Cornell University ( ) is a
private university located in Ithaca
, New York
, USA
, that is a
member of the Ivy League.
Cornell
was founded in 1865 by Ezra Cornell and
Andrew Dickson
White
as a coeducational,
non-sectarian institution where
admission was offered irrespective of religion or race. Its
founders intended that the new university would teach and make
contributions in all fields of knowledge—from the
classics to the
sciences and
from the theoretical to the applied. These ideals, unconventional
for the time, are captured in Cornell's motto, an 1865 Ezra Cornell
quotation: "I would found an institution where any person can find
instruction in any study."
Following the spirit of its motto, Cornell offers a curriculum in
traditional
liberal arts studies as
well as in fields like
engineering,
agriculture,
hotel administration, and
city and regional planning. The
university is organized into seven
undergraduate colleges and seven
graduate divisions at its main
Ithaca campus, with each college and division defining its own
academic programs in near autonomy. Cornell is one of two private
land grant universities, and
its seven undergraduate colleges include four
state-supported statutory or contract
colleges.
The university also administers two satellite
medical campuses, one in New York City
and one in Education City
, Qatar
.
Cornell counts more than 255,000 living
alumni, 28
Rhodes
Scholars and 41
Nobel
laureates affiliated with the university as faculty or
students. The student body consists of over 13,000 undergraduate
and 6,000 graduate students from all fifty states and one hundred
and twenty-two countries.
History
Cornell University was founded on April 27, 1865 by a
New York State Senate bill that named
the university as the state's
land
grant institution.
Senator Ezra
Cornell offered his farm in Ithaca, New York, as a site and $500,000 of his personal fortune as
an initial endowment.
Fellow
senator and experienced educator Andrew Dickson White agreed to be the first president. During the
next three years, White oversaw the construction of the initial two
buildings and traveled about the globe, attracting students and
faculty.
The university was inaugurated on October 7, 1868, and 412 men were
enrolled the next day. Two years later, Cornell admitted its first
women students, making it the first
coeducational school among what came to be known
as the
Ivy League. Scientists
Louis Agassiz and
James Crafts were among the faculty
members.
Cornell expanded significantly in the 20th century, with its
student population growing to its current count of about 20,000
students. The faculty expanded as well; by the century's end, the
university had more than 3,400 faculty members. Along with its
population growth, Cornell increased its breadth of course
offerings. Today, the university has wide-ranging programs and
offers more than 4,000 courses.
Since 2000, Cornell has been expanding its
international programs. In 2001, the
university founded the
Weill Cornell Medical College in
Qatar, the first American
medical
school outside of the United States.
It continues to forge
partnerships with major institutions in India, Singapore
, and the People's Republic of China. The
university, with its high international profile, claims to be "the
first
transnational university".
In addition, the university is home to many
historic buildings. These buildings range
from the first president's house to fraternity buildings.
Campuses
Main campus
Cornell's
main campus is on East Hill in Ithaca, New York, overlooking the town and Cayuga Lake
. When the university was founded in 1865,
the campus consisted of 209.5 acres (0.85 km²) of Ezra
Cornell's roughly 300 acre (1.2 km²) farm. Since then, it has
swelled to about 745 acres (3.0 km²), encompassing both
the hill and much of the surrounding areas.
Some 260 university buildings are divided primarily between
Central and
North Campuses on the
plateau of the Hill,
West Campus on its slope, and
Collegetown immediately south of Central Campus. Central Campus has
laboratories, administrative buildings, and almost all of the
university's academic buildings, athletic facilities, auditoriums,
and museums. The only residential facility on Central Campus is the
Law School's residential college, Hughes Hall. North
Campus contains
freshman and
graduate student housing, themed program
houses, and 29
fraternity
and sorority houses. West Campus has upperclass residential
colleges and an additional 25 fraternity and sorority houses.
Collegetown contains the Schwartz
Performing Arts Center and two upperclass
residence halls, amid a neighborhood
of apartments, eateries, and businesses.
The main campus is marked by an irregular layout and eclectic
architectural styles, including
ornate
Gothic,
Victorian,
Neoclassical buildings, and less decorative
international and
modernist structures. The more
ornate buildings generally predate
World
War II. Because the student population doubled from 7,000 in
1950 to 15,000 by 1970, grandiosity was neglected in favor of less
expensive and more rapidly constructed styles. While some buildings
are neatly arranged into
quadrangles, others are packed
densely and haphazardly. These eccentricities arose from the
university's numerous, ever-changing master plans for the campus.
For
example, in one of the earliest plans, Frederick Law Olmsted, the designer of
Central
Park
, outlined a "grand terrace" overlooking Cayuga Lake. Because the terrace plan was dropped,
McGraw Hall appears to face the wrong direction, facing the Slope
rather than the Arts Quad.
The Ithaca
Campus is among the rolling valleys of the Finger Lakes
region and, atop the Hill, commands a panoramic
view of the surrounding area. Two
gorges, Fall Creek Gorge and Cascadilla Gorge, bound
Central Campus, and become popular swimming holes during the warmer
months (although the university discourages their use).
Adjacent
to the main campus, Cornell owns the 2,800 acre (11.6 km²)
Cornell
Plantations
, a botanical garden
containing flowers, trees, and ponds along manicured
trails.
Cornell has adopted a comprehensive sustainability action plan, and
has a number of LEED certified buildings on the Ithaca campus. A
new gas-fired combined heat and power facility replaced a
coal-fired steam plant, resulting in a reduction in carbon
emissions to 7 percent below 1990 levels. It meets 15 percent of
campus electrical needs, and a university-run, on-campus
hydroelectric plant in the Fall Creek gorge provides an additional
2 percent.
An award-winning lake source cooling project uses
Lake
Cayuga
to air condition campus buildings, with an 80%
energy saving over conventional systems. In 2007, Cornell
established a Center for a Sustainable Future. Cornell has been
rated "B" by the 2010 College Sustainability Report Card for its
environmental and sustainability initiatives.
New York City campus
Weill
Cornell Medical College, often called Weill Cornell, is on the
Upper East
Side
of Manhattan
, New York
City. It is home to two Cornell divisions,
Weill Medical College and
Weill Graduate
School of Medical Sciences, and has been affiliated with the
New York-Presbyterian
Hospital since 1927. Although their faculty and academic
divisions are separate, the Medical Center shares its
administrative functions with the
Columbia University Medical
Center.
