Fiji ( ; ), officially the
Republic of the Fiji Islands ( ; ), is an island nation in the South Pacific Ocean east
of Vanuatu
, west of
Tonga
and south of Tuvalu
. The
country comprises an
archipelago of
about 322
islands, of which 106 are
permanently inhabited, and 522
islets.
The two
major islands, Viti
Levu
and Vanua
Levu
, account for 87% of the population.
Etymology
Fiji's main island is known as Viti Levu and it is from this that
the name "Fiji" is derived, though the common English pronunciation
is based on that of their island neighbors in Tonga. Its emergence
was best described as follows:
Fijians first impressed themselves on European
consciousness through the writings of the members of the
expeditions of Cook who met them in
Tonga. They were described as formidable warriors and ferocious
cannibals, builders of the finest vessels in the Pacific, but not
great sailors. They inspired awe amongst the Tongans, and all their
Manufactures, especially bark cloth and clubs, were highly esteemed
and much in demand. They called their home Viti, but the Tongans
called it Fisi, and it was by this foreign pronunciation, Fiji,
first promulgated by Captain James Cook, that these islands are now
known.
History
Pottery excavated from Fijian towns shows that Fiji was settled
before or around 3500–1000 BC, although the question of
Pacific migration still lingers.
It is believed that the Lapita people or the ancestors of the Polynesians settled the islands first but not
much is known of what became of them after the Melanesians arrived; they may have had some
influence on the new culture, and archaeological evidence shows
that they would have then moved on to Tonga, Samoa
and Hawai'i
.
The first settlements in Fiji were started by voyaging traders and
settlers from the west about 3500 years ago.
Lapita pottery shards have been found at numerous
excavations around the country. Aspects of Fijian culture are
similar to Melanesian culture to the western Pacific but have
stronger connection to the older Polynesian cultures such as those
of Samoa and Tonga. Trade between these three nations long before
European contact is quite obvious with Canoes made from native
Fijian trees found in Tonga and Tongan words being part of the
language of the Lau group of islands.
Pots made in Fiji have
been found in Samoa and even the Marquesas Islands
. Across 1000 kilometres from east to west,
Fiji has been a nation of many languages. Fiji's history was one of
settlement but also of mobility. Over the centuries, a unique
Fijian culture developed. Constant warfare and
cannibalism between warring tribes was quite
rampant and very much part of everyday life. During the 19th
century, Ratu
Udre Udre is said to have
consumed 872 people and to have made a pile of stones to record his
achievement. Fijians today regard those times as "na gauna ni
tevoro" (time of the devil). The ferocity of the cannibal lifestyle
deterred European sailors from going near Fijian waters, giving
Fiji the name
Cannibal Isles, in turn Fiji was unknown to
the rest of the outside world.
The
Dutch
explorer
Abel Tasman visited Fiji in 1643 while
looking for the Great Southern Continent. Europeans settled
on the islands permanently beginning in the nineteenth century. The
first European settlers to Fiji were
Beachcombers, missionaries, whalers and those
engaged in the then booming
sandalwood
and
bêche-de-mer trade.
Ratu Seru Epenisa Cakobau
was a Fijian chief and warlord from the island of Bau, off the
eastern coast of Viti Levu, who united part of Fiji's warring
tribes under his leadership.
He then styled himself as King of Fiji or
Tui Viti and then to Vunivalu or Protector after
the Cession of Fiji to Great Britain
. The British subjugated the islands as a
colony in 1874, and the British brought over Indian contract
labourers to work on the sugar plantations as the then Governor and
also the first governor of Fiji,
Arthur Charles
Hamilton-Gordon, adopted a policy disallowing the use of native
labour and no interference in their culture and way of life. In
1875-76,
measles epidemic killed over 40,000
Fijians, about one-third of the Fijian population. The population
in 1942 was approximately 210,000 of whom 94,000 were Indians,
102,000 native Fijians, 2,000 Chinese and 5,000 Europeans.
The British granted Fiji independence in 1970. Democratic rule was
interrupted by two
military coups
in 1987 because the government was perceived as dominated by the
Indo-Fijian (Indian) community. The
second 1987 coup saw the
British
monarchy and the
Governor
General replaced by a non-executive President, and the country
changed the long form of its name from
Dominion of Fiji to
Republic of Fiji (and to
Republic of the Fiji
Islands in 1997). The coups and accompanying civil unrest
contributed to heavy Indian emigration; the population loss
resulted in economic difficulties but ensured that Melanesians
became the majority.
