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and managed through the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs
. The principles of the foreign policy are constitutionally
recognized in the Article 89, Section 10, which include: respect
for international law and legal equality of states, their sovereignty and independence, non-intervention in the domestic affairs of
other countries, peaceful resolution
of conflicts, and promotion of collective security through active
participation in international organizations.
Since the 1930s, the Estrada
Doctrine has served as a crucial complement to these
principles.
, its northern neighbor, largest trading partner, and the most
powerful actor in hemispheric and world
affairs, as well as on its historically-tied neighbors in
Latin America and the Caribbean
. Due to domestic issues in the early 1900s, Mexico
was kept isolated from international affairs. Once the order
was reestablished, its foreign policy was built under hemispheric prestige in subsequent decades.
Demonstrating independence from the U.S.,
Mexico supported the Cuban
government since its establishment in the early 1960s, the
Sandinista
revolution in Nicaragua
during the late 1970s, and leftist revolutionary
groups in El
Salvador
during the
1980s. In the 2000s, former
President Vicente Fox adopted a new foreign policy that calls for an
openness and an acceptance of criticism from the international community and the
increase of Mexican involvement in foreign affairs, as well as a further
integration towards its northern neighbors. A greater priority to
Latin America and the Caribbean has been given in the administration of President
Felipe Calderón.
, the Organization of
Ibero-American States, the OPANAL and the
Rio Group. For a long time, Mexico
has been one of the largest contributors to the United Nations
regular budget, in 2008 over 40 million dollars were given to the organization. In
addition, it is the only Latin
American member of the Organisation
for Economic Co-operation and Development since 1994. Mexico is
considered as a newly
industrialized country, a regional
power and an emerging market,
hence its presence in major economic groups such as the G8+5 and the G-20.
In
addition, since the 1990s Mexico has sought a reform of the
United Nations Security Council and its working methods with
the support of Canada
, Italy
, Pakistan
and other nine countries, which form a group
informally called the Coffee
Club.
. Textually, the article establishes
that:
and Venezuela
, which were heavily strained during the previous administration.
As well as
giving greater priority to Latin
America and the Caribbean.]]The Mexican foreign service officially started in 1822, the year after the signing of the Treaty of Cordoba, which marked the beginning of the country's independence. In 1831, legislation was passed that underpinned the establishment of diplomatic representations with other states in Europe and the Americas.
has over 150 representations at its disposal
overseas, which include:
as the sole and legit government of China
, therefore
issues related to the Republic of China
(Taiwan) are managed through the Office of Consular
Liaison under the circumscription of the Consulate General of
Mexico in the special
administrative regions of Hong Kong
and Macau
.
In
addition, Mexico does not recognize Kosovo
as an
independent country.
, Mexico
and the
United
States have significantly strengthened politically,
economically, socially and culturally. During the Fox administration, a further integration
towards Mexico's northern neighbors was a top priority. The
September 11 attacks were a
crucial event that changed the priorities of the U.S. foreign policy,
therefore the strengthening of the regional security was an
important task to archive. As a result, several trilateral summit
meetings regarding this issue have occurred within the framework of
the Security
and Prosperity Partnership of North America (SPP), a
region-level dialogue with the stated purpose of providing greater
cooperation on security and economic issues, founded in Waco
, Texas
on March 23
2005 by Paul Martin, former Prime Minister of Canada, Vicente Fox, then-President of Mexico, and George W. Bush, former President of the United
States.
, for example with issues related to the economic embargo imposed to Cuba. are close
friends and strategic partners and benefit from a very active
bilateral relationship which includes ever increasing commercial ties,
high-level political exchanges and an expanding collaborative
network between Mexicans and Canadians in areas such as climate change, culture, energy, education,
good governance, human rights and public service modernization. And
more recently, both countries have been building a closer security and defense
relationship., Argentina
, Pakistan and other eight countries have sought a reform of the
United Nations Security Council and its working methods Which
form a group informally called the Coffee
Club, that opposes to the proposition of the G4.
in 1821, the
United
States was the first country to ever recognize it.
