Durham ( , locally ) is a
city in the
North East of England
. It
is within the
County Durham local
government
district, and is the
county town of the larger
ceremonial county.
Durham is
well known for its Norman Cathedral
and 11th-century
castle
, and is home
to Durham
University
.
HM Prison
Durham
is also located close to the city
centre.
Name
The name "Durham" comes from the
Old
English "dun", meaning hill, and the
Old
Norse "holme", which translates to island. The Lord
Bishop of Durham takes a
Latin variation of the city's name in his
apostolic signature,
which is signed "
N. Dunelm."
Some attribute the
city's name to the legend of the Dun Cow and
the milkmaid who in legend guided the monks of Lindisfarne
carrying the body of Saint Cuthbert to the site of the present
city in 995 AD. Dun Cow Lane is said to be one of the first
streets in Durham, being directly to the east of Durham
Cathedral and taking
its name from a depiction of the city's founding etched in masonry
on the south side of the cathedral. The city has been known
by a number of names throughout history. The original Nordic
Dun Holm was changed to
Duresme by the Normans
and was known in
Latin as
Dunelm. The
modern form
Durham came into use later in the city's
history. The north eastern
historian,
Robert Surtees
chronicled the name changes in his
History and Antiquities of
the County Palatine of Durham but states that it is an
"impossibility" to tell when the city's modern name came into
being.
History
Early history
Archeological evidence suggests a history of settlement in the area
since roughly 2000 BC.
The present city can clearly be traced back
to AD 995, when a group of monks from Lindisfarne chose the
strategic high peninsula as a place to settle with the body of
Saint Cuthbert, that had previously
lain in Chester-le-Street
, founding a church there.
Legend of the Dun Cow and city origins
Legend of the founding of Durham (from
carving on south side of Cathedral)
Local legend states that the city was founded in AD 995 by divine
intervention.
The 12th-century chronicler Symeon of Durham recounts that after
wandering in the north, Saint Cuthbert’s bier
came to a miraculous halt at the hill of Warden Law
and, despite the effort of the congregation, would
not move. Aldhun, Bishop of
Chester-le-Street and leader of the order decreed an holy fast of three days, accompanied by prayers to the
saint. Saint Bede recounts that
during this fast Saint Cuthbert appeared to the monk
Eadmer with instructions that the coffin should be
taken to Dun Holm.
After Eadmer’s revelation, Aldhun found that he was able to move
the bier, but did not know where Dun Holm was. By chance later that
day the monks came across a
milkmaid at
Mount Joy (to the south east of present-day Durham) who stated to
she was seeking her lost
dun cow which she
had last seen at Dun Holm. The monks, realising that this was a
sign from the saint, followed her. They settled at a: "wooded
hill-island formed by a tight gorge-like meander of the River Wear"
When they arrived at the destination they erected the vestiges of
Durham Cathedral, a "modest building" none of which survives today
having been supplanted by the
Norman structure. Symeon states that
this was the first building in the city.
Medieval history
A map of the city from 1610
During the medieval period the city found spiritual prominence
because it was the final resting place of Saint Cuthbert and Saint
Bede the Venerable.
Before the Reformation the shrine of Saint Cuthbert, situated behind the
High Altar of Durham Cathedral, was the
most important religious site in England until the martyrdom of
St Thomas Becket at Canterbury
.
Saint Cuthbert was famed for two reasons: Firstly, the miraculous
healing powers he had displayed in life extended into death with
many stories of those visiting the saint’s shrine being cured of
all manner of diseases. This lead to him being known as the "wonder
worker of England". Secondly, after the first
translation of his
relics in 698 AD, his body was found to be
incorruptible.
Despite a brief translation back to
Holy
Island during the Norman Invasion the saint's
relics remain enshrined to the present day. Saint Bede's
bones are also entombed in the cathedral, drawing the mediaeval
pilgrim to the city.
Durham’s geographical position has always given it an important
position in the defence of England against the
Scots. The city has played an important part
in the defence of the north and Durham Castle is the only
Norman castle
keep
never to have suffered a breach.
The Battle of Neville's Cross
which took place near the city on 17 October 1346
between the English and Scots is the most famous battle of the
age.
The city suffered from a number of
plague outbreaks in 1544, 1589 and
1598.
Prince Bishops
Owing to
divine providence of the
city’s founding, the
Bishop of
Durham has always enjoyed the title “Bishop by
Divine Providence” opposed to all other
bishops who are “Bishop by
Divine
Right”.
