Flypast is a term used in the United Kingdom, the Commonwealth, and other countries to denote ceremonial or honorific flights by groups of aircraft and, rarely, by a single aircraft. In the United States, the term flyover is used, although this carries additional meanings while flyby mostly refers to military situations.

Flypasts are often tied in with Royal or state events, anniversaries, celebrations - and occasionally funerary or memorial occasions. Sometimes flypasts occur in special situations, to honour someone or to celebrate certain types of aircraft. They have affinities with parades, of which they form the aerial component. Often they occur in purely display contexts at airshows, but it is the flypasts linked with civic, ceremonial and national pride, that imprint themselves on a nation's memory. These spectacular and daring displays of military - and occasionally passenger - aircraft, are described in broadcast and print media as "historic".

Flypasts are regularly featured in public and ceremonial life in the United Kingdom, where they function as a particular kind of aerial salute. They serve to show respect, display aircraft, showcase flying skills and delight the public, e.g., during their annual appearance after Trooping the Colour. In Commonwealth countries, notably Singapore, Canada and Australia, they occur on national days and occasionally on anniversaries. They are seen more rarely in other territories.

Flypast performers

Flypasts are usually performed by the national Air Force of a country.

In the UK, Royal Air Force (RAF) flypasts often originate from well known airfields, e.g. RAF Duxford or RAF Odiham. Very often, a flypast will be concluded by the RAF's aerobatic team, the Red Arrows, flying with their trademark red, white and blue trails. On appropriate occasions there is an appearance of the Battle of Britain Memorial Flight, generally comprising the distinctive Lancaster flanked by two smaller World War II aircraft, a Spitfire and a Hurricane.

Flypasts have been performed by, among others, the Pakistan Air Force, the Republic of Singapore Air Force, the Royal Canadian Air Force, and the Royal Australian Air Force. National air force precision aerobatic teams, such as Patrouille de France and Frecce Tricolori, often appear.

Flypast locations

Flypast locations are usually of national importance. In the UK, these include Buckingham Palace, where the Royal Family on the balcony will join the thousands of spectators in streets and parks below. Other London settings have included the River Thames. 50th and 60th anniversaries of World War II were celebrated by flypasts over Normandy in France. Festivities of Trafalgar 200 were centred over Portsmouth and at sea.

Settings have included the National Stadium, Singapore and the Esplanade Theatre, Padang; Pakistan's Parliament House in Islamabad; Australia's Parliament House and ANZAC Parade to the Australian War Memorial, in Canberra; and Parliament Hill, Ottawa, Canada.

United Kingdom flypasts

Early flypasts

The connection of Trooping the Colour with Royal Air Force flypasts began in 1913 when the Royal Flying Corps Military Wing performed a flypast for King George V on Laffan's Plain, near Aldershot.

On 6 July 1935, George V carried out his Silver Jubilee Review of the Royal Air Force at RAF Duxford and RAF Mildenhall which included 200 aircraft on the ground and a flypast of 350 aircraft.

King George VI attended a flypast at the opening ceremony of the Empire Exhibition, Scotland 1938 at Ibrox Stadium on 5 May 1938, with his consort Queen Elizabeth (mother of the current queen and known after King George's death in 1952 as the Queen Mother).

World War II and associated flypasts

Achievements of the Royal Air Force in World War II were celebrated at the time and continue to be commemorated in flypasts. The upper dams of Ladybower Reservoir were used to practise for the Dambusters raids and this is occasionally commemorated in flypasts by the Battle of Britain Memorial Flight.

On 15 September, 1945, after the war ended, about 300 aircraft flew over London in the first Battle of Britain anniversary flypast. "The formation was led by 247 Squadron in their new Vampire fighters, the first time the public had seen the aircraft." This flypast was apparently led by Douglas Bader (RAF hero commemorated and portrayed by Kenneth More in the film Reach For the Sky.)

An attender recalls a victory parade in London on 8 June 1946 featuring two flypasts, one during the day and one at night. Scores of aircraft, of many kinds, took part.

Coronation Day, 1953

The ceremonial flypast over Buckingham Palace on Queen Elizabeth II's Coronation Day, Saturday 2 June 1953 was nearly cancelled due to bad weather. However, "after a short delay Duxford's Wing Commander Wallace successfully led 144 RAF Meteors and 24 Royal Canadian Air Force Sabres at 12,000 feet up The Mall in line astern as the newly crowned Queen took the salute from the balcony of Buckingham Palace." This 168-aircraft parade was under the charge of the Earl of Bandon. (On 15 May 1954, the Duxford Wing escorted the Queen on her return in the Royal Yacht, called HMY Britannia, from a six-month world tour, illustrating how much a part of ceremonial flypasts were in Elizabeth's early reign. )

On 15 July 1953 the Queen conducted a Coronation Review of the Royal Air Force at RAF Odiham. This spectacular featured a flypast by about 640 aircraft - among them 440 jet aircraft - again under the command of Air Vice-Marshal the Earl of Bandon.