On
December 12, 1822 the then-United States Secretary of
State John Quincy Adams
introduced José Manuel Zozoya, the first Mexican representative, to
the then-U.S. president James Monroe in
the White
House
. Through this event, the U.S. recognized
de facto the independence of
Mexico and the recently-born Mexican Empire led by Agustín de Iturbide. However, Washington
did not establish diplomatic relations formally with
Mexico until 1825, naming Joel
Poinsett as its representative, who had the mission of buying territory and getting trading
facilities.
. Mexico further transferred some of its
territories (southern Arizona
and New
Mexico
) to the U.S. via the Gadsden Purchase in 1854.
and the
U.S., and Washington provided financial aid to Benito Juárez, who successfully expelled
the French in 1867., Mexico supported the Cuban government during the 1960s, the
Sandinista
revolution in Nicaragua during the late 1970s, and leftist revolutionary
groups in El
Salvador during the
1980s.
once it gained full sovereignty. The cultural ties between
the two nations became stronger during the following decades. In
the mid-twentieth century, the Cuban
Revolution took place, culminating with the triumph of the
26th of July Movement on
January 1, 1959. In 1964, when Cuba was expelled from the
Organization of American
States Mexico did not support this resolution and
abstained. Mexico thereafter maintained diplomatic relations
with Cuba, which effectively established it as the sole link
between Fidel Castro and the rest of the
hemisphere because none of the other Latin American governments
recognized Cuba's revolutionary regime until after 1970. Since
then, Mexico constantly supported Cuba in international
organizations and multilateral forums, and strongly opposed to the
economic embargo imposed to the
Caribbean island in the early 1960s.
. He
later apologized and said that his words were meant to underscore
the cultural dominance of
the U.S. On November 16 1999, former Mexican president Ernesto Zedillo highly criticized the lack
of democracy and freedom in Cuba when officially visited
the Caribbean island. Relations worsened when then-president
Vicente Fox, from the National Action Party, redirected the
country's foreign policy.
In April
2002, the UN Human Rights
Commission again criticized Cuba's rights record, the resolution
was sponsored by Uruguay
and supported by many of Cuba's traditional allies
such as Mexico, that historically had abstained.
The same
month, Fox apologized to Fidel Castro over allegations by Castro
that Fox forced him to leave the United Nations International Conference on
Financing for Development in Monterrey
, Mexico so that he would not be in the presence of
former U.S. President George
W. Bush, who also attended.
Relations between the two countries reached their lowest
point.
, and Jamaica has an embassy in Mexico City
. Famous Mexicans of Jamaican descent:
Melvin Brown, Soccer player., that Mexico should become a full member of
Mercosur, other Latin American leaders such as Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva and
Tabaré Vázquez share this
vision and have extended the invitation, the latter emphasized
Mexico's key role in integration of Latin
America and the Caribbean and stated that:
and
Chile
, known as the ABC
countries, met in Niagara Falls
, Canada, to prevent
a war between Mexico and the United States, potentially possible due to measures taken by
then-U.S. President Woodrow
Wilson concerning the Tampico
Affair.
, Argentina, tensions between the two countries
started when former President Vicente
Fox canceled the anticipatively programed bilateral reunion
with then-President Néstor Kirchner. At the Summit, Fox
actively promoted the Free Trade Area of the
Americas (FTAA) and suggested the exclusion of those who did
not agree; Argentina, Brazil and Venezuela argued that the Summit was not meant to discuss the
FTAA and rejected the proposition. At the end of the
ceremony, Fox expressed that "the most important countries of the
Americas (Canada, Mexico and
the U.S.) supported the FTAA, and the secondary ones (Cuba, Venezuela
and the members of Mercosur) were against
it". Later, he criticized Kirchner's interest of "pleasing
the Argentine public opinion", who
responded that "Fox should only care for the affairs that involve
Mexico [...] and good diplomacy was not about bowing down to
powerful countries". The respective Ministries of Foreign Affairs
redacted a joint communiqué apologizing for the incident
and reminded the "importance of the good relations for both
countries". In 2007, when Kirchner paid a state visit, he and President Felipe Calderón signed a "Strategic
Partnership Agreement" to strengthen bilateral ties., Pakistan, South
Korea
and other eight countries, developed a movement
called Uniting for Consensus,
nicknamed the "Coffee Club", in opposition to the possible expansion
of the United Nations Security Council. Argentina and
Mexico, specifically, do not support the integration of Brazil as a
permanent member of the UNSC.