Weill Medical College is also affiliated
with the neighboring Memorial
Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center
, Rockefeller University
, and the Hospital for Special Surgery
. Many faculty members have joint
appointments at these institutions, and Weill Cornell, Rockefeller,
and Memorial Sloan-Kettering offer the
Tri-Institutional MD-PhD
Program to selected entering Cornell medical students.
In addition to the medical center, New York City hosts local
offices for some of Cornell's service programs. The Cornell Urban
Scholars Program encourages students to pursue public service
careers with organizations working with New York City's poorest
children, families, and communities. The
College of Human
Ecology and the
College
of Agriculture and Life Sciences provide means for students to
reach out to local communities by gardening and building with the
Cornell Cooperative Extension.
Students with the School of Industrial and Labor
Relations'
Extension & Outreach Program make workplace
expertise available to organizations, union members, policy makers,
and working adults. The
College of
Engineering's Operations Research Manhattan, in the city's
financial district,
brings together business optimization research and decision support
services aimed at strengthening industry and public sector
collaboration.
The College of
Architecture, Art, and Planning has a facility on West 17th
Street, near Union Square
, to provide studio and seminar space for students
and faculty.
In 2006, the NewYork-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center
opened a $25 million cogeneration facility that generates 100
percent of its base electrical needs from waste heat in its steam
plant. The medical campus has a undergone a comprehensive
energy-reduction retrofit.
Qatar campus
Weill
Medical College in Qatar is in
Education
City
, near Doha
.
Opened in September 2004, it was the first American medical school
outside the United States. The college is part of Cornell's program
to increase its international influence. The College is a joint
initiative with the Qatar government, which seeks to improve the
country's academic programs and medical care. Along with its full
four-year MD program, which mirrors the curriculum taught at
Weill Medical College in New
York City, the college offers a two-year undergraduate
pre-medical program with a separate admissions
process. This undergraduate program opened in September 2002 and
was the first
coeducational institute of
higher education in Qatar.
The college is partially funded by the Qatar government through the
Qatar Foundation, which contributed
$750 million for its construction. The medical center is housed in
a large two-story structure designed by
Arata Isozaki. In 2004, the Qatar Foundation
announced the construction of a 350 – bed Specialty Teaching
Hospital near the medical college in Education City. The hospital
is currently under construction and is slated to be completed in
the next few years.
Other facilities
Cornell University owns and operates many facilities around the
world.
The Arecibo Observatory
in Puerto Rico, site of
the world's largest single-dish radio
telescope, is operated by Cornell under a contract with the
National Science
Foundation. The Shoals Marine Laboratory
, operated in conjunction with the University
of New Hampshire
, is a seasonal marine field station dedicated to
undergraduate education and research on 95 acre (0.4 km²)
Appledore
Island
off the Maine
– New Hampshire
coast.
Many Cornell facilities focus on
conservationism and
ecology.
The New York State
Agricultural Experiment Station, operated by the College
of Agriculture and Life Sciences, is in Geneva, New
York
, 50 miles (80 km) northwest of the main
campus. The facility comprises 20 major buildings on
130 acres (0.5 km²) of land, as well as more than
700 acres (2.8 km²) of test plots and other lands devoted
to horticultural research.
It also operates three substations, Vineyard
Research Laboratory in Fredonia
, Hudson Valley Laboratory in Highland
and the Long Island Horticultural Research
Laboratory in Riverhead
.
The
Cornell
Laboratory of Ornithology
in Sapsucker Woods in Ithaca, New York, performs research on biological diversity, primarily in
birds. In 2005, the lab announced that it had rediscovered
the
Ivory-billed woodpecker,
long thought to be
extinct.
The Animal Science
Teaching and Research Center in Harford, New York
, and the Duck Research Laboratory in Eastport,
New York
, are resources for information on animal disease
control and husbandry. The Arnot
Teaching and Research Forest, a 4,075 acre (16.5 km²) forest
20 miles (32.2 km) south of the Ithaca campus, is the
primary field location for faculty and student training and
research related to professional
forestry.
The
mission of the Cornell Biological Field Station in Bridgeport,
New York
, is "to provide a center for long-term ecological
research and support the University's educational programs, with
special emphasis on freshwater lacustrine systems." In addition, the
university operates biodiversity laboratories in Punta Cana
, Dominican Republic
, and in the Amazon
rainforest in Peru
named the
Cornell
University Esbaran Amazon Field Laboratory.
The university also maintains offices for
study abroad and scholarship programs.
Cornell
in Washington is a program that allows students to study for a
semester in Washington,
D.C.
, in research and internship positions while earning credit toward a degree.
Cornell
in Rome
, operated
by the College
of Architecture, Art, and Planning, allows students to use the
city as a resource for learning architecture, urban
studies, and art. The
College of Human
Ecology offers the Urban Semester Program, an opportunity to
take courses and complete an internship in New York City for a
semester. As well, the Capital Semester program allows students to
intern in the New York state legislature.
As
New York
State
's land grant college,
Cornell operates a cooperative extension service
with its agents spreading knowledge in every county of the
state. Cornell also operates New York's Animal Health
Diagnostic Center.
Academics
Cornell, a research university, is ranked fourth in the world in
producing the largest number of graduates who go on to pursue PhDs
in
engineering or the
natural sciences at American institutions,
as well as fifth in the world in producing graduates who pursue
PhDs at American institutions in any field. Research is a central
element of the university's mission; in 2006 Cornell spent
$649
million on
research and development. In 2007, Cornell ranked fifth among
universities in the U.S. in fund-raising, collecting
$406.2 million in private
support.
Organization
Cornell is a non-profit institution, receiving most of its funding
through
tuition, research
grants, state appropriations, and
alumni contributions. Three of its undergraduate
schools/colleges and the graduate-level
College of
Veterinary Medicine are called "
statutory colleges" or "contract
colleges". These colleges receive significant partial, ongoing
funding from the state of New York to support their teaching,
research, and service missions. For 2007-08, these colleges will
receive $167.7 million in SUNY appropriations. Residents of New
York enrolled in the statutory colleges pay reduced tuition.
Furthermore, the New York State
Governor, the
Speaker of the New York
State Assembly, and the President
Pro
Tem of the
New York State
Senate all serve as
ex-officio
members of Cornell's Board of
Trustees. The
statutory colleges are an integral part of the State University of
New York. Despite some similarities, Cornell's contract colleges
are not
public or state
schools—they are hybrid and mostly
private institutions that Cornell
operates under statutes, appropriations and contracts with New York
State.