However, as the north east was so far from
Westminster
the bishops of Durham enjoyed extraordinary powers
such as the ability to hold their own parliament, raise their own armies, appoint their
own sheriffs and Justices, administer their own laws, levy taxes and customs duties,
create fairs and markets, issue charters,
salvage shipwrecks, collect revenue from mines, administer the
forests and mint their own coins. So far reaching were the
bishop’s powers that the
steward of Bishop
Anthony Bek commented in 1299 AD: “There
are two kings in England, namely the Lord King of England, wearing
a crown in sign of his regality and the Lord Bishop of Durham
wearing a
mitre in place of a crown, in sign
of his regality in the
diocese of Durham”
All this activity was administrated from the castle and buildings
surrounding the Palace Green. Many of the original buildings
associated with these functions of the
County Palatine are still to be found on the
peninsular.
Every Bishop of Durham from 1071 to 1836 was a Prince Bishop except
for the first Norman-appointed
Bishop
Walcher who was styled an
Earl-Bishop. Although the term prince bishop has
been used as a helpful tool in the understanding the functions of
the Bishops of Durham it is not a title they would have recognised.
The last
Prince Bishop of Durham Bishop William Van Mildert credited with the
foundation of Durham
University. Henry VIII
curtailed some of the Prince-Bishop's powers and, in 1538, ordered
the destruction of the
shrine
of Saint Cuthbert.
Civil War and Commonwealth (1640 to 1660)
The city remained loyal to King
Charles I throughout the
Civil War. Charles I came to Durham two times
during his reign. Firstly, he came to the cathedral for a majestic
service in which he was entertained by the
Chapter and Bishop at great expense at the start of
his reign. His second visitation to the city came towards the end
of the Civil War, escaping from the city as
Oliver Cromwell’s forces got closer.
Local
legend stated he escaped down the The Bailey
and through Old
Elvet. Another local legend has it that Cromwell stayed
in a room in the present
Royal County
Hotel on Old Elvet during the Civil War. The room is reputed to
be haunted by his ghost. Durham suffered greatly during the Civil
War and
Commonwealth. This was not due
to direct assault by Cromwell but the abolition of the
Church of England and the closure of
religious institutions pertaining to it. The city has always relied
upon the
Dean &
Chapter and cathedral as an economic
force.
The castle suffered considerable damage and dilapidation during the
Commonwealth due to the abolition of the office of bishop whose
residence it was. Cromwell confiscated the castle and sold it to
the
Mayor of London shortly after
taking it from the bishop. A similar fate befell the Cathedral, it
being closed in 1650 and used to incarcerate 3,000 Scottish
prisoners.
Graffiti left by them can still
be seen today etched into the interior stone.
At the
Restoration in 1660,
John Cosin (a former
Canon) was appointed bishop and set about a
major restoration project. This included the commissioning of the
famous elaborate woodwork in the cathedral
choir, the font cover, and the Black Staircase in the
castle. Other renovations were carried out to both the city and
cathedral by his successor Bishop Lord
Nathaniel Crewe.
Eighteenth century
In 1720
it was proposed that Durham could become a sea port by digging a
canal north to join the River Team
, a tributary of the River
Tyne near Gateshead
. Nothing came of the plan, but the statue of
Neptune in the Market Place was a constant reminder of Durham's
maritime possibilities.
The thought of ships docking at the Sands or
Millburngate remained fresh in the minds of
Durham businessmen.
In 1759, a new proposal hoped to make the
Wear navigable from Durham to Sunderland
by altering the river's course, but the increasing
size of ships made this impractical. This was further
compounded by the fact Newcastle upon Tyne
had grown as the north east's main port and centre
for shipping.
The eighteenth century also saw the rise of the
Trades Union movement in the city.
Nineteenth century
The
Great Reform Act, 1832 saw
the removal of the Prince Bishop’s powers, although he still has
the right to a seat in the House of Lords
and is regarded as the third most senior bishop in
the Church of England. The
Court of Claims of
1953 granted the traditional right of the bishop to accompany the
sovereign at the coronation, reflecting his seniority.
The first
census, conducted in 1801, states
that Durham City had a population of 7,100. The
Industrial Revolution mostly passed
the city by. However, the city was well-known as a carpet making
and weaving.
Although most of the mediaeval weavers who
thrived in the city had left by the nineteenth century, the city
was the home of Hugh MacKay
Carpets’ factory, which produced the famous brands of axminster
and tufted carpets
until the factory was forced into administration in April
2005. Other important industries were the manufacture of
mustard and coal
extraction.