and Brazil represent
more than half of population, territory
and economic development in
Latin America, and have the major
prestige in the region. Considered as regional powers by analysts, relations
between the two countries remain good. In the economic area, both
are members of the ALADI, the G8+5 and the G-20.
and the Brazilian Empire
, refused to recognize the government of Maximilian I. In 1914, an incident occurred in the Port of Tampico was
enough to lead the U.S. to send troops to occupy the Port of Veracruz
, event that coincided with the military aid
provided by Germany
to General Victoriano
Huerta. The governments of Argentina, Brazil and
Chile, that were given the term ABC countries, supported by then-U.S. President Woodrow Wilson, offered their mediation to
solve the dispute peacefully. The
ABC countries met in Niagara Falls, Canada to prevent a war between
Mexico and the U.S. Legit President Venustiano Carranza refused to
participate because of discussions regarding the ideal form of government that should be
established in Mexico took place at the Niagara Falls conferences,
thus the Carranza followers condemned these actions and refused to
accept any foreign aid. Nonetheless, the ABC Pact of 1915 was successfully
implemented during the following years. Since the 1970s, relations
between Mexico and Brazil have been substantially
strengthened.
, the
People's
Republic of China and South Africa, often
represent the interests of the developing countries through economic
forums such as the G8+5 and the G-20.. Once Wilson realized that his objectives had
failed, he appealed to the accredited diplomats of Argentina, Brazil and Chile,
known as the ABC countries, to mediate
and find a peaceful solution to the international conflict
preventing a war between Mexico and the
U.S. and Salvador Allende in Chile. After the
coup d'état of September
11, 1973, Mexico condemned the dictatorship of General Augusto Pinochet, but did not break off
diplomatic relations immediately due to the amount of Chileans seeking for
asylum refuged in the Mexican embassy. Months later,
then-President Luis Echeverría
formally broke off diplomatic ties with Chile. when Derbez
had announced that he would no longer compete against José Miguel Insulza, however, the
Mexican delegation abstained despite being previously agreed that
it would vote for the Chilean candidate. Bilateral relations
were raised to a new level during the state visit of President Michelle Bachelet to Mexico in March 2007,
both countries put into effect a "Strategic Partnership Agreement"
aimed at bolstering trade, political, diplomatic and cultural
relations, as well as ties with civil
society. It also creates a fund that will provide USD$2 million
a year for development projects in Chile, Mexico and third
countries.
. Paraguay has an embassy in Mexico City and an honorary consulate in Guadalajara
. Both countries are full members of the
Rio Group, of the Latin Union
, of the Association of Spanish
Language Academies, of the Organization
of American States and of the Organization of
Ibero-American States.
. Uruguay has an embassy in Mexico City and 2 honorary consulates in Guadalajara and Monterrey
. Both countries are full members of the
Rio Group, of the Latin Union, of the Association of Spanish
Language Academies, of the Organization
of American States and of the Organization of
Ibero-American States.
, Liechtenstein
, Norway
and
Switzerland
.
established that both countries and its citizens would enjoy a
privileged position reciprocally, which included complaints and
demands related to the damages suffered during the war from French
citizens living in Mexico, the Mexican
Congress refused to ratify it. then-French Foreign Minister
Louis, comte Molé sent an
ultimatum urging the Mexican government to
pay off its debts, due to economic
instability, refused to do so. In 1838, a French
pastry cook, Monsieur Remontel, claimed his shop in the Tacubaya
district of Mexico City had been ruined by looting Mexican officers in
1828, he appealed to French King
Louis-Philippe.