Cornell is
decentralized, with its
colleges and schools exercising wide autonomy. Each defines its own
academic programs, operates its own
admissions and advising programs, and
confers its own
degrees. The only
university-wide requirements for a
baccalaureate degree are to pass a
swimming test, take two
physical education courses, and satisfy a
writing requirement. Although students are affiliated with their
individual college or school, they may take courses in any of the
colleges, provided they have fulfilled the course prerequisites. A
handful of inter-school academic departments offer courses in more
than one college.
Seven schools provide undergraduate programs and an additional
seven provide graduate and professional programs. Students pursuing
graduate degrees in departments of these schools are enrolled in
the
Graduate
School. The School of Continuing Education and Summer Sessions
offers programs for college and high school students,
professionals, and other adults. Of the 13,515 undergraduate
students, 4,251 (31.5%) are affiliated with the largest college by
enrollment,
Arts and
Sciences, followed by 3,153 (23.3%) in
Agriculture
and Life Sciences and 2,680 (19.8%) in
Engineering. By
student enrollment, the smallest of the seven undergraduate
colleges is
Architecture,
Art, and Planning, with 515 (3.8%) students.
Several
other universities have used Cornell as their model, including the
University of Sydney in
Australia and the University of Birmingham
in the United Kingdom; the latter on the
recommendation of one of its financiers, Andrew Carnegie. The university also
operates
eCornell, which offers both
certificate programs and professional development courses
online.
Admissions
For the undergraduate class of 2013, the admission rate was 19.1%.
For the undergraduate class of 2012, the admission rate was 20.4%.
Of those admitted, the average SAT Verbal score was 700, while the
average SAT Math was a 720. Also, 92% of admitted students for the
Class of 2011 were in the top 10% of their graduating high school
class. In 2008, the most selective undergraduate college was the
College
of Architecture, Art, and Planning, which admitted only 15.48%
of applicants. For the class of 2009, 33.8% enrolled through early
decision. Of enrolling students, 67% scored above 650 on the
SAT Verbal exam and 82% scored above 650 on the
SAT Math exam. Sixty-eight percent of new undergraduate students
hailed from public high schools.Cornell enrolls students from all
50 U.S. states and more than 120 countries. The Class of 2010 has
representatives from all states except for Arkansas. As of Fall
2005, 28% of undergraduate students identified themselves as
members of ethnic
minority groups.
Ninety-six percent of first-year students return for their second
year.
Legacy applicants receive a slight advantage in the admission
process .
In 2005, the
Graduate
School accepted 21.6% of applicants, the
Law School accepted 20.6%, and the
Veterinary
School accepted 10.9%. The
Weill Cornell
Medical School accepted 4.3%.
In 2008, the Johnson School of Management
accepted 19% of its applicants.
Financial Aid
At the time of its founding, Cornell University was considered
revolutionary because its founder, Ezra Cornell, was committed to
access for all students, regardless of economic circumstance.
Together with Cornell's first president, Andrew Dickson White, he
opened the institution's doors "to applicants for admission... at
the lowest rates of expense consistent with its welfare and
efficiency, and without distinction as to rank, class, previous
occupation or locality." The University Charter provided for free
instruction to one student chosen from each Assembly district in
the state. Within the first 10 years of operation, the university
admitted women and underrepresented minority students and provided
financial aid for many students, using a combination of grant, loan
and work-study opportunities. The university awarded need-based
grants as early as 1879, and its first endowed scholarship fund was
created in 1892.
Starting in the 1950s Cornell coordinated with other Ivy League
schools to provide a consistent set of financial aid. However, in
1989, a consent decree to end a Justice Department antitrust
investigation ended such coordination. Even after the decree, all
Ivy League schools continue to award aid on financial need without
offering any athletic scholarships.
In 2007-2008, Cornell has budgeted $116.8 million of its own
resources on undergraduate financial aid, 94 percent of which will
be spent on grant aid. Sixty-four percent of all Cornell students
receive some financial aid.
On January 31, 2008, Cornell announced a new financial aid
initiative to be phased in over the next two years. In the first
year, 2008-09, Cornell will eliminate need-based loans for
undergraduate students from families with incomes under $75,000,
and cap them annually at $3,000 for students from families with
incomes between $75,000 and $120,000. The following year, 2009-10,
the program will take full effect by eliminating need-based loans
for students from families with incomes up to $75,000, and capping
annual loans at $3,000 for students from families with income
between $75,000 and $120,000. The initiative will cost an
additional $14 million per year when fully implemented. Although
Cornell's endowment dropped 27% in the second half of 2008, its
President announced that the financial aid initiative will continue
by withdrawing an additional $35 million from the endowment for
undergraduate financial aid in 2009 -10.
Faculty
For the August 2005 to May 2006 academic year, Cornell University
had 1,594 full-time and part-time academic faculty members
affiliated with its main campus. The New York City medical
divisions count 1,005 faculty members and Qatar has 34. In total,
40
Nobel
laureates have been affiliated with Cornell as faculty or
students.
Notable former
professors include
Carl Sagan,
Charles Evans Hughes,
Norman Malcolm,
Vladimir Nabokov,
M.H. Abrams,
Hans Bethe,
Richard
Feynman,
Kip Thorne,
Archie Randolph Ammons,
Peter Debye,
Allan
Bloom,
Paul de Man, and
Jacques Derrida.
Cornell's faculty for the 2005–06 academic year included three
Nobel laureates, a
Crafoord Prize winner, two
Turing Award winners, a
Fields Medal winner, two
Legion of Honor recipients, a
World Food Prize winner, an
Andrei Sakharov Prize winner, three
National Medal of Science
winners, two
Wolf Prize winners, five
MacArthur award winners, four
Pulitzer Prize winners, two Eminent
Ecologist Award recipients, a
Carter
G. Woodson
Scholars Medallion recipient, four Presidential Early Career Award
winners, 20 National Science
Foundation CAREER grant holders, a recipient of the National Academy of Sciences
Award for Initiatives in Research, a recipient of
the American Mathematical
Society's Steele Prize for Lifetime
Achievement, a recipient of the Heineman Prize for
Mathematical Physics, three Packard Foundation grant holders, a Keck
Distinguished Young Scholar, two Beckman Foundation Young
Investigator grant holders, and two NYSTAR (New York State Office
of Science, Technology, and Academic Research) early career award
winners.
In 2008 and 2009, Cornell was named a "Great College to Work For"
by
The Chronicle of
Higher Education. This recognition was based upon Cornell's
excellent ratings in several factors such as compensation and
benefits, connection to institution and pride,
faculty-administration relations, job satisfaction, and
post-retirement benefits, as determined by a survey of the faculty,
staff, and administration of the university.