The Industrial Revolution also placed the city at the heart of the
coal fields, the county’s main industry until the 1970s.
Practically every village around the city boasted a coal mine and,
although these have since disappeared as part of the regional
decline in heavy industry, the proud traditions, heritage and
community spirit are still evident. The city also saw the creation
of the world’s first passenger railway in 1825.
The nineteenth century also saw the founding of Durham University
thanks to the benevolence of Bishop
William Van Mildert and the Chapter in
1832.
Durham Castle became the first college
(University
College, Durham
) and the Bishop moved to Auckland Castle
as his only residence in the county.
The first
Durham Miners' Gala
was held in 1871 and remains the largest socialist
trades union event in the world.
Geography
General geography
Durham is situated to the south west of Sunderland, England.
The
River
Wear
flows north through the city, making an incised
meander which encloses the centre on three
sides to form Durham's peninsula.
At the base of the peninsula is the
Market
Place, which still hosts regular markets; a permanent indoor
market is also situated just off the Market Place. The Market Place
and surrounding streets are one of the main commercial and shopping
areas of the city.
From the Market Place, The Bailey leads south past Palace Green
; The Bailey is almost entirely owned and occupied
by the university and the cathedral.
Durham is a hilly city, claiming to be built upon the symbolic
seven hills. Upon the most central and prominent position high
above the Wear, the cathedral dominates the skyline. The steep
riverbanks are densely wooded, adding to the picturesque beauty of
the city.
West of the city centre, another river, the
River
Browney
, drains south to join the Wear to the south of the
city.
The
county town of County Durham, Durham
is located in the former
City of
Durham local government district, which extended beyond the
city, and had a total population of 87,656, and covered 186.68
square kilometres. The
unparished
area of Durham had a population of 29,091, whilst the built-up
area of Durham had a population of 42,939.
There are
three old roads out of the Market Place: Saddler Street heads
south-east, towards Elvet Bridge, The
Bailey and Prebends
Bridge
. Elvet Bridge leads to the Elvet
area of the
city, Durham Prison and the South; Prebends Bridge is smaller and
provides access from The Bailey to South Durham.
Heading
west, Silver Street leads out of the Market Place towards Framwellgate
Bridge
and North Road, the other main shopping area of the
city. From here, the city spreads out into the
Framwelgate
, Crossgate,
Neville's
Cross
and viaduct districts, the other main shopping area
of the city. Beyond the viaduct lie the outlying
districts of Framwellgate Moor
and Neville's Cross. Heading north from the Market Place leads
to
Claypath.
The road curves back
round to the east and beyond it lie Gilesgate
, Gilesgate Moor and Dragonville.
Many of the inner city areas are now inhabited by students living
in shared houses. In some roads as many as 70% of the dwellings are
occupied by students.
Historical geography
South Bailey, including parts of St
John's College and St Cuthbert's Society
Elvet Bridge towards Old Elvet
The historical city centre of Durham has changed little over the
past 200 years.
It is made up of the peninsula containing
the cathedral, palace green, former administrative buildings for
the palatine and Durham Castle. This was a strategic defensive decision by
the city's founders and gives the cathedral a striking position. So
much so that Symeon of Durham stated:
"To see Durham is to see the English
Sion and by doing so one may save oneself a
trip to Jerusalem
"
Sir Walter Scott was so inspired by the
view of the cathedral from South Street that he wrote "Harold the
Dauntless", a poem about Saxons and Vikings set in County Durham and published on 30 January
1817. The following lines from the poem are carved into a stone
tablet on Prebends Bridge:
- "Grey towers of Durham
- Yet well I love thy mixed and massive piles
- Half church of God, half castle 'gainst the Scot
- And long to roam those venerable aisles
- With records stored of deeds long since forgot."
The old commercial section of the city encompasses the peninsula on
three sides, following the River Wear. The peninsula was
historically surrounded by the castle wall extending from the
castle keep and broken by two gatehouses to the
north and west of the enclosure. After extensive remodelling and "much
beautification" by the Victorians the
walls were removed with the exception of the gatehouse which is still standing on The Bailey.
The medieval city was made up of the cathedral, castle and
administrative buildings on the peninsula. The outlying areas
were known as the townships and owned by
the bishop, the most famous of these being Gilesgate (which still contains the mediaeval St Giles
Church
), Claypath and Elvet.