Coming to its citizen's aid, France demanded MXN$600,000 in damages. When the payment was not forthcoming from
then-President Anastasio
Bustamante, Louis-Philippe sent a fleet to declare a blockade
of all Mexican ports from Yucatán
to the Rio
Grande
, and to seize the Port of Veracruz, which led to an armed conflict known as the
Pastry War. British diplomat
Richard Pakenham offered his
mediation, after several negotiations, Mexico was eventually forced
to pay the initially demanded MXN$600,000 and burdensome
compensations.
and Spain decided to
launch a joint occupation of the Mexican Gulf
coast to force repayment. The Spanish and
British quickly figured out that Juárez fully intended to pay the
debts when he could, so they withdrew. They also realized that the
French had other intentions, indicated by the arrival of
reinforcements, and had no desire to help France achieve its
ambitions, which led to a military intervention,
encouraged by the defeated conservatives. When the French
entered Mexico
City in mid-1863, the conservatives quickly invited
Archduke Ferdinand
Maximilian of Austria
to accept the Mexican crown, who agreed believing
that this act responded to the desire of a majority of
Mexicans. However, once the conservatives understood
Maximilian's democratic sentiments and
anticlerical attitudes, began withdrawing
their support. When the American
Civil War ended, the U.S. made its Monroe Doctrine valid and intervened by
providing military and financial aid to Juárez. Meanwhile, in
Europe, France was increasingly threatened by
a belligerent Prussia and, by 1866, Napoleon III began recalling his troops
stationed in Mexico. Conservative forces switched sides and began
supporting the Mexican liberals. United resumed their campaign on
February 19, 1867, and on May 15, Maximilian surrendered. He was tried and, on
Juárez's orders, was executed on [une 19. After an exhaustive
process, diplomatic relations
were reestablished in 1880, leaving behind claims related to the
war., Sarkozy praised Calderón for Mexico's "courageous
and determined" battle against drug
cartels and urged the Congress
to reform the Constitution in
order to allow the Mexican military
to collaborate with the United
Nations in peacekeeping
missions. Supported by British Prime Minister
Gordon Brown, Sarkozy has previously
expressed that the G8 would benefit from a
permanent enlargement that includes the +5
countries.'s interest in Mexico. Commercial links were
quickly established through the signing of the "Treaty of Commerce
and Navigation" between Mexico and Hamburg
in 1823. Due to increasing investment, six
years later, Prussia sent Carl Koppe as its
first General Consul and first representative in the newly-born
nation. During the administration of dictator Porfirio Diaz, commercial ties significantly
strengthened.
, the
Zimmermann Telegram, to Mexico
to join the Great War as Germany's ally
against the United
States, should the U.S. join. The proposal
suggested, if the U.S. were to enter the war, Mexico should declare
war against the U.S. and enlist Japan
as an
ally. This would prevent the U.S. from joining the Allies and deploying troops to
Europe, and would give Germany more time for
their unrestricted submarine warfare program to strangle Britain's
vital war supplies. In return, the Germans would promise Mexico
support in reclaiming Texas, New Mexico and Arizona. When the U.S. entered the war on April 2,
1917, eleven days later then-President Venustiano Carranza not only turned down
the proposition but also declared neutrality. to Mexico
and settled in the states of Chihuahua
and Durango
in 1922, their agricultural centers still
contribute to the economy of the region. During the Third Reich, Mexico received hundreds of
asylum seekers, standing out
important figures such as Egon Erwin
Kisch, Anna Seghers and Paul
Westheim. During the Second World War, the Axis Powers sank several Mexican oil tankers
such as Faja de
Oro
and Potrero de Llano, despite
Mexico's neutrality. This attacks were enough to make Mexico
enter the world conflict. In 1952, diplomatic relations between the two
countries were officially reestablished.
, Mexico,
best represents the foreign investment from Germany; specifically,
the Volkswagen Beetle,
informally called "vocho", is commonly seen as a symbol of Germany
in the country. In contemporary times, Germany is viewed as
a privileged partner in Europe, from whom economic, political and
cultural engagement in Mexico is expected. Bilateral relations are
being intensified in all areas based on a "Joint Declaration"
between the two countries' Foreign
Ministries signed in April 2007. Economic ties have been
strengthened since the European
Union-Mexico Free Trade
Agreement went into force in July 2000, Germany has become
Mexico's fourth-largest trading partner.
officially recognized the independence of Mexico by signing the
Treaty of Córdoba.