International programs
Cornell offers undergraduate curricula with international focuses,
including the
Africana Studies,
French Studies, German Studies,
Jewish
Studies,
Latino Studies, Near
Eastern Studies,
Romance Studies,
and
Russian Literature majors.
Cornell was the first university to teach modern Far Eastern
languages. In addition to traditional academic programs, Cornell
students may study abroad on any of six continents.
The
Asian Studies major, South Asia
Program, Southeast Asia Program, and the newly launched China and
Asia-Pacific Studies (CAPS) major provide opportunities for
students and researchers in Asia.
Cornell has an agreement with Peking
University
allowing students in the CAPS major to spend a
semester in Beijing. Similarly, the
College of
Engineering has an agreement to exchange faculty and graduate
students with Tsinghua
University
in Beijing, and the School of
Hotel Administration has a joint master's program with Nanyang
Technological University
in Singapore. The College
of Agriculture and Life Sciences has signed an agreement with
Japan's National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, as well as
the University of the Philippines, Los
Baños
, to engage in joint research and exchange graduate
students and faculty members. It also cooperates in
agricultural research with the
Indian Council of
Agricultural Research.
In the
Middle East, Cornell's efforts
focus on biology and medicine. The
Weill Cornell Medical College in
Qatar trains new doctors to improve health services in the
region.
The university is also developing the
Bridging the Rift Center, a "Library of Life" (or database of all living systems) on the border of
Israel
and
Jordan
, in
collaboration with those two countries and Stanford
University
.
Cornell
has partnered with Queen's University
in Canada to offer a joint Executive MBA. The innovative program
includes both on-campus and
videoconferencing-based, interactive
virtual classroom sessions. Graduates of the program earn both a
Cornell MBA and a Queen's MBA.
Rankings
university ranked 15th in the 2010
U.S. News & World Report
National Universities ranking (between Johns Hopkins University and
Brown
University
), tied for 5th with Stanford University, Columbia
University, and Brown University in the 2009 U.S. News & World Report
High School Counselor rankings, and 12th globally in an academic
ranking of world universities by Shanghai
Jiao Tong University
in 2006. Britain's
THES - QS World University
Rankings ranked Cornell 14th in the world in 2005 and 15th
in 2006. Cornell was ranked seventh nationally and first
among
Ivy League universities in
The Washington
Monthly's 2007 ranking of universities' contributions to
research, community service, and
social
mobility. In its 2009 rankings of "America's Best Colleges,"
Forbes magazine ranked Cornell 207th
out of 600 U.S. universities. In 2006,
The Princeton Review reported that
Cornell ranked ninth as a "dream college" for high school students
and their parents.
Newsweek named
Cornell the 'Hottest Ivy' in its 2007 listing of America's 25 Hot
Schools. Instead of using the traditional school ranking methods,
Newsweek offers a snapshot of
today's most interesting colleges according to high school
counselors, admissions officers, consultants, students, and
parents, who noted Cornell for its emphasis on "problem-solving as
well as scholarly debate" and "variety on campus" among other
things.
In its annual edition of
"America's Best Architecture & Design Schools",
the journal
DesignIntelligence has consistently ranked
Cornell's Bachelor of Architecture program as number
one in the nation (in 2000, 2001, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2009).
In the 2009 survey, the program ranked first and the Master of
Architecture program ranked sixth. In 2009,
DesignIntelligence also ranked Cornell's undergraduate and
graduate landscape architecture programs as 4th and 3rd
respectively, in the nation.
Among
business schools in the United States, the Johnson Graduate School of
Management was ranked 7th by BusinessWeek in 2004, 9th by Forbes in 2005, 14th by U.S.
News in 2008, and 18th by
The Wall Street Journal in
2005. Worldwide, the school was ranked 17th by
The Economist in 2005 and 36th by the
Financial Times in
2006.
The
Undergraduate
Business Program at Cornell University (or Applied Economics
and Management program) ranked 4th Nationally in BusinessWeek's
Best Undergraduate Business Programs for 2008.
U.S. News ranked the
Weill Cornell Medical School as
the 15th best in the United States in its 2007 edition. The
College
of Veterinary Medicine was ranked first among national
veterinary medicine graduate schools. The
Cornell Law School was ranked as the 12th
best graduate law program among national universities. In 2005,
The National Law
Journal reported that Cornell Law had the sixth highest
placement rate at the top 50 law firms in the U.S. among law
schools with recent graduates.
Among graduate engineering programs, Cornell was ranked 9th in the
United States by
U.S. News in 2008. In 2006,
Cornell was ranked 1st in the United States and 4th in the world in
producing the most graduates who went on to receive engineering or
natural science Ph.D.'s at American universities. In its 2006,
2007, and 2008 ranking of undergraduate engineering programs at
universities in the United States,
U.S. News
placed Cornell 1st in
engineering
physics. In 1954,
Conrad Hilton
called the Cornell
School of
Hotel Administration "the greatest hotel school in the
world."
According to the latest ranking of
National Research
Council in 1995, Cornell ranks sixth nationally in the number
of graduate programs in the top ten in their fields. Cornell had 19
ranked in the top 10 in terms of overall academic quality. Also
National
Research Council ranked the quality of faculties as 5th in Arts
and Humanities, 6th in Mathematics and Physical Sciences, and 5th
in Engineering.
Library
The Cornell University Library is the eleventh largest academic
library in the United States, ranked by number of
volumes held. Organized into
twenty divisions, in 2005 it held 7.5 million printed volumes in
open stacks, 8.2 million
microfilms and
microfiches, and a total of 440,000 maps,
motion pictures, DVDs, sound recordings, and computer files in its
collections, in addition to extensive digital resources and the
University Archives. It was the first among all U.S. colleges and
universities to allow
undergraduates
to borrow books from its libraries. In 2006,
The Princeton Review ranked it as
the 11th best college library.
The
library plays an active role in furthering online archiving of
scientific and historical documents. arXiv, an
e-print archive created at Los Alamos
National Laboratory
by Paul Ginsparg, is
operated and primarily funded by Cornell as part of the library's
services. The archive has changed the way many
physicists and
mathematicians communicate, making the e-print
a viable and popular means of announcing new research.