50th and 60th anniversaries of World War II

These were commemorated with large flypasts.

On 15 September 1990, 168 aircraft in seven formations celebrated the 50th Anniversary of the Battle of Britain. Further flypasts occurred on 6 June 1994, celebrating the 50th anniversary of D-Day.

Over the weekend of 19-20 August 1995, the 50th anniversary of VJ Day was marked, including "a two-minute silence which...was ended by a Lancaster bomber overflying The Mall and dropping about a million poppies over the site." In the evening, there was a further flypast on the Thames.

6 June, 2004 marked the 60th Anniversary of D-day, with the Normandy landings commemorated by veterans (many now aged 80+ years) and political leaders at locations throughout Normandy. The Battle of Britain Memorial Flight scattered millions of poppies over the veterans as they crossed the English Channel by ferry. Later, it flew over the veterans at Arromanches, concluding a memorial service with a 47-aircraft flypast of modern military jets led by the RAF Red Arrows. At Pegasus Bridge, the Army Air Corps conducted a flypast of Lynx helicopters.

On 10 July 2005, the 60th anniversary of VE Day was marked by a flypast of vintage aircraft which again dropped one million poppies on crowds in The Mall.

Trafalgar 200

Trafalgar 200 was events during 2005 watched by thousands in Portsmouth, England, and millions on TV, commemorating the bicentennial of the Battle of Trafalgar. Among several flypasts, The Red Arrows overflew the Fleet review by the Queen.

Royal Flypasts in the United Kingdom since 2000

The years since 2000 have been particularly rich in flypasts reflecting milestones of Royal life.

To greet the Queen Mother as their Commandant-in-Chief during her 100th Birthday Official Celebrations on 19 July 2000, the Red Arrows gave a 10-Hawk flypast over Horse Guards Parade - one plane for each decade of her life.

On Tuesday, 9 April 2002, the Queen Mother's burial at Windsor was marked by a flypast of a World War II Lancaster flanked by two Spitfires.

The finale of the Queen's Golden Jubilee Weekend on 4 June, 2002 saw a lavish flypast "14 miles long at a speed of 310mph, passing overhead at a height of 1500ft." The formation, concluded by Concorde with a Red Arrows escort, was watched by the Royal Family on Buckingham Palace balcony and a million well-wishers in the Mall.

Among the celebrations of the Queen's 80th birthday during 2006 was a flypast following the Trooping the Colour. Headed by the Lancaster with 2 Hurricanes and 2 Spitfires (Battle of Britain Memorial Flight), the 49 aircraft in 9 formations included Typhoons, Jaguars, Tristar, VC10, C-17A Globemaster III and E-3 Sentry. The highlight was a "Diamond 9" formation of Tornado GR4s and the appearance of a Canberra escorted by the Red Arrows.

Miscellaneous commemorations

In the UK, flypasts reflect milestones of national life; varying in scope from personal, to community and local, to military, to national, they may honour individuals in private or public life or commemorate happenings at a particular location. They are also used to honour aircraft. On occasions both small and large they may occur over land or sea, sometimes connected with memorial or thanksgiving services.

• In May, 2003, for only the third time in history, the Queen made a presentation of a new Royal Navy Colour. The ceremony at Torbay in Devon included a flypast by 89 helicopters and aircraft from the Fleet Air Arm, featuring the Phantom.
• On 29 October, 2005, a Sea King helicopter overflew a service at sea commemorating the 125th Anniversary of the Wells lifeboat disaster.
• 70 years of the Spitfire plane were marked on 5 March, 2006 by five Spitfires re-enacting the maiden flight of the plane before a crowd of thousands in Southampton.
• In 2008, Britain's then oldest man, Henry Allingham, had his 112th birthday marked with a luncheon and flypast at RAF Cranwell. (Similarly, his 110th birthday included RAF flypast and a visit from Gordon Brown. )

Dambusters anniversaries

• The 60th anniversary in 2003 of the Dambusters raid was marked by a flypast of the last operational Lancaster over the cliffs at Reculver, site of secret tests of inventor Barnes Wallis's bouncing bomb. (This flight was part of a larger series of flypasts over key locations by the Battle of Britain Memorial Flight.)
• On 16 May 2008, Les Munro, the last surviving Squadron Leader, and Richard Todd, star of the celebrated film The Dambusters, attended the 65th Anniversary service and flypast over Ladybower Reservoir. At 100 feet, as compared to 60 feet of the Dambusters' practice runs, a single Lancaster aircraft passed three times over Derwent Water. A Spitfire, two Tornadoes, and a Dakota transport plane also participated.