In 1990, the new Constitution institutionalised the ethnic Fijian
domination of the political system. The
Group Against Racial
Discrimination (GARD) was formed to oppose the unilaterally
imposed constitution and to restore the 1970 constitution.
Sitiveni Rabuka, the Lieutenant Colonel who
carried out the 1987 coup became
Prime
Minister in 1992, following elections held under the new
constitution. Three years later, Rabuka established the
Constitutional Review Commission, which in 1997 led to a new
Constitution, which was supported by most leaders of the indigenous
Fijian and Indo-Fijian communities. Fiji is re-admitted to the
Commonwealth of
Nations.
The new millennium brought along
another coup, instigated by
George Speight, that effectively
toppled the government of
Mahendra
Chaudhry, who became Prime Minister following the 1997
constitution. Commodore
Frank
Bainimarama assumed executive power after the resignation,
possibly forced, of President Mara. Fiji was rocked by
two mutinies at
Suva's Queen Elizabeth Barracks, later in 2000 when rebel soldiers
went on the rampage. The
High
Court ordered the reinstatement of the constitution, and in
September 2001, a general election was held to restore democracy,
which was won by interim Prime Minister
Laisenia Qarase's
Soqosoqo Duavata ni
Lewenivanua party.
In 2005, amid much controversy, the Qarase government proposed a
Reconciliation and
Unity Commission, with power to recommend compensation for
victims of the 2000 coup, and amnesty for its perpetrators.
However, the military strongly opposed this bill, especially the
army's commander, Frank Bainimarama. He agreed with detractors who
said that it was a sham to grant amnesty to supporters of the
present government who played roles in the coup. His attack on the
legislation, which continued unremittingly throughout May and into
June and July, further strained his already tense relationship with
the government. In late November 2006 and early December 2006,
Bainimarama was instrumental in the
2006 Fijian coup d'état.
Bainimarama handed down a list of demands to Qarase after a bill
was put forward to parliament, part of which would have offered
pardons to participants in the 2000 coup attempt. He gave Qarase an
ultimatum date of 4 December to accede to these demands or to
resign from his post. Qarase adamantly refused to either concede or
resign and on 5 December President, Ratu
Josefa Iloilo, was said to have signed a legal
order dissolving Parliament after meeting with Bainimarama.
In April 2009, the
Fiji Court of
Appeal ruled that the 2006 coup had been illegal. This began
the
2009 Fijian
constitutional crisis. President Iloilo abrogated the
constitution, removed all office holders under the Constitution
including all judges and the Governor of the Central Bank. He then
reappointed Bainimarama as Prime Minister under his "New Order" and
imposed a "Public Emergency Regulation" limiting internal travel
and allowing press censorship.
For a country of its size, Fiji has large armed forces, and has
been a
major contributor
to
UN peacekeeping missions in
various parts of the world. In addition, a significant number of
former military personnel have served in the lucrative security
sector in Iraq following the 2003 US-led invasion.
Politics
Politics of Fiji normally take place in the framework of a
parliamentary representative democratic republic, whereby the Prime Minister of Fiji is the
head of government, the President
the
head of state, and of a
multi-party system.
Executive power
is exercised by the government.
Legislative power is vested in both the
government and the
Parliament of Fiji. The
Judiciary is independent of the executive and the
legislature.
Since independence there have been four coups in Fiji, two in
1987, one in
2000 and one in late 2006. The
military has been either ruling directly, or heavily influencing
governments since 1987.
2006 Military takeover
Citing corruption in the government, Commodore
Josaia Voreqe Bainimarama, Commander of
the Republic of Fiji Military Forces, staged a military takeover on
5 December 2006 against the Prime Minister that he himself had
installed after the 2000 coup. There had been two military coups in
1987 and one in 2000. The commodore took over the powers of the
presidency and dissolved the parliament, paving the way for the
military to continue the take over. The coup was the culmination of
weeks of speculation following conflict between the elected Prime
Minister, Laisenia Qarase, and Commodore Bainimarama. Bainimarama
had repeatedly issued demands and deadlines to the Prime Minister.