Ferdinand VII never gave his
approval to the treaty signed by Juan
O'Donojú, until he died in 1833, serious negotiations started
to formalize the independence, the "Treaty of Peace and Friendship"
was signed on December 28, 1836.. Napoleon
III was the leader of this operation, and the three powers
signed the Treaty of London on
October 31 to unite their efforts to receive payments from Mexico.
On
December 8 the Spanish fleet and troops
from Spanish-controlled
Cuba arrived at Mexico's main Gulf port, Veracruz. Spain along Great Britain soon withdrew
after the signing of the "Treaty of La Soledad", France did not
agree with the terms and immediately invaded
Mexico. and Spain, despite previously having negotiated the
eventual annexation of Cuba with
Washington. In 1936, the Cárdenas administration declared,
in the League of Nations, that
"Spain was a victim of foreign aggression and had the right of
moral and diplomatic support from the international community". The
government decided to openly support the republican forces during the
Spanish Civil War. Once the war finished
in 1939, Mexico received nearly 30,000 asylum seekers and immediately broke off
diplomatic relations with the "Spanish State
" under the rule of
dictator Francisco
Franco. would persuade other European countries to
recognize Mexico, especially Spain, and offer mediation in different international conflicts
that involved Mexico in the 19th century such as the Pastry War and the Texas War of Independence.
By 1861, Mexico was a country deeply in debt and torn by divisions
of the power of the Roman Catholic
Church. Mexico's creditors demanded repayment, forcing
then-President Benito Juárez to
declare a two-year moratorium on
foreign debt, which in turn led to a
punitive expedition sent by Britain, France and Spain. Juarez successfully
negotiated the "Treaty of La Soledad" with the British and Spanish,
who soon withdrew. After the Mexican
Congress ratified a commercial agreement with the U.S. in 1883,
Great Britain showed more interest in reestablish diplomatic
relations with Mexico, and quickly did so a couple of years later.
Sovereignty over the territory of Belize
was
historically claimed by Mexico, but the British crown refused to discuss this issue
for a long time; however, in 1897, the signing of the
"Mariscal-Spencer Treaty" resolved the territorial disputes with
the British crown
colony.| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| See Austria–Mexico
relations As of 2005, Mexico was Austria's second most important trade partner in Latin America. The same year, the President of Austria Heinz Fischer visited Mexico and Brazil, the first ever state visit of an Austrian President to countries in Latin America. |
||
| See Belgium–Mexico
relations Belgium has an embassy in Mexico City and six honorary consulates around Mexico (Cancún , Guadalajara , Monterrey, Puebla , Chihuahua and Veracruz ). Mexico has an embassy in Brussels . In 1836, Belgium—itself newly
independent—recognized the independence of Mexico. In 1919, the
Belgian chamber of commerce of Mexico was established. Belgium
opened its embassy in Mexico on June 5, 1954. |
||
| 1938 | See Bulgaria–Mexico
relations
|
|
| 1922 | See Czech
Republic – Mexico relations
|
|
| 1827 | See Denmark–Mexico
relations Diplomatic relations were started in 1827 with a Treaty of Friendship, Trade and Navigation and a commercial treaty based on the treaty Porfirio Díaz had signed with England  . Mexico has an embassy in Copenhagen . Denmark has an embassy in Mexico City. Denmark is Mexico's largest investor among
the Nordic countries. |
|
| See Foreign relations of Finland | ||
See Greece–Mexico
relations
|
||
| See Holy See –
Mexico relations The Vatican assigned an Apostolic Nuncio to Mexico in 1904. The Holy See has a nunciature in Mexico City . Mexico has an embassy in Rome .