Annual flypasts

The start of the Lord Mayor's Show in London each November is marked by a flypast over Mansion House. A flypast over Buckingham Palace is watched by the Royal Family each year following Trooping the Colour.

International Flypasts

Image:2june2006_379.jpg|Italy's Frecce Tricolori fly over Rome celebrating Festa della Repubblica 2006Image:Bastille_day_flyover.4264-crop.jpg|The Patrouille de France during the Bastille Day Military Parade, 2007

Image:Two JF-17 Thunders.jpg| Two Pakistani JF-17 Thunders taking part in the Pakistan Republic Day celebrations flypast.File:B2-StLouisArch.jpg|A B-2 Spirit flies past the St. Louis Arch in 2006.Image:Yankee Stadium Opening Day Fly Over.jpg|Four F-16 fly Over the “new” Yankee Stadium on its opening day on April 16 2009

National or Republic Day celebrations

In many countries flypasts, normally performed by the precision aerobatic team of a country's air force, are an integral part of Republic Day or National Day celebrations.

The Pakistan Air Force conducts a flypast every year on 23 March to commemorate the Lahore Declaration and the Republic Day of Pakistan which occurred on 23 March 1956. This is done in Islamabad.

In Singapore the National Day Parade on August 9, 2005 celebrated 40 years of independence with an elaborate flypastincluding two Chinook helicopters flying the national flag past the Esplanade Theatre in Padang.

Air Force anniversary celebrations

On 1 April, 2008, a flypast by the Red Arrows over Central London marked the 90th Anniversary of the founding of the Royal Air Force. The milestone was also celebrated that June following Trooping the Colour 2008 with the RAF's longest-ever flypast: a line of aircraft stretching twenty miles in length, from airfields all over the United Kingdom.

During October 2006, the Indian Air Force celebrated its Platinum Jubilee with a flypast of around 78 aircraft, including the Sukhoi 30 MKI, the Mirage 2000, and MiG-25 attack aircraft.

Flypasts associated with World War II

of World War II, such as VJ Day, have also been celebrated with flypasts in other countries, notably Australia and Canada.

In 2003, the Royal Australian Air Force commemorated ANZAC Day with a flypast of four aircraft - Harvard and Winjeel - over the Cenotaph in Ballarat, Victoria .

The Royal Canadian Air Force at the Canada Aviation Museum in Ottawa honoured Canada's participation and commemorated the 60th anniversary of the Battle of Britain on September 17, 2006. Modern aircraft performed a flypast along with four World War II planes provided by Vintage Wings of Canada who made a "once-in-a-lifetime formation".

The largest flypast in history occurred on the signing of the Japanese Instrument of Surrender which formally ended the war between Japan and the allied powers in Tokyo Bay on September 2 1945. 400 B-29 bombers and 3000 carrier aircraft participated.

Marking the 50th anniversary of US spaceflight

On 7 May 2007, hundreds of workers at Kennedy Space Center watched as US Air Force Thunderbirds performed a series of passes over the main industrial area, where the Space Shuttle is maintained and prepared for launches. The purpose of this flypast was to photograph the planes at KSC for promotional purposes. Almost six months later, in November 2007, the Kennedy Space Center hosted the inaugural World Space Expo. The opening featured an aerial salute to NASA with the Thunderbirds as the main attraction.

Panic and disaster

Some Canberra residents panicked during a flypast in 2003 over Parliament House by two F-111 jets, celebrating the 100th anniversary of the Australian High Court. It manifested itself as "two thunderously loud balls of flame screaming overhead at a height of about 300 metres and heading toward the city's landmarks." Apparently press releases had been issued, but the police had not been informed.

In Goa during a ceremonial flypast to mark the silver jubilee of the Naval Air Squadron 315 in 2002, the wingtips of two Ilyushin aircraft brushed in mid-air, with the loss of a dozen lives. The tragedy raised questions as to the necessity of flypasts which, "although spectacular and entertaining, can be risky".

Entertainment and sports

Flypasts also demonstrate national pride at landmark entertainment and sporting events.

Indianapolis 500

A flyby takes places prior to the start of the Indianapolis 500 mile race, the largest single-day sporting event in the world. Held annually on Memorial Day weekend, U.S. military aircraft perform a flyby while "Taps" is played in remembrance of Memorial Day. In some years, multiple aircraft participate, executing the missing man formation.