At particular issue was previously pending legislation to pardon
those involved in the 2000 coup. Bainimarama named
Jona Senilagakali caretaker Prime
Minister. The next week Bainimarama said he would ask the Great
Council of Chiefs to restore executive powers to President, Ratu
Josefa Iloilo.
On 4 January 2007, the military announced that it was restoring
executive power to President Iloilo, who made a broadcast endorsing
the actions of the military. The next day, Iloilo named Bainimarama
as the interim Prime Minister, indicating that the Military was
still effectively in control.
In the wake of the take over, reports have emerged of intimidation
of some of those critical of the interim regime. It is alleged that
two individuals have died in military custody since December 2006.
These deaths have been investigated and suspects charged but not
yet brought to court.
On 9 April 2009 the Court of Appeal overturned the High Court
decision that Bainimarama's take-over of Qarase's government was
legal, and declared the Interim Government illegal. Bainimarama
agreed to step down as Interim PM immediately, along with his
government, and President Iloilo was to appoint "a distinguished
person independent of the parties to this litigation as caretaker
Prime Minister, ..... to direct the issuance of writs for an
election ..."
On 10 April 2009 President Iloilo
suspended the Constitution
of Fiji, dismissed the Court of Appeal and, in his own words,
"appoint[ed] [him]self as the Head of the State of Fiji under a new
legal order". As President, Iloilo had been Head of State prior to
his abrogation of the Constitution, but that position had been
determined by the Constitution itself. The "new legal order" did
not depend on the Constitution, thus requiring a "reappointment" of
the Head of State. "You will agree with me that this is the best
way forward for our beloved Fiji", he said. Bainimarama was
re-appointed as Interim Prime Minister; he, in turn, re-instated
his previous Cabinet.
On 13 July 2009, Fiji became the first nation ever to be expelled
from the
Pacific Islands
Forum, for its failure to hold democratic elections by that
date.
On 1 September 2009, Fiji became only the second country to be
suspended from the
Commonwealth
of Nations. The action was taken because Commodore Frank
Bainimarama refused to hold elections by 2010, elections that the
Commonwealth of Nations had demanded after the 2006 coup. He states
a need for more time to end a voting system he claims favours
ethnic Fijians. Critics claim that he has suspended the
constitution and was responsible for human rights violations by
arresting and detaining opponents.
Demographics
Ethnic groups
The
population of Fiji is mostly made up of native Fijians, who are Melanesians (54.3%), although a few also have
Polynesian ancestry, and Indo-Fijians (38.1%), descendants of Indian
contract labourers brought to the islands by the British
in the nineteenth century. Most of these
Indo-Fijians are or are descendants of
Bhojpuri-speaking
Biharis.
The
percentage of the population of Indian
descent has
declined significantly over the last two decades due to migration
for various reasons. The
Fiji
coup of 2000 has provoked a violent backlash against the
Indo-Fijians.
There is also a small but significant group
of descendants of indentured laborers from Solomon
Islands
.
About
1.2% are Rotuman — natives of Rotuma
Island, whose culture has more in common with countries such as
Tonga or Samoa than with
the rest of Fiji. There are also small, but economically
significant, groups of
Europeans,
Chinese, and other Pacific island
minorities.The total membership of other ethnic groups of Pacific
Islanders is about 7300. Tongans, who as traders and warriors have
lived in Fiji for hundreds of years, form the largest part of this
community. In the old days there was active commerce between Tonga
and Fiji, and later in the history of this relationship the Fijians
in the Lau Islands became vassals to the King of Tonga. One
particular reason Tongans and Samoans came to Fiji was to build
drua (large double-hulled canoes) which they couldn’t build on
their own islands because of the lack of proper timber.
Relationships between ethnic Fijians and Indo-Fijians at a
political level have often been strained, and the tension between
the two communities has dominated politics in the islands for the
past generation. The level of tension varies between different
regions of the country.
Demonym
Within Fiji, the term
Fijian refers solely to
indigenous Fijians: it denotes an ethnicity,
not a nationality. Constitutionally, citizens of Fiji are referred
to as "Fiji Islanders" though the term
Fiji Nationals is
used for official purposes. In August 2008, shortly before the
proposed
People's Charter
for Change, Peace and Progress was due to be released to the
public, it was announced that it recommended a change in the name
of Fiji's citizens. If the proposal were adopted, all citizens of
Fiji, whatever their ethnicity, would be called "Fijians". The
proposal would change the English name of indigenous Fijians from
"Fijians" to
itaukei, the
Fijian word for indigenous Fijians.
