Haplogroup Q1a3a (Y-DNA): Map

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In human genetics Haplogroup Q1a3a is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup (Y-DNA). Haplogroup Q1a3a' is a subclade of haplogroup Q. Haplogroup Q1a3a was previously known as haplogroup Q3. In 1996 Dr. Peter Underhill and his colleagues at Stanford University first discovered the indigenous American clade or single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) that was to become known as M3 (Q1a3aM3). Later studies completed the genetic bridge by determining that Q1a3a-M3 was related Q-M242-bearing populations found predominately in Central Asia. Within the parent Q clade, there is 13 haplogroups marked by 17 SNPs.

The "male" Y chromosome is one of the two sex chromosomes in humans. The Y chromosome spans about 58 million base pairs (the building blocks of DNA) and represents about 2 percent of the total DNA in all human cells. The Y chromosome differs from Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups (mtDNA) in that the majority of the Y chromosome is unique and does not recombine during meiosis. Meaning the historical pattern of mutations can easily be studied.

Indigenous American subclade Q1a3a (Q3)

Haplogroup Q1a3aM3 is a Y Chromosome subclade haplo generally associated with the Indigenous peoples of the Americas. This haplogroup is defined by the presence of the rs3894 (Q1a3a-M3) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). The Q1a3a-M3 SNP is found "downstream" from the Q-M242 (SNP). Q-M242 is the defining (father-clade) single nucleotide polymorphism of the Q haplogroup.

The Q1a3a-M3 mutation is on the Q lineage roughly 10,000 to 15,000 years ago, as the migration throwout the Americas was underway by the early Paleo-Indians. The micro-satellite diversity and distribution of a Y lineage specific to South America "Q-M19" indicates that certain Amerind populations have been isolated since the initial colonization of the region approximately 5,000 to 10,000 years ago. The Na-Dené, Inuit and Indigenous Alaskan populations are distinct from other indigenous Americans. This suggests that the earliest migrants into the northern extremes of North America and Greenland

derived from a much later populations along the Bering sea coast line

. This dates are in relative agreement with the age of well-established American archaeological evidence of widespread habitation of the continent.

Subclade M19

Populations carrying Q1a3a-M3 are widespread throughout the Americas. Since the discovery of M3 several subclades of M3 bearing populations have been discovered in the Americas. An example is in South America where some populations have a high prevalence of (SNP) M19 which defines subclade Q1a3a1-M19. M19 has been detected in (59%) of Amazonian Ticuna

men and in (10%) of Wayuu men. Subclade Q1a3a1-M19 appears to be unique to South American Indigenous peoples and suggests that population isolation and perhaps even the establishment of tribes began soon after migration into the Americas.

Father clade Q

A migration from Asia into Alaska across the Bering Strait

(Beringia) was done by haplogroup Q-M2 populations approximately 22,000 to 17,000 years ago. A member of this initial founding population underwent a mutation, producing its descendant population defined by the Q1a3a-M3 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). In Eurasia haplogroup Q-M2 can still be found in Siberian populations and in particular within two populations, the Kets (93.8%) and the Selkups (66.4%). The Kets are thought to be the only survivors of ancient nomads living in Siberia. Their population size is very small; as of 2002, there were fewer than 1,500 Kets in Russia

. The Selkups have a slightly larger population size than the Kets, but it is still a relatively small population (approximately 4,250 in 2002).

F-haplo family tree

The Y-DNA F Haplogroup family tree

F-haplo - This ancient haplogroup may have first appeared in India , the Levant, or the Arabian Peninsula - Possibly 50,000 to 55,000 years ago: 50,300±6500, Hammer and Zegura 2002; 48,000(38,700-55,700) The groups descending from haplogroup F are found in 90% of the world current male populations, however it appears most of the Sub-Saharan African and subregion of the Oceanias population is excluded.
- IJK - Great-great-great-grandfather clade -Origin: Western Asia - 47,000 years ago
  - K - Great-great-grandfather clade -Origin: Western Asia - 42,000 years ago
    - MNOPS - Great-grandfather clade -Origin: Central Asia or Western Asia 34,000 - 40,000 years ago
      - P (92R7, M45, M74, N12, P27) - Grandfather clade. Origin: Hindu Kush region in Siberia , Kazakhstan , or Uzbekistan , approximately 34,000 to 38,000 years ago
        
        P* Found in Hvar
        
        Q (M242) - Father clade. Origin: Siberia Sakha Republic the Altai Mountains or Verkhoyansk Range , approximately 17,000 to 22,000 years ago
        
        Q* - Found at low frequencies in India and Pakistan
        
        Q1 (P36.2)
        
        Q1*
        
        Q1a (MEH2)
        
        Q1a*
        
        Q1a1 (M120, M265/N14) - Found at low frequency among Chinese, Koreans, Dungan, Hazara, and Tibetans
        
        Q1a2 (M25, M143) - Found at low to moderate frequency among some populations of Southwest Asia, Central Asia, and Siberia
        
        Q1a3 (M346)
        
        Q1a3* - Found at low frequency in Pakistan , India , and Tibet
        
        Q1a3a (M3) - Subclade associated with all Indigenous Americas. Origin: Americas 10,000 to 15,000 years ago - 10,000 year old human remains discovered in Alaska are part of this subclade
        
        Q1a3a*
        
        Q1a3a1 (M19) - Subclade found among Indigenous South Americas, such as the Ticuna and the Wayuu.- Origin: South America approximately 5,000 to 10,000 years ago
        
        Q1a3a2 (M194) - This is the defining mutation for Q1a3a2. It has only been found in South American populations.
        