The outlying commercial section of the city, especially around the
North Road area, saw much change in the
1960s during a redevelopment spearheaded by Durham City Council, however, much of
the original mediaeval street plan remains
intact in the area close to the cathedral and market place. Most of
the mediaeval buildings in the commercial area of the city have
disappeared apart from the House of
Correction and the Chapel of
Saint Andrew, both under Elvet
Bridge. Georgian buildings can still be found
on the Bailey and Old Elvet most of which
make up the colleges of Durham University.
Climate
Like the rest of the United Kingdom, Durham has a temperate climate. At the average annual rainfall
is lower than the national average of . Equally there are only
around 121.3 days where more than of rain falls compared with a
national average of 154.4 days. The area sees on average 1374.6
hours of sunshine per year, compared with a national average of
1125.0 hours. There is an air frost on 52
days compared with a national average of 55.6 days. Average daily
maximum and minimum temperatures are and compared with a national
averages of and respectively.
The table below gives the average temperature and rainfall figures
taken between 1971 and 2000 at the Met Office weather station in
Durham:
Governance
Durham's traditional flag
The ancient borough covering Durham was Durham and Framwelgate and it was
reformed by the Municipal Corporations Act
1835. In 1974 it was merged with Durham Rural
District
and Brandon and
Byshottles Urban District
to form the City of
Durham district of County Durham. The district was
abolished in 2009 with its responsibilities assumed by Durham County Council, a unitary authority. Since
April 2009 city
status has been held by charter
trustees for the area of the former district. Durham's MP is Roberta Blackman-Woods (Labour).
Economy
Durham Market Place
This is a table of trend of regional gross value added of County
Durham at current basic prices published (pp. 240–253) by Office for
National Statistics with figures in millions of British Pounds
Sterling.
| Year |
Regional Gross Value Added |
Agriculture |
Industry |
Services |
| 1995 |
4,063 |
47 |
1,755 |
2,261 |
| 2000 |
4,783 |
40 |
1,840 |
2,904 |
| 2003 |
5,314 |
39 |
1,978 |
3,297 |
Landmarks
The whole of the centre of Durham is designated a conservation area. The conservation area
was first designated on 9 August 1968, and was extended on 25
November 1980. In addition to the Cathedral and Castle, Durham
contains over 630 listed buildings,
569 of which are located within the city centre conservation area.
Particularly notable properties include:
Grade I listed
looking across Elvet Bridge
Grade II* listed
Grade II listed
Durham Cathedral
Durham Cathedral from Elvet
The Cathedral Church of Christ, Blessed Mary the Virgin and St
Cuthbert of Durham, commonly referred to as Durham Cathedral was
founded in its present form in AD 1093 and remains a centre for
Christian worship today. It is generally regarded as one of the
finest Romanesque cathedrals in Europe and the rib vaulting in the
nave marks the beginning of Gothic ecclesiastical architecture.
The
cathedral has been designated a UNESCO
World
Heritage Site along with nearby Durham Castle, which faces it
across Palace Green, high above the River Wear.
The Cathedral houses the shrine and related treasures of Cuthbert
of Lindisfarne, and these are on public view. It is also home to
the head of St Oswald of Northumbria and the remains of the
Venerable Bede.
Durham Castle
Durham Castle, view of the keep
The Castle was originally built in the eleventh century as a
projection of the Norman power in the north of England, as the
population of England in the north remained rebellious following
the disruption of the Norman
Conquest in 1066. It is an excellent example of the early motte
and bailey castles favoured by the Normans. The holder of the
office of Bishop of Durham was appointed by the King to exercise
royal authority on his behalf and the castle was the centre of his
command.
It
remained the Bishop's palace for the Bishops of Durham until the
Bishop William Van Mildert made
Bishop
Auckland
their
primary residence. A founder of Durham University, Van
Mildert gave the castle as accommodation for the institution's
first college, University College. The castle was famed for its
vast Great Hall, created by Bishop Antony
Bek in the early fourteenth century. It was the largest Great
Hall in Britain until Bishop Richard
Foxe shortened it at the end of the Fifteenth century .
However, it is still 14 m high and over 30 m long. The castle has
been in continuous use for over 900 years and is the only castle in
the United Kingdom never to have suffered a breach.
Education
Higher Education
Durham is
home to Durham
University, for more details see the university's
article.
Further education
Durham is
home to New College
Durham
which is located on a purpose built campus in
Framwellgate
Moor.
Sixth form studies are also offered at Durham Sixth Form Centre
located in the Walkergate area of the City.