Press
The Cornell University Press, established in 1869 but inactive from
1884 to 1930, was the first university
publishing enterprise in the United States. It
was established in the College of the Mechanic Arts (as
mechanical engineering was called in
the 19th century) because engineers knew more than literature
professors did about running
steam-powered printing
presses. From its inception, the press has offered work-study
financial aid: students with previous
training in the printing trades were paid for
typesetting and running the presses that printed
textbooks, pamphlets, a weekly student journal, and official
university publications.
Today, the press is one of the country's largest
university presses. It produces
approximately 150 nonfiction titles each year in various
disciplines including anthropology, Asian studies, biological
sciences, classics, history, industrial relations, literary
criticism and theory, natural history, philosophy, politics and
international relations, veterinary science, and women's studies.
The press's acquisitions, editorial, production, and marketing
departments have been located in Sage House since 1993, and the
financial department is on Cascadilla Street in downtown Ithaca.
Cornell also publishes
Administrative Science
Quarterly, an A-level business journal.
Student life
Activities
For the 2006–07 academic year, Cornell had 901 registered student
organizations. These clubs and organizations run the gamut from
kayaking to full-armor jousting, from varsity and club sports and a
cappella groups to improvisational theatre, from political clubs
and publications to chess and video game clubs. They are subsidized
financially by academic departments and/or the Student Assembly and
the Graduate & Professional Student Assembly, two student-run
organizations with a collective budget of $3.0 million per year.
The assemblies also finance other student life programs including a
concert commission and an on-campus movie theater. The Cornell
International Affairs Society sends Cornellians to collegiate Model
UN conferences across North America and hosts the Cornell Model
United Nations Conference each spring for over 500 high school
students. Student organizations also include a myriad of musical
groups that play everything from classical, jazz, to ethnic styles
in addition to the
Big Red
Marching Band, which performs regularly at football games and
other campus events. Organized in 1868, the oldest student
organization is the
Cornell
University Glee Club.
Cornell is home to two
secret honor
societies called
Sphinx Head and
Quill and Dagger that have
maintained a presence on campus for well over 115 years.
Cornell hosts the second largest
fraternity
and sorority system in North America, with 66 chapters
involving 28% of male and 22% of female undergraduates.
Alpha Phi Alpha, the first intercollegiate
Greek-letter organization established
for
African Americans, was founded
at Cornell in 1906.
During the 2004–05 academic year, the Greek system committed 21,668
community service and
advocacy hours and raised $176,547 in philanthropic
efforts. However, the administration has expressed concerns over
student misconduct in the system. In 2004–05, of 251 social events
registered with the Office of Fraternity and Sorority Affairs, 37
(15%) resulted in a complaint. In that same year, there were five
reported instances of property destruction, five reports of
bias, three
hazing
incidents, and various other allegations. Student misconduct is
reviewed by the Judicial Administrator, Cornell's
justice system. However, students accused of
academic and conduct code violations at Cornell are entitled to
representation in the Cornell justice system by the Office of the
Judicial Codes Counselor. Judicial Codes Counselors are usually
Cornell Law students appointed by the University president to
advocate for students accused of academic and conduct code
violations. In addition to the right to representation, Cornell
students have the right to not self-incriminate during Judicial
Administrator investigations, which is an unusual (though very
important) right in college justice systems.
Press and radio
- The Cornell Daily
Sun is the oldest continuously independent college daily
newspaper in the United States, having published since September
1880. In 1912, it became the first collegiate member of the
Associated Press. The Sun currently
publishes print and online editions five days a week while classes
are in session and publishes content online during all school
breaks. The Sun is distributed on Cornell's campus, around Ithaca
and can be subscribed to outside of Ithaca.
- The Cornell
International Affairs Review (CIAR) is a biannual
peer-review student-run organization and journal focused on
politics and international relations.
- The Cornell
Lunatic, founded in 1978, is the campus humor magazine,
published once a semester and distributed for free.
- The Cornell Chronicle, published by the Division of
University Communications with a print edition distributed Fridays
during the academic year and an online edition updated daily, is
the university's newspaper of record, containing news and features
about university programs, research, students, faculty and the
administration, and a calendar of events.
- The Cornell Review
is a conservative tabloid newspaper published
by students every two weeks. The Review incorporated in
1986 as The Ithaca Review, Inc. While the ideological makeup of its
staff shifts over the years, the paper has generally maintained a
critical stance toward Cornell's perceived left-wing politics and political correctness. The Review has
received national attention for its articles on occasion, including
one that discussed a proposal to sell vibrators at Gannett Health Center on
campus.
- WVBR
is an
independent commercial FM radio station owned and operated by
Cornell students, but not affiliated with or controlled by the
university. During the week, it plays mostly rock music, and switches to specialty shows and
community programming on the weekend. It also provides coverage of
both Cornell and national sports.
- Kitsch Magazine is
Ithaca's premier feature magazine, serving Cornell University and
Ithaca College with feature articles, opinions and commentary on
topics ranging from politics and science to fashion and
entertainment. It receives funding from both Cornell and Ithaca
College and comes out twice a semester.
- Ivy Journal of
Ethics is an annual journal of applied bioethics published
by the Bioethics Society of Cornell. Research and discussion based
articles are published primarily from undergraduate students at
schools throughout the US, Canada, and Europe. In the past, it has
published submissions from notable faculty members, such as Nobel
Laureate Roald Hoffmann.
Housing
University housing is broadly divided into three sections:
North Campus,
West Campus, and Collegetown. Since a
1997 residential initiative, West Campus houses transfer and
returning students, whereas North Campus is almost entirely
populated by freshmen.
The only options for living on North Campus
for upperclassmen are the program houses: Risley
Residential College
, Just About Music,
the Ecology
House, Holland
International Living Center, the Multicultural
Living Learning Unit, the Latino Living
Center, Akwe:kon,
and Ujamaa. Of
these, only Ujamaa, Akwe:kon, and the Latino Living Center remain
controversial, due to their dedicated racial or ethnic
themes.
In an attempt to create a sense of community and an atmosphere of
education outside the classroom and continue Andrew Dickson White's
vision, the university has undertaken a $250 million residential
college project on West Campus. The Class Halls were demolished and
rebuilt as five
residential
colleges named after notable deceased Cornell professors. The
first,
Alice Cook
House, was opened to students in 2004, followed by
Carl Becker House in 2005.
The third house,
Hans
Bethe House, opened in January 2007, with the final houses,
William Keeton
House and
Flora
Rose House, opening in August 2008.
The idea of building
a house system can be attributed in part to the success of Risley
Residential College, the oldest continually operating residential
college at Cornell. Like Risley, the new houses have their
own dining halls, student governments, in-house lectures, house
trips, and
crests.
