette (Gazettenet.com). "The Connecticut River: A sewer runs through it." September 15, 2008.
5. Massachusetts Water Watch Partnership (University of Massachusetts, Amherst). "Tri-State Connecticut River Targeted Watershed Initiative."

External links

• Connecticut River Watershed Council
• The Connecticut River Museum
• Connecticut Riverfest
• Upper Valley Trails Alliance
• Connecticut River Joint Commissions