Schools
The results relate to the 2008 examination series.
Secondary schools
Durham is served by five state secondary schools:
Independent schools
The chapel at Durham School seen from
the main school buildings
There are three independent schools:
Primary schools
Primary schools include:
- Finchale Primary School
- Durham Blue Coat Junior School
- Durham Gilesgate Primary
- St Joseph's RCVA Primary
- St Margaret's CofE Primary School
- St Oswald's CofE Infant School
Transport
The Viaduct
Durham
railway station
is situated on the East Coast Main Line between Edinburgh
and London; rail travellers coming from the south
enter Durham over a spectacular Victorian viaduct high above the city. By road, the A1
, the modern incarnation of the ancient Great North Road, passes
just to the east of the city. (Its previous
incarnation, now numbered A167, passes
just to the west.) Newcastle Airport
lies to the north, and Durham Tees
Valley Airport
to the south, both being about away.
The
Market Place and peninsula form the UK's first (albeit small)
congestion
charging
area, introduced in 2002.
A park and ride service is also available.
Sport
Cricket
Durham City Cricket Club plays on its own ground near
the River
Wear:
Football
The town's football club
Durham City A.F.C. once boasted
membership of the Football League
between 1921 and 1928 but has long been a non-league club. The
2008/09 season will see them make a step up the pyramid to play in
the Unibond
League. Their home ground is New Ferens Park, known as The
Arnott Stadium for sponsorship reasons.
Ice rink
Durham Ice Rink was a central feature of the city for some 60 years
until it closed in 1996. There are plans to open a new rink in the
city.
Until the rink closed, ice hockey was a, perhaps the, major
spectator sport in the city. For more details see Durham Wasps.
Rifle shooting
The St Giles Yarner Rifle Club shoots at an indoor range in the
city.
Rowing
The weir marking the end of the area
available for rowing
The River Wear provides some 1800m of river that can be rowed on,
stretching from Old Durham Beck in the east ( ) to the weir next to Durham
School Boat Club's boat house in the west ( ). This includes
the 700m straight used for most of the Durham Regatta races and some challenging
navigation through the arches of Elvet
Bridge, reputed to be the narrowest row through bridge in
Europe, and the bends of the river round the peninsular.
For
sport rowing there is a number of
boat clubs operating on this stretch, Durham Amateur Rowing Club,
the Durham University Boat
Club, the 14 university
college clubs of the Durham campus, Durham Constabulary and the school clubs
- Durham School Boat Club
and St Leonard's
who row regularly in their own colours out of their
own boat houses and Durham High School for Girls
who may row out of Durham Amateur Rowing
Club.
See Rowing clubs on the
River Wear for a list.
Durham Amateur Rowing Club
Durham Amateur
Rowing Club, DARC, operates out of a purpose built community
clubhouse on the River
Wear which opened in 2007:
The club takes part in the government scheme playing for success
where it uses sport to combine rowing, science, computers and video
to help boost literacy and numeracy.
Durham University rowing
Durham
University rowing is divided into two sections: Durham University Boat Club and
Durham College Rowing, the
latter comprises 16 college boat clubs. For more information
see their pages.
Regattas and head races
The River Wear is host to a number of regattas and head races
throughout the year. These include:
Durham Regatta
Durham Regatta has been held on the
River Wear in Durham since 1834. It is the second oldest regatta in
Britain and is often referred to as 'the Henley of the
North'.
Pleasure boats
In addition to the competitive rowing and sculling of the boat
clubs mentioned above, there is also a thriving hire of public
pleasure boats from April to October.
Rugby
Durham
City Rugby Club has its headquarters on Green Lane:
University Sport
The university has a major sporting impact on the City, for more
details see University
Sport.