Additionally, Cornell has several housing areas for graduate and
professional students. Of these,
Schuyler
House and
Hughes Hall are
designed similarly to dormitories, while
Maplewood Apartments,
Hasbrouck Apartments, and
Thurston Court Apartments are
apartment-style, some even allowing for family living. Unlike many
undergraduate dormitories, the graduate housing areas are largely
located either on the outer border of campus, or off-campus on
university-owned land.
Off campus, many homes in the East Hill neighborhoods adjacent to
the university have been converted to apartments. Several high-rise
apartment complexes have been constructed in the Collegetown
neighborhood. Nine percent of undergraduate students reside in
fraternity and sorority houses, although freshmen are not permitted
to live in them.
Housing
cooperatives or other independent living units exist, including
Watermargin,
Telluride House,
Triphammer Cooperative, the
Center for Jewish Living, and the Wait Cooperative.
In its 2007 rankings of college campus food,
The Princeton Review ranked
Cornell's dining services eighth overall. The university has 31
on-campus dining locations, and a program called the Cross Country
Gourmet Guest Restaurant Series periodically brings chefs, menus,
and atmosphere from restaurants to Cornell's eight
all-you-care-to-eat dining halls.
Athletics
Cornell has 36 varsity sports teams that are known as the Big Red.
An
NCAA
Division I institution, Cornell is a
member of the
Ivy
League and
ECAC Hockey and competes
in the
Eastern
College Athletic Conference (ECAC), the largest athletic
conference in North America. (Note that ECAC Hockey is no longer
affiliated with the ECAC.) The men's ice hockey team is the most
historically successful of the varsity teams and is the
university's most intently followed sport. Cornell's varsity
athletic teams currently are highly successful within the Ivy
League and consistently challenge for NCAA Division I titles in a
number of sports, including men's lacrosse and men's ice hockey.
Because of the Ivy League athletic agreement, the university is not
permitted to offer
athletic
scholarships for athletic recruiting.
Cornell University's
football team
had at least a share of the national championship four times before
1940 and has won the Ivy League championship three times, last in
1990. The
sprint football team has
won the CSFL title six times. The men's
ice
hockey team has been NCAA champion twice, ECAC champion 11
times and Ivy League champion 19 times, and recorded the only
undefeated season in NCAA Division I Hockey history in 1970. The
men's
lacrosse team has been NCAA champion
three times and Ivy League champion 21 times. The men's Lightweight
rowing team varsity 8+ has won the
IRA regatta four times since 1992 (1992, 2006, 2007, 2008). The
women's
polo team has won the National Women's
Polo Championship 11 times and the women's hockey team has been Ivy
League champion 8 times. In total, Cornell's varsity athletic teams
have been champions of the NCAA, ECAC, or Ivy League 114
times.
Cornell maintains athletic
rivalries
with other collegiate institutions.
The men's ice hockey team has a historic
rivalry with Boston
University
, but since BU left what became ECAC Hockey to join Hockey East, rivalry with Harvard
University has become predominant. Following tradition,
when Harvard plays the men's ice hockey team at Cornell's Lynah Rink
, some Big Red fans throw fish on the
ice.
Cornell
and the University of Pennsylvania
are long-time rivals in football. With
more than 114 games played since their first meeting in 1893, this
is the seventh most-played rivalry in college football.
Cornell's
football series against both the University of Pennsylvania and
Dartmouth
College
are tied for second longest uninterrupted college
football match-ups in history, both dating back to 1919.
In
polo, the men's and women's teams maintain
rivalries with the University of Virginia
and the University of Connecticut
.
In addition to the school's varsity athletics, club sports teams
have been organized as student organizations under the auspices of
the Dean of Students. Cornell's intramural program includes 30
sports. Beside such familiar sports such as
flag football,
squash, or
water
polo, such unusual offerings as "inner tube
water polo" and formerly
"broomstick polo" have been offered, as well as a sports trivia
competition. Cornell students also often participate in the
International
Rutabaga Curling Championship, held annually at the Ithaca
Farmers' Market. Cornell also has a rich history of martial arts on
campus, particularly Sport Taekwondo. Since 1987, Cornell Sport
Taekwondo has competed in the Ivy-Northeast Collegiate Taekwondo
League (INCTL). In 2007 after a 4 year slump, Cornell Sport
Taekwondo defeated MIT Sport Taekwondo to take the INCTL Cup.
Cornelliana
Cornelliana is a term for Cornell's traditions, legends, and lore.
Cornellian traditions include
Slope Day, a
celebration held on the last day of classes, and
Dragon Day, which includes the burning of a
dragon built by architecture students. Dragon Day is one of the
school's oldest traditions and has been celebrated annually since
1901, typically on or near St. Patrick's Day. The dragon is built
secretly by the architecture students, and taunting messages are
left for the engineering students for the week before Dragon Day.
On Dragon Day, the dragon is paraded across the Arts Quad and then
set afire.
According
to legend, if a virgin crosses the
Arts Quad at midnight, the statues of Ezra Cornell and Andrew Dickson
White will walk off their pedestals, meet in the center
of the Quad, and shake hands, congratulating themselves on the
chastity of the University. There is also another myth that
if a couple crosses the suspension bridge on North Campus, and the
young woman doesn't accept a kiss from her partner, the bridge will
fall. If the kiss is accepted, the couple is assured a long future
together.
The university is also host to various student pranks. For example,
on at least two different occasions the university has awoken to
find something odd atop the 173-foot (52.7 m) tall McGraw
clock tower—once a 60-pound (27 kg) pumpkin and another time a
disco ball. Because there is no access to the spire atop the tower,
how the items were put in place remains a mystery. The colors of
the lights on McGraw tower change to orange for Halloween and green
for St. Patrick's Day.
The school colors are
carnelian (a shade
of red) and white, a play on "Cornellian" and Andrew Dickson White.
A bear is commonly used as the unofficial mascot, which dates back
to the introduction of the mascot "Touchdown" in 1915, a live bear
who was brought onto the field during football games. The
university's
alma mater is "
Far Above Cayuga's Waters" and its
fight song is "
Give My Regards to Davy". People
associated with the university are called "
Cornellians". "Cornellian"
is also used as an adjective and as the name of the university's
yearbook.