London 2012 Visa Olympics Handover Party

A flypast provided a close to the London 2012 Visa Olympics Handover Party. The preceding pop concert, held outside Buckingham Palace, was attended by a crowd of 40,000 (including guest of honour Michael Phelps) in The Mall, down which the Red Arrows roared.

United States sporting flyovers

In the United States, flyovers are common at professional sports and racing events as part of the performance of the Star Spangled Banner. The flyover has become a strong NASCAR tradition, as every major race features one, usually performed by an air force or air national guard wing based in the area.

A flyovers occurs at the beginning of the Men's Final of the US Open Tennis Championships. This is usually performed by the Blue Angels, the official U.S. Navy aerobatics demonstration squadron.

Lord of the Rings premiere in New Zealand

New Zealand showed its pride at being the location for The Lord of the Rings, at the premiere in Wellington of the third film in the trilogy, The Return of the King. Air New Zealand's Boeing 747-400 flew in Lord of the Rings livery in a historic flight over Auckland, Hamilton, Tauranga, Gisborne and Napier, "enabling more than two million people, one in two New Zealanders, to share in the excitement of The Lord of the Rings". This was the first time that a 747-400 had undertaken such a flypast in New Zealand.

Italy's Football World Cup

Among the celebrations of Italy's Football World Cup victory in 2006 was a colourful flypast by the Frecce Tricolori at Pratica di Mare, streaming the red, green, and white of the Italian flag.

Italy: Pavarotti's funeral

The funeral of Italian tenor Luciano Pavarotti was sealed by a flypast (image no. 11 in this BBC photographic gallery) from Frecce Tricolori over Modena Cathedral, in his native town, on 8 September, 2007. Tens of thousands, who had filed past his coffin as it lay in state, witnessed the aerial show of respect and mourning.

See also

• Missing man formation

References

1. History of Trooping the Colour accessed 2 October, 2006
2. Royal Air Force history timeline, accessed 30 September 2006
3. Duxford postwar history, accessed 30 September 2006.
4. Ibid.
5. Royal Air Force history, 1953, accessed 30 September 2006
6. World War Two commemorations description from the United Kingdom's Ministry of Defence, accessed 30 September 2006
7. commemorations of 60th anniversary of D-day on RAF website
8. The Scotsman, Monday 7 June 2004, accessed 3 October 2006
9. Times Online, July 11, 2005, accessed 3 October 2006
10. Red Arrows News Archive for July 2000, accessed 18 October 2006. NB: The Queen Mother's actual birthday was 4 August; the official celebrations took place a couple of weeks earlier.
11. The Guardian, Wednesday 10 April 2002, "A nostalgic flypast and a last show of respect across the nation", accessed 18 October 2006
12. Eastern Daily Press coverage, with photographs and configuration, of flypast rehearsal, 30 May 2002 quoted on RAF Marham site, accessed 18 July 2006.
13. Guardian Unlimited, Tuesday June 6, 2006., accessed 3 October, 2006
14. See BBC News, 17 May 2003, accessed 3 October 2006, for full description
15. BBC News, 16 May 2008 "Dambusters remembered 65 years on", accessed 16 May 2008
16. For the full configuration, see National Day Parade, 2005
17. MSN News, "IAF marks 75th year with impressive flypast" October 8, 2006 Accessed 15 October 2006
18. ABC News, Central Victoria, 19 April 2003, accessed 8 October 2006
19. Canadian National Defence website report, 14 September 2006 accessed 15 October, 2006
20. Nemesis: The Battle for Japan - Max Hastings
21. Space Task Force article, 8 May 2007. Accessed 2 April, 2008
22. Sydney Morning Herald, October 13 2003, accessed 8 October 2006
23. The Hindu, Saturday 5 October, 2002 Accessed 8 October, 2006
24. Scoop! Independent News, Tuesday, 2 December, 2003 Accessed 14 October, 2006

External links

• Photographs of King George Review of 6 July 1935
• Official programme of Victory Parade in London 8 June, 1946, including flypast
• Region-free DVD of the 15 September 1990 50th Anniversary Battle of Britain flypast
• Report on Queen's presentation in July 2003 of Royal Navy colour
• Pictures of the flypast and other events at the 125th anniversary of the sinking of the Eliza Adams lifeboat
• Helicopter and Red Arrow displays at Trafalgar 200, 28 June 2005
• The Lord Mayor's Show, which begins with a flypast
• Photographs of flypast for Trooping the Colour 2004
• BBC photograph (Image no. 10) of Italy World Cup 2006 celebratory flypast