As of 1990 about 90 percent of Mexico's 86 million people declared
themselves Roman Catholics. |
||
| 1901 | See Hungary–Mexico
relations
|
|
| 1960 | See Iceland–Mexico
relations
|
|
See Ireland–Mexico
relations
|
||
| See Foreign relations of Italy | ||
| 1935-07-20 |
|
|
| See Mexico–Russia
relations Diplomatic relations between both countries were established in 1890. Mexico has an embassy in Moscow  .
Russia
has an embassy in Mexico
City. Both countries are members of APEC.Leon Trotsky moved to Mexico from
Norway during his
exile. Mexican President Lázaro Cárdenas welcomed him
warmly, even arranging for a special train to bring him to Mexico City from the port of Tampico . In Mexico, Trotsky at one point lived at
the home of the painter Diego Rivera,
and at another at that of Rivera's wife & fellow painter,
Frida Kahlo with whom he had an
affair.Due to its good relations with Russia  , Mexico has
purchased various military equipment. The Mexican Navy has received BTR-60's Ural-4320, Mi-17/8's, and anti-aircraft missiles SA-18 Grouse. Currently all of the equipment is
still in service. |
||
| 1946 | See Mexico–Serbia
relations Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1946. Mexico has an embassy in Belgrade  . Serbia has an embassy in Mexico City. Relations between the two countries are
solid. As non-aligned socialist countries
during the cold war, both with powerful
neighbors, Mexico and Yugoslavia were
natural allies. Treaties between Mexico and Yugoslavia are now
being carried forward to treaties between Mexico and Serbia |
|
| See Mexico–Slovenia
relations Mexico was the first Latin American country to recognise independent and sovereign Slovenia on 22 May 1992. Mexican parliament members have praised Slovenia's participation in the eight-country initiative (which includes Mexico) for a world without nuclear weapons and its achievements in the human rights area. Since 1999 both countries have abolished visas as an example of strengthening relations. Mexico recognised Slovenia on 22 May 1992. Diplomatic relations were established on the same day when Slovenian President Milan Kucan and former Mexican President Carlos Salinas exchanged letters. |
||
|
as a Spanish
Colony and designated Manila
as the capital in 1571. Due to its
distance from Spain, the Spanish
Government assigned Manila's administration and government to
Viceroyalty of New Spain
for two and a half centuries. Evangelization and commercialization constituted the core of
intercontinental ties between Asia and America that materialized
with the Manila-Acapulco
galleons., Japan, the
People's
Republic of China and South
Korea. market, with the Mexican government having accused
the Chinese of impinging on its export territory by flooding the US
with cheap goods manufactured in low-wage factories. and Chile to meet
this end and fuel its chiefly-export economy. In 2008 Mexico
exported just $2 billion worth of goods to China while importing
some $34 billion from her, including clothing, electronics and
"tourist trinkets".
and Mexico
are reciprocally considered as strategic partners.
, and officially visited New Delhi
in August, where both ministers agreed to celebrate the IV
Binational Commission, formerly suspended in 1996, with the aim of
strengthening the bilateral agenda. In May 2007, India and
Mexico signed the "Bilateral Investment Protection Agreement"
(BIPA) to strengthen their trading relations, with proximity to the
U.S., the joint ventures would enable Indian companies to increase
their presence in the world's biggest market,
taking advantage of Mexico's membership in the North American Free Trade
Agreement (NAFTA).'s first
"equal" treaty with a foreign country. In 1897, the 35
members of the so-called Enomoto Colonization Party settle
in the Mexican
state of Chiapas
to grow
coffee, this was the first organized
emigration from Japan to Latin
America.. On November 27, 1924, Baron Shigetsuma
Furuya, Special Ambassador from Japan to Mexico, conferred the
honor on Obregón. It was reported that this had been the first time
that the Order had been conferred outside the Imperial family. In 1952, Mexico
becomes the second country to ratify the San Francisco Peace Treaty,
preceded only by the United Kingdom
.
, Ethiopia thanked Mexico by naming a square in the
city called "Plaza Mexico." Mexico then named a metro station in
Mexico City called Metro Etiopía
.