Research
For the 2004–05 fiscal year, the university spent $561.3 million on
research. The primary recipients of this funding were the colleges
of Medicine ($164.2 million), Agriculture and Life Sciences ($114.5
million), Arts and Sciences ($80.3 million), and Engineering ($64.8
million). The money comes largely from federal sources, with
federal investment of $381.0 million. The federal agencies that
invest the most money are the
Department of Health and
Human Services and the
National Science Foundation that
make up, respectively, 51.4% and 30.7% of all federal investment in
the university. Cornell was on the top-ten list of U.S.
universities receiving the most
patents in
2003, and is one of the nation's top five institutions in forming
start-up companies. In 2004–05,
Cornell received 200 invention disclosures, filed 203 U.S. patent
applications, completed 77 commercial license agreements, and
distributed
royalties of more than $4.1
million to Cornell units and inventors.
Since 1962, Cornell has been involved in unmanned missions to
Mars. In the 21st century, Cornell had a hand
in the
Mars Exploration Rover
Mission. Cornell's
Steve Squyres,
Principal Investigator for the Athena Science Payload, led the
selection of the landing zones and requested data collection
features for the
Spirit and
Opportunity rovers.
Jet
Propulsion Laboratory
engineers took those requests and designed the
rovers to meet them. The rovers, both of which have operated
long past their original life expectancies, are responsible for the
discoveries that were awarded 2004 Breakthrough of the Year honors
by
Science.
Control of the Mars
rovers has shifted between NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory at
Caltech
and Cornell's Space Sciences Building.
Further,
Cornell researchers discovered the rings around the planet Uranus, and Cornell built and operates the world's
largest and most sensitive radiotelescope located in Arecibo,
Puerto Rico.
The Automotive Crash Injury Research project was begun in 1952 by
John O. Moore at the
Cornell Aeronautical Research
Laboratories, which spun off in 1972 as Calspan Corporation. It
pioneered the use of
crash testing,
originally using corpses rather than
dummies. The project discovered that
improved door locks, energy-absorbing steering wheels, padded
dashboards, and seat belts could prevent an extraordinary
percentage of injuries. The project led
Liberty Mutual to fund the building of a
demonstration
Cornell Safety Car
in 1956, which received national publicity and influenced
carmakers. Carmakers soon started their own crash-test laboratories
and gradually adopted many of the Cornell innovations. Other ideas,
such as rear-facing passenger seats, never found favor with
carmakers or the public.
In 1984, the
National
Science Foundation began work on establishing five new
supercomputer centers, including the Cornell
Center for Advanced Computing, to provide high-speed computing
resources for research within the United States.
In 1985, a team from
the National Center
for Supercomputing Applications began the development of
NSFNet, a TCP/IP-based
computer network that could connect to the ARPANET, at the Cornell Center for Advanced
Computing and the University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign
. This high-speed network, unrestricted to
academic users, became a backbone to which regional networks would
be connected. Initially a 56-
kbit/s network, traffic on the network
grew exponentially; the links were upgraded to 1.5-
Mbit/s T1s in 1988 and to 45 Mbit/s in 1991. The
NSFNet was a major milestone in the development of the
Internet and its rapid growth coincided with the
development of the
World Wide Web.
Cornell scientists have researched the fundamental particles of
nature for more than 70 years. Cornell physicists, such as
Hans Bethe, contributed not only to the
foundations of nuclear physics but also participated in the
Manhattan Project. In the 1930s,
Cornell built the second
cyclotron in the
United States. In the 1950s, Cornell physicists became the first to
study
synchrotron radiation.
During
the 1990s, the Cornell Electron Storage Ring
, located beneath Alumni Field, was the world's
highest-luminosity electron-positron collider. After
building the synchrotron at Cornell,
Robert R. Wilson
took a leave of absence to become the founding director of Fermilab
, which involved designing and building the largest
accelerator in the United States.
Cornell's accelerator and high-energy physics groups are involved
in the design of the proposed
International Linear Collider
and plan to participate in its construction and operation.
The
International Linear Collider, to be completed in the late 2010s,
will complement the Large Hadron Collider
and shed light on questions such as the identity of
dark matter and the existence of extra
dimensions.
Alumni
Graduates of Cornell are known as "Cornellians". As of August 2008,
the university counted 255,449 living Cornellians. Many are active
through organizations and events including the annual Reunion
Weekend and
Homecoming, weekend
festivities in Ithaca, and the International Spirit of Zinck's
Night. For the 2004–05 fiscal year, Cornell ranked third for gifts
and bequests from alumni, and fourth for total support from all
sources (alumni, friends, corporations, and foundations) among U.S.
colleges and universities reporting voluntary gift support. In
October 2006, Cornell made public a 10 year capital campaign
"
Far Above..." to solicit
alumni and raise $4 billion to improve the undergraduate
experience, attract and retain faculty, and expand the physical
plant. Information about Cornell graduates, most of which is
submitted by the graduates themselves, is available in the Cornell
Alumni Magazine. The magazine is currently published 6 times a
year.
Cornellians are noted for their accomplishments in public,
professional, and corporate life.
Taiwan
's former
President Lee Teng-hui, former
President of Cuba
Mario García Menocal, and former
Iranian
Prime Minister Jamshid
Amuzegar all graduated from Cornell. In the United States,
numerous Congressmen and
Cabinet members, including
Paul Wolfowitz and Janet Reno, and one Supreme
Court
justice, Ruth Bader
Ginsburg, have been Cornellians. After his Cornell
education, David Starr Jordan
went on to become the president of Indiana
University
and subsequently founding president of Stanford
University after former Cornell president Andrew Dickson
White turned down the position. M. Carey Thomas
founded Bryn Mawr
College
and was its second president. Lieutenant Colonel Matt Urban is the most decorated serviceman in
United States history.
Arnold Tremere
was appointed as the Canadian International Grains Institute
Executive Director.
Cornellian-founded and/or headed businesses
include Alamo Rent-A-Car by
Michael Egan, Carrier by Willis Carrier, Citigroup by Sanford
Weill, Coors Brewing
Company by Adolph Coors, Gannett by Frank
Gannett, Grumman
Aerospace Corporation by Leroy
Grumman, Hotels.com by David Litman and Bob Diener,
Palm by Jeff
Hawkins, PeopleSoft by David Duffield, Priceline.com by Jay
Walker, Qualcomm
by Dr. Irwin
M. Jacobs,
Staples by
Myra Hart,
and
Tata Group headed by
Ratan Tata.
Reginald
Fils-Aime is President and CEO of
Nintendo of America and
Dan
Hesse is the CEO of
Sprint
Nextel.
In medicine, Dr.
C. Everett Koop was the Surgeon General under
Ronald Reagan, Dr.