Deposed Prime Minister
Laisenia
Qarase reacted by stating that the name "Fijian" belonged
exclusively to indigenous Fijians, and that he would oppose any
change in legislation enabling non-indigenous Fijians to use it.
The
Methodist
Church, to which a large majority of indigenous Fijians belong,
also reacted strongly to the proposal, stating that allowing any
Fiji citizen to call themselves "Fijian" would be "daylight
robbery" inflicted on the indigenous population.
In an address to the nation during the
constitutional crisis of April
2009, military leader and interim Prime Minister
Voreqe Bainimarama, who has been at the
forefront of the attempt to change the definition of "Fijian",
stated:
- "I know we all have our different ethnicities, our
different cultures and we should, we must, celebrate our diversity
and richness. However, at the same time 'we are all
Fijians. We are all equal
citizens. We must all be loyal to Fiji; we must be
patriotic; we must put Fiji first."
Religion
Indigenous Fijians are mostly Christian (97.2% at the 1996
census), and the Indo-Fijians mostly
Hindu (70.7%) and
Muslim
(17.9%).Breakdown per the
CIA world
factbook: Christian 64.5% (Methodist 34.6%, Roman Catholic
9.1%, Assembly of God 5.7%, Seventh Day Adventist 3.9%, Anglican
0.8%, other 10.4%), Hindu 27.9%, Muslim 6.3%, Sikh 0.3%, other or
unspecified 0.3%, none 0.7% (2007 census).
The largest Christian denomination is the
Methodist Church of Fiji and
Rotuma. With 36.2% of the total population (including almost
two-thirds of ethnic Fijians), its share of the population is
higher in Fiji than in any other nation.
Roman Catholics (8.9%), the
Assemblies of God (4%), the
Seventh-day Adventists
(2.9%) and
The Church of
Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons) (2.2%), also are
significant. Fiji also is the base for the Anglican Diocese of
Polynesia (part of the
Anglican
Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia). These and other
denominations also have small numbers of Indo-Fijian members;
Christians of all kinds comprise 6.1% of the Indo-Fijian
population. Much major Roman Catholic missionary activity was
conducted through the
Vicariate Apostolic of Fiji,
which has since been renamed the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Suva,
which spans the whole of Fiji.
Hindus belong mostly to the
Sanatan
sect (74.3% of all Hindus) or else are unspecified (22%). The small
Arya Samaj sect claims the membership of
some 3.7% of all Hindus in Fiji. Muslims are mostly
Sunni (59.7%) and
Shia
(36.7%), with an
Ahmadiyya minority (3.6%)
regarded as
heretical by more orthodox
Muslims. The
Sikh religion comprises 0.9% of
the Indo-Fijian population, or 0.4% of the national population in
Fiji.
Their ancestors came from the Punjab
region of India. The
Bahá'í Faith has over 21
Local Spiritual Assemblies throughout
Fiji and Baha'is live in more than 80 localities.
The first Baha'i in
the islands was a New
Zealander
who arrived
in 1924. There is also a small Jewish population. Every year
the Israeli Embassy organises a Passover celebration with
approximately 100 people attending.
Political divisions
Map of the divisions of Fiji
Fiji is divided into Four Major Divisions:
These divisions are further divided into 14 provinces:
Fiji was also divided into 3 Confederacies or Governments during
the reign of Cakobau, though these are not considered political
divisions, they are still considered important in the social
divisions of the indigenous Fijians:
Geography
Map of Fiji
Fiji covers a total area of some of which around 10% is land.
Fiji is
the hub of the South West Pacific, midway between Vanuatu and the
Kingdom of
Tonga
. The archipelago is located between 176° 53′
east and 178° 12′ west.
The 180° meridian runs through Taveuni
but the International Dateline is bent to give
uniform time to all of the Fiji group. With the exception of
Rotuma, the Fiji group lies between 15° 42′ and 20° 02′ south.
Rotuma is located 400 kilometres north of the group, 670 km
from Suva, 12° 30′ south of the equator.