Notable people
- Gem Archer, guitarist with the band
Oasis
- Rowan
Atkinson, actor (attended the Chorister School
)
- Pat Barker, novelist ('Regeneration'
trilogy)
- Barnabe Barnes, Elizabethan
poet
- Tony Blair, former
Prime Minister of
the United Kingdom (attended the Chorister School)
- Count Joseph
Boruwlaski, celebrated dwarf
- Edward Bradley, novelist
('Cuthbert Bede')
- Richard Caddel, poet
- George Camsell, international
footballer
- Paul
Collingwood, international cricketer (born in Shotley
Bridge
, but lives in Durham)
- Wendy Craig, actress
- Sir Kingsley Dunham, Director,
British Geological Survey
- John Bacchus Dykes,
hymnologist
- John Meade Falkner, arms
manufacturer and novelist (Moonfleet)
- James Fenton,
journalist and poet (attended the Chorister School)
- Max Ferguson, broadcaster
- John Garth, composer
- Godric of Finchale, hermit
and popular medieval saint
- Andy Gomarsall, MBE, International Rugby union player
- John Gully, sportsman
- Warren Hawke, professional
footballer
- Ian Hay,
novelist (taught at Durham
School
)
- Violet Hunt, novelist
- Cyril Edwin Mitchinson
Joad, philosopher and radio broadcaster
- Lawrence of Durham, poet
- Sir John Grant
McKenzie Laws, Lord Justice Laws, judge (attended the Chorister
School)
- Thomas Morton,
playwright.
- Graeme Nicholls, guitarist
- William Pearson, watercolorist
and topographer
- Anna Maria Porter,
novelist
- Jane Porter, novelist
- Michael Ramsey, 100th Archbishop of Canterbury (once
Bishop of Durham)
- Reginald of Durham,
hagiographer
- Gordon Scurfield, biologist and
author
- Christopher Smart, poet
- Joseph Spence, literary
memoirist
- Anne Stevenson, Poet
- Robert Surtees,
historian and antiquarian
- Symeon of Durham,
historian
- Sir
Peter Vardy, businessman (attended the Chorister
School)
- Hugh Walpole, novelist
- Walter of Durham, 13th century
painter
- Sir Arnold Wolfendale,
Astronomer Royal
- James Wood, literary
critic
Twin towns
See also
Notes
References
- Surtees, R. (1816) History and Antiquities of the County
Palatine of Durham (Classical County Histories)
- Symeon of Durham, Libellus
de exordio atque procurso istius, hoc est Dunhelmensis (Tract
on the origins and progress of this the church of Durham)
- Bede, The Ecclesiastical History of the English People
- The Missal Romanum
- The Lives of the Saints as contained in the "New English
Missal"
- Durham Cathedral Illustrated Guide (available from the
Cathedral Bookshop)
- Brown, Nicholas (1931) Durham Castle
- Amatosi, A.J. [Article:] The Plague Visits Durham and Milan: A
comparison (January 12, 'La Stampa' Newspaper)
- The Forms of Precidents of the Catholic Church as contained in
the Catholic Encyclopaedia (1919)
- As stated in Liddy, Christian D. (2008) The Bishopric of Durham
in the Late Middle Ages: Lordship, Community and the Cult of St.
Cuthbert. The attribution of the quote is questionable see
County
Palatine, however, the editor of this article is almost certain
it is attributable to Anthony Bek's steward.
- (1798) Noble, Mark: The Lives of the English Regicides: And
Other Commissioners of the Pretended High Court of Justice,
Appointed to Sit in Judgment Upon Their Sovereign, King Charles the
First
- The Society of Charles the King and Martyr: Newsletter
(12)
- Amatosi, Alexander (2007): An economic history of Durham City
(article in 'History Today' journal)
- Durham Cathedral Guidebook (available from the Cathedral)
- http://www.durham.ac.uk (see University College homepage)
- Amatosi, Alexander (2007): An economic history of Durham City
(article in 'History Today' journal)
- Blake, D. (1998) The North East
- The Great Reform Act, 1832
- The Representation of the People Act 2000
- The Canons of the Church of England
- The Proceedings of the Court of Claims at the Coronation of Her
Majesty Elizabeth II (see also A.J. Amatosi: 'The Coronation and
the Court of Claims' ,History Today)
- The Census
- The Proceedings of the High Court of Justice 1995
- Nixon, P: A Portrait of Durham
- Frith, Francis: Durham: A Miscellany (Did You Know?)
- The Durham University Act, 1882 and the Royal Charter for the
Founding of the University of Durham
- Durham 1971-2000 averages, Met Office. Retrieved on
2007-08-20.
- UK 1971-2000 averages, Met Office. Retrieved on
2007-08-20.
- Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
- includes hunting and forestry
- includes energy and construction
- includes financial intermediation services indirectly
measured
- Conservation areas
- City of Durham - Local Plan
- Durham Castle and Cathedral - UNESCO World Heritage
Centre
- BBC NEWS | England | Spotlight on Durham's
charge
- www.durham.gov.uk/Pages/Service.aspx?ServiceId=1112
- The Chorister School
External links
Chapel, formerly the Church of St Mary the Less
, 12 South Bailey
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