        Q1a3a3 (M199, P106, P292) - They have only been found in South American populations
        
        Q1a4 (P48)
        
        Q1a5 (P89)
        
        Q1a6 (M323) - Found in a significant minority of Yemenite Jews
        
        Q1b (M378) - Found at low frequency among samples of Hazara and Sindhis

Y-DNA subclade C3b and Q*

Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup tree

Haplogroup C3 (M217, P44) is mainly found in indigenous Siberians, Mongolians

and Oceanic populations. Haplogroup C3 is the most widespread and frequently occurring branch of the greater haplogroup C. Haplogroup C3 is believed to have originated approximately 20,000 years before present in eastern or central Asia. Haplogroup C3 decedent is commonly found among today's Na-Dené speakers as C3b (P39). The Na-Dené are also unusual among indigenous peoples of the Americas in having a relatively high frequency of (Q*). This distinct and isolated branch C3b (P39) includes almost all the Haplogroup C3 Y-chromosomes found among any indigenous peoples of the Americas.

C3 (M217, P44, PK2)
- C3* Typical of Buryats, Mongolians , Daurs, Kalmyks, Hazaras, Manchus, Sibes, Oroqens, Koryaks, and Itelmens; with a moderate distribution among other Tungusic peoples, Koreans, Ainus, Nivkhs, Altaians, Tuvinians, and Uzbeks
- C3a (M93) Observed sporadically among Japanese
  - C3b (P39) Found restricted to the Na-Dené peoples of North America
- C3c (M48, M77, M86) * Typical of Northern Tungusic peoples, Kazakhs, Oirats, Kalmyks, Outer Mongolians, Yukaghirs, Nivkhs, Koryaks, and Itelmens, with a moderate distribution among Southern Tungusic peoples, Inner Mongolians, Buryats, Tuvinians, Yakuts, Chukchi, Kyrgyz, Uyghurs, Uzbeks, Karakalpaks, and Tajiks '*
- C3d (M407) Observed sporadically among Yakuts and Han Chinese
- C3e (P53.1)
- C3f (P62)

* Note: (One particular haplotype within the Y-DNA Haplogroup C3 has received a great deal of attention for the possibility that it may represent direct patrilineal Descent from Genghis Khan. Genghis Y-chromosomal lineage is present in about 8% of the men in a large region of Asia and about 0.5% of the men in the world (Khan haplotype "C3c" is found lower on the C tree and is not found in Indigenous Americas. )

mtDNA

Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup - X is one of the five mtDNA-haplogroups found in American indigenous peoples. However, unlike the four main American mtDNA-haplogroups (A, B, C and D) - X is not at all strongly associated with East Asia. The X genetic sequences subsequently further diverged about 20,000 to 30,000 years ago to give two sub-groups, X1 and X2. X2a occurs only at a frequency of about 3% for the total current indigenous population of the Americas. However, X2a is a major mtDNA (female) subclade in North America, where among the Algonquian peoples it comprises up to 25% of mtDNA types. It is also present in lesser percentages to the west and south of this area — among the Sioux (15%), the Nuu-Chah-Nulth (11%–13%), the Navajo (7%), and the Yakama (5%). The (mtDNA)X-haplo is more strongly present in the Near East, the Caucasus, and Mediterranean Europe; and somewhat less strongly present in the rest of Europe. Particular concentrations appear in Georgia

(8%), the Orkney Islands

(in Scotland

) (7%) and amongst the Israeli Druze community (26%). One theory for the haplogroup X (subclade X2a) appearance in North America; is it migrated along with A,B,C, and D mtDNA groups from a matrilineal (female) ancestral source originating in the Altai Region

of central Asia.

Overlap between mtDNA and Y-DNA haplogroups

Populations that have a specific combination of Y-haplogroup and mt-haplogroup mutations can generally be seen in specific regional variations. Y mutations and mt mutations do not necessarily occur at a similar time and there are differential rates of sexual selection between the two. Combined with the founder effect and genetic drift this can alter the haplogroup composition of an isolated population making them very distinguishable.(i.e Taínos, Fuegians, Inuit and Yupik)

The rough overlaps between Y-DNA haplogroups and mtDNA haplogroups between the American and Siberia indigenous populations are:

Y-DNA haplogroup(s)	mtDNA haplogroup(s)	Geographical area(s)
Q, C3	A, X, Y, C, D (M types), (N types)	Russian far east, Americas, Arctic

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