Fiji consists of 322 islands (of which 106 are inhabited) and 522
smaller islets. The two most important islands are Viti Levu and
Vanua Levu. The islands are mountainous, with peaks up to 1,300
metres (4,250 ft), and covered with thick tropical forests.
Viti Levu hosts the capital city of Suva, and is home to nearly
three quarters of the population.
Other important towns include Nadi
(the
location of the international airport), and the second city
-Lautoka
(the location of a large sugar mill and a
seaport). The main towns on Vanua Levu are Labasa
and Savusavu
. Other islands and island groups include
Taveuni and Kadavu
(the third
and fourth largest islands respectively), the Mamanuca
Group
(just outside Nadi) and Yasawa Group
, which are popular tourist
destinations, the Lomaiviti Group, outside
of Suva, and the remote Lau Group
. Rotuma
, some 500
kilometres (310 mi) north of the archipelago, has a special administrative status in
Fiji. Fiji's nearest neighbour is Tonga. The climate in Fiji
is tropical and warm most of the year round.
Economy
Fiji, endowed with forest,
mineral, and fish
resources, is one of the more developed of the Pacific island
economies, though still with a large subsistence sector. Natural
resources include timber, fish, gold, copper, offshore oil
potential, hydropower. Fiji experienced a period of rapid growth in
the 1960s and 1970s but stagnated in the 1980s. The coup of 1987
caused further contraction. Economic liberalization in the years
following the coup created a boom in the garment industry and a
steady growth rate despite growing uncertainty of land tenure in
the
sugar industry. The expiration of leases
for sugar cane farmers (along with reduced farm and factory
efficiency) has led to a decline in sugar production despite a
subsidized price.
Subsidies for sugar have been provided by
the EU and Fiji has been the second
largest beneficiary after Mauritius
.
Urbanization and expansion in the service sector have contributed
to recent
GDP growth. Sugar exports and a
rapidly growing
tourist industry — with
430,800 tourists in 2003 and increasing in the subsequent years —
are the major sources of foreign exchange. Fiji is highly dependent
on tourism for revenue. Sugar processing makes up one-third of
industrial activity. Long-term problems include low investment and
uncertain property rights. The political turmoil in Fiji has had a
severe impact on the economy, which shrank by 2.8% in 2000 and grew
by only 1% in 2001. The tourism sector recovered quickly, however,
with visitor arrivals reaching pre-coup levels again during 2002,
which has since resulted in a modest economic recovery. This
recovery continued into 2003 and 2004 but grew by 1.7% in 2005 and
grew by 2.0% in 2006. Although inflation is low, the policy
indicator rate of the
Reserve Bank
of Fiji was raised by 1% to 3.25% in February 2006 due to fears
of excessive consumption financed by debt. Lower interest rates
have so far not produced greater investment for exports. However,
there has been a housing boom from declining commercial mortgage
rates. The tallest building in Fiji is the fourteen-storey
Reserve Bank of Fiji Building
in Suva, which was inaugurated in 1984. The
Suva Central Commercial
Centre, which opened in November 2005, was planned to outrank
the Reserve Bank building at seventeen stories, but last-minute
design changes made sure that the Reserve Bank building remains the
tallest.
Trade with Fiji has been criticized due to the country's military
dictatorship.
In 2008, Fiji's interim Prime Minister and
coup leader Frank Bainimarama
announced election delays and that it would pull out of the
Pacific Islands Forum in
Niue
, where Bainimarama would have met with Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd and New Zealand Prime Minister
Helen Clark.
Culture
Fiji's culture is a rich mosaic of indigenous, Indian, Chinese and
European traditions, comprising social polity, language, food
(based mainly from the sea, casava, dalo & other vegetables),
costume, belief systems, architecture, arts, craft, music, dance
and sports.
The indigenous culture is very much active and living, and is a
part of everyday life for the majority of the population. However,
it has evolved with the introduction of old cultures like the
Indian and Chinese ones, as well as a large influence from Europe,
and from various Pacific neighbours of Fiji, mainly the
Tongan,Rotuman and Samoan. The culture of Fiji has created a unique
communal and national identity.