Robert
Atkins developed the
Atkins Diet,
Dr.
Henry Heimlich developed the
Heimlich maneuver, and
Wilson Greatbatch invented the first
successful
pacemaker. Dr.
James Maas, both an alumnus and current
faculty member, coined the term "
power
nap". Cornellians also include medical personalities Dr.
Benjamin Spock and
Joyce Brothers, as well as the
Nobel laureate maize
geneticist Barbara McClintock. Dr.
Jack Szostak, professor of genetics at
Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, was awarded the 2009
Nobel Prize in medicine for discovering a key mechanism in the
genetic operations of cells, an insight that has inspired new lines
of research into cancer.
A number of Cornellians have been prominent innovators, starting
with
Thomas Midgley, Jr., the
inventor of
Freon.
Jeff Hawkins invented the
Palm Pilot and subsequently founded
Palm, Inc. Graduate
Jon
Rubinstein is credited with the development of the
iPod.
William
Higinbotham developed
Tennis for
Two in 1958, one of the earliest
computer games and the predecessor to
Pong, and
Robert Tappan
Morris developed the
first
computer worm on the
Internet. The most
direct evidence of
dark matter was
provided by
Vera Rubin.
Jill Tarter is the current director of the
SETI Institute and
Steve Squyres is the principal investigator on
the
Mars Exploration Rover
Mission.
Eight Cornellians have served as NASA
astronauts. Bill
Nye is best known as "
The
Science Guy".
Both female American Nobel Laureates in Literature studied at
Cornell.
Nobel Prize in
Literature winner
Toni Morrison
wrote
Song of
Solomon and won a
Pulitzer
Prize for her novel,
Beloved. The Nobel Prize in Literature
was also awarded to
Pearl S. Buck, author of
The Good Earth.
E. B. White, author of
Charlotte's Web and
Stuart Little, co-wrote the influential
writing guide
The Elements of
Style with fellow Cornellian
William Strunk Jr. Other Cornellian
writers include
Junot Diaz,
Laura Z. Hobson,
Thomas
Pynchon,
William Irwin
Thompson,
Kurt Vonnegut and
Lauren Weisberger, author of
The Devil Wears
Prada. Cornellian journalists include
Margaret Bourke-White,
Allison Danzig,
Dick
Schaap,
Kate Snow, radio personality
Dave Ross, and political commentators
Ann Coulter and
Keith Olbermann.
Christopher Reeve is best known
for his role as
Superman,
while
comedian Frank Morgan is best known to younger
generations as
The Wizard of Oz.
Howard Hawks is widely regarded as one
of the most prominent directors of the classic Hollywood era,
directing
His Girl Friday
and
The Big Sleep
among many other films. Stand-up comedian
Bill Maher, host of the HBO series
Real Time with Bill Maher is
said to have been
Politically
Incorrect even as an undergraduate at Cornell.
John Kerwin, hosts
The John Kerwin Show, a talk show
featuring celebrity interviews, based in Los Angeles.
Jimmy Smits, best known for his roles on
L.A. Law,
The West
Wing, and in the
Star Wars films
Episode II: Attack of the
Clones and
Episode III: Revenge of the
Sith earned his MFA from Cornell.
Charlie Bucket was played by future
Cornellian
Peter Ostrum, and alumnus
Robert Smigel is the puppeteer behind
Triumph, the Insult Comic
Dog.
Cornellians have won Academy Awards and been enshrined on the
Hollywood
Walk of Fame
. Mack David wrote
"
Bibbidi-Bobbidi-Boo" from the
1950 film
Cinderella.
Robert Alexander
Anderson wrote the Christmas song "
Mele Kalikimaka".
Greg Graffin of the band
Bad Religion,
Peter
Yarrow of
Peter, Paul and
Mary, singer-songwriter
Harry
Chapin, pop star
Huey Lewis, and
modern composers
Steve Reich,
Christopher Rouse, and
Steven Stucky, all attended Cornell.
Ronald D. Moore created the
Battlestar Galactica remake that
debuted in 2004.
Carla Gallo played
Lizzie in
Undeclared.
The Empire State Building
and Grauman's Chinese Theatre
were designed by Cornell architects Richmond Shreve and Raymond M. Kennedy, respectively.
Edmund Bacon is best known for
reshaping Philadelphia
in the mid 20th century. Contemporary
architects
Richard Meier and
Peter Eisenman are also Cornellians.
In athletics, Cornellians have won
Olympic and
World Championship medals, been inducted
into sports
halls of fame, include
Gary Bettman, current commissioner of
the
National Hockey League,
led numerous teams as
general
managers and coaches including
Glenn "Pop" Warner, and
Bruce Arena, former head coach of the
United States men's
national soccer team.
Kevin Boothe
played
offensive guard for
Cornell and the
Super Bowl XLII
champion
New York Giants. In
addition to playing a regular on
Hill
Street Blues,
Ed Marinaro was the
runner up for the Heisman Trophy, played in two Super Bowls (VIII
and IX) and was named to the College Football Hall of Fame.
Ken Dryden was a six-time
Stanley Cup winning
hockey
goalie.
Joe
Nieuwendyk was a Conn Smythe Trophy winner with the
Dallas Stars in the 1999 Stanley Cup Playoffs.
Cornell Alumnus
Bryan Colangelo is
now the President and General Manager of the
Toronto Raptors of the
NBA.
Notes
- The other is the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology.
- http://www.cce.cornell.edu/ Retrieved 2009-09-05.
- http://diaglab.vet.cornell.edu/ Retrieved 2009-09-05.
- State Budget
- NYS Education Law §§ 350(3), 352(3) and 357
-
http://www.oag.state.ny.us/bureaus/appeals_opinions/opinions/2005/formal/2005_f2.pdf
Retrieved 2009-01-08.
- The Carnegie Committee, Cornell Alumni
News, II(10), November 29, 1899, p. 6
- http://ezra.cornell.edu/posting.php?timestamp=1038891600
- University Charter § 9. quoted in
http://dpb.cornell.edu/documents/1000030.pdf at 3-4.
- Facts about Cornell
-
http://www.cornell.edu/president/statements/2009/20090125-fy2009-budget.cfm
Retrieved 2009-01-28.
- [1]—A 2006 ranking from THES - QS of the world’s research
universities.
- 1995 National Research Council Report on Quality in
Ph.D. Education in the U.S.. UC Berkeley Graduate
Publications. Accessed July 6, 2006.
- http://www.naic.edu/ Retrieved 2009-10-19.
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