. It also has an honorary consulate in Mexico
City.
with an honorary consulate in Haifa
. Israel also opened an embassy in Mexico City with three honorary consulates in the country;
Guadalajara, Monterrey
and Tijuana
.In 2000, a free trade agreement was
signed between the two nations. and South Africa before
1994. After the birth of democracy in South Africa, the countries established
relations. Mexico has an embassy in Pretoria
, South Africa has an
embassy in Mexico
City.
and other specialized organizations of the
UN.
, Italy, Pakistan and other nine countries. And have formed a
movement informally called the Coffee
Club, created in the 1990s, which highly opposes to the reform
that the Group of Four (G4)
suggests.
(OAS), Mexico has actively participated in the
intergovernmental
organization. Since the creation of the OAS, Mexico
always promoted to include more principals related to international cooperation and
less military aspects, its position was based on the principles of
non-intervention and the pacific resolution of disputes.
In
addition, Mexico favored the membership of Canada in 1989 and
Belize and Guatemala in 1991..
Mexico refused, condemned the Bay
of Pigs invasion, and did not support the expulsion of Cuba
from the OAS. Years later, Mexico strongly opposed to the creation
of a military alliance within the OAS framework, and condemned the
U.S. invasion of
Panama in 1989. and harsh
critics from the Mexican public
opinion when Derbez had announced that he would no longer
compete against José Miguel
Insulza but the Mexican delegation abstained despite being
previously agreed that it would vote for the Chilean
candidate. • OEI • OPANAL • Rio Group •
SICA • Summits of the Americas • UNASUR •
UNECLAC
• IOM • IPU • ITC • Interpol
• ITU • Latin Union • NAM •
UN • UNAIDS •
UNOCHA • UNCTAD •
UNDIR •
UNESCO
• UNHCR • UNITAR •
UNRISD
• UNWTO • UPU
• World Bank • WHO • WIPO • WMO • WSIS • WTO
and the
United
States).
and formerly Venezuela).
.
..
., El
Salvador and Honduras
)., Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland)...
, while 1,100 metric tons of marijuana are smuggled
each year from Mexico.
State Department estimates. Although violence between
drug cartels has been occurring long
before the war began, the government used its police forces in the
1990s and early 2000s with little effect. That changed on
December 11 2006, when newly elected President Felipe Calderón sent 6,500 federal
troops to the state of Michoacán
to put an end to drug violence there. This
action is regarded as the first major retaliation made against
cartel operations, and is generally viewed as the starting point of
the war between the government and the
drug cartels. As time progressed, Calderón continued to
escalate his anti-drug campaign, in which there are now well over
25,000 troops involved. During the Calderón administration, the Mexican government has spent
approximately USD$7 billion in an 18-month-old
campaign against drug cartels. It is estimated that during 2006,
there were about 2,000 drug-related violent deaths, about 2,300
deaths during 2007, and more than 6,200 people by the end of 2008.
Many of the dead were gang members killed by rivals or by the
government, some have been bystanders., stated that:, the Southwest, and Illinois
, but have been coming to new gateway states,
including New
York
, North
Carolina
, Georgia
, Nevada
, and Washington, D.C., in increasing numbers. This phenomenon
can be mainly attributed to poverty in
Mexico, the growing demand for unskilled labor in the U.S., the
existence of established family and community networks that allow migrants to arrive
in the U.S. with people known to them. and other
European countries before and
during World War II, from Latin America's Southern Cone in the 1970s, and from Central America since the beginning of the
1980s. However, in recent years refugees who solicit asylum
are usually treated as if they were just immigrants, with
exhaustive administrative processes. The southern border of Mexico
has experienced a significant increase in legal and illegal flows
over the past decade, in particular for migrants seeking to transit
Mexico to reach the U.S. José
Luis Soberanes, president of the National Human Rights
Commission, condemned the repressing policy implemented by the
Mexican government against
illegal immigrants who cross the country's southern border.
President Calderón modified the "General Law on
Population" to derogate some penalties against immigrants such as
jail, instead undocumented immigrants have to pay fines as high as
USD$500.
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