Holidays
This is a list of holidays in Fiji:
The exact dates of public holidays vary from year to year, but the
dates for this year and recent years can be found at the
Fiji Government Web Site
Language
Fijian is an
Austronesian language of the
Malayo-Polynesian family spoken
in Fiji. It has 350 000 first-language speakers, which is less than
half the population of Fiji, but another 200,000 speak it as a
second language. The
1997
Constitution established Fijian as an official language of
Fiji, along with
English and
Hindustani, and there is
discussion about establishing it as the "national language", though
English and Hindustani would remain official. Fijian is a
VOS language.
The Fiji Islands developed many languages, some similar and some
very different. Missionaries in the 1840s chose the language of one
island off the southeast of the main island of Viti Levu, to be the
official language of Fiji. This island, Bau, was home to Cakobau,
the chief that eventually became the self forged "King" of Fiji.
Missionaries were interested in documenting a language and in
standardizing all of Fiji on one official language to make their
job of translating and teaching in Fiji a bit easier.
Standard Fijian is
based on the language of Bau
, which is
an East Fijian language.
There are many other dialects that make up the
West Fijian languages including
dialects spoken in the Nadroga/Navosa which are unique and those of
the western island groups and provinces.
Sport
The national sport of Fiji is considered to be rugby union (see
rugby union in Fiji). The
national rugby union
team is very successful given the size of the population of the
country, and has competed at four
Rugby
World Cups, the first being in
1987, where they reached the
quarter-finals. The Fiji national side did not match that feat
again until the 2007 Rugby World Cup when they upset Wales 38–34 to
progress to the quarter-finals. Fiji also competes in the
Pacific Tri-Nations and the
Pacific Nations Cup. The sport is
governed by the
Fiji Rugby Union
which is a member of the
Pacific Islands Rugby
Alliance, and contributes to the
Pacific Islanders rugby union
team. At the club level there are the
Colonial Cup and
Pacific Rugby Cup. The
Fiji sevens team is
one of the most successful
rugby sevens
teams in the world, having won the two world cup titles and the
2006 IRB Series.
Rugby league is also widely
played. The
Fiji
national rugby league team, known as Fiji Bati, has competed in
the
Rugby League World Cup on
three occasions, with their best result coming when they made the
semi-finals of the
2008
competition. The team also competes in the
Pacific Cup.
Other than the codes of rugby, association football is also popular
in Fiji. Fiji participates in FIFA in the Oceania Confederation.
They defeated New Zealand 2–0 in the 2008 OFC Nations Cup.
See also
Footnotes
- PDF article from Fiji Government on Line, section on Europeans in
Fiji.
- Peggy Reeves Sanday. " Divine hunger: cannibalism as a cultural
system". p.151.
- Peggy Reeves Sanday. " Divine hunger: cannibalism as a cultural
system". p.166.
- Pacific Peoples,
Melanesia/Micronesia/Polynesia, Central Queensland
University.
- Abel Janszoon Tasman Biography,
Answers.com.
- Oceania - A Short History of Fiji, Jane Resture's
Oceania Page
- " Historical Timeline". Fiji Government Online.
- " Timeline: Fiji " BBC News.
- " World Battlefronts: Yanks in the Cannibal
Isles". TIME.
October 26, 1942.
- "President's Address to the Nation", April 10,
2009 (Fiji government website)
- Commonwealth.org
- BBC NEWS
- Fiji Islands: From Immigration to Emigration.
Migration Information Source.
- " Future bleak for Fiji's Indians". BBC News.
July, 2000.
- " Dealing with the dictator". The Australian.
April 16, 2009.
- "Charter proposes common Fijian name", August
4, 2008
- "The Name “Fijian” Belongs to Indigenous -
Qarase", FijiVillage, August 8, 2008
- "Communalism is ‘to love thy neighbour'", Fiji
Times, August 29, 2008
- "PM Bainimarama - Address to the nation following
appointment of Cabinet - 11 April 2009", Fiji government
website
- Fiji Economy and Politics,Economy and Politics in
Fiji,Economy and Politics at Fiji. Retrieved 10 May 2008.
References
- Traces the colonization of the Fiji Islands, explains how the
Fijians have managed to keep their language and culture intact, and
describes modern Fiji society.
- Details on Fiji its history and Geography.
- Details of Fiji's History, Geography, Economy.
- Back to the Chessboard: The Coup and the Re-Emergence of
Pre-colonial Rivalries in Fiji. In:
- Travel guide.
Bibliography
External links
- Government
- General information
- Fiji at UCB Libraries GovPubs
- Travel
- Other
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