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Henri Matisse (31 December 1869 – 3 November 1954) was a Frenchmarker artist, known for his use of colour and his fluid, brilliant and original draughtsmanship. He was a master draughtsman, printmaker, and sculptor, but excelled primarily as a painter. Matisse is regarded, with Picasso, as the greatest artist of the 20th century. Although he was initially labelled as a Fauve (wild beast), by the 1920s, he was increasingly hailed as an upholder of the classical tradition in French painting.His mastery of the expressive language of colour and drawing, displayed in a body of work spanning over a half-century, won him recognition as a leading figure in modern art.

Early life and education

Henri-Émile-Benoît Matisse was born in Le Cateau-Cambrésismarker, Nord, Francemarker, he grew up in Bohain-en-Vermandoismarker, Picardiemarker, Francemarker, where his parents owned a seed business. He was their first son. In 1887 he went to Parismarker to study law, working as a court administrator in Le Cateau-Cambrésismarker after gaining his qualification. He first started to paint in 1889, when his mother had brought him art supplies during a period of convalescence following an attack of appendicitis. He discovered "a kind of paradise" as he later described it, and decided to become an artist, deeply disappointing his father. In 1891, he returned to Paris to study art at the Académie Julian and became a student of William-Adolphe Bouguereau and Gustave Moreau. Initially he painted still-lifes and landscapes in the traditional Flemish style, at which he achieved reasonable proficiency. Chardin was one of Matisse's most admired painters; as an art student he made copies of four Chardin paintings in the Louvremarker. In 1896 he exhibited 5 paintings in the salon of the Société Nationale des Beaux-Arts, and the state bought two of his paintings. In 1897 and 1898, he visited the painter John Peter Russell on the island Belle Îlemarker off the coast of Brittany. Russell introduced him to Impressionism and to the work of van Gogh (who had been a good friend of Russell but was completely unknown at the time). Matisse's style changed completely, and he would later say "Russell was my teacher, and Russell explained colour theory to me."

Matisse was influenced by the works of Nicolas Poussin, Antoine Watteau, Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin, Edouard Manet, and the post-Impressionists Cézanne, Gauguin, van Gogh, and Signac, and also by Auguste Rodin, and Japanese art. Matisse immersed himself in the work of others and got in debt from buying work from many of the painters he admired. The work he hung and displayed in his home included a plaster bust by Rodin, a painting by Gauguin, a drawing by van Gogh, and most importantly, Cézanne's Three Bathers. In Cézanne's sense of pictorial structure and colour Matisse found his main inspiration. Many of his paintings from 1899 to 1905 make use of a pointillist technique adopted from Signac. In 1898, he went to London to study the paintings of J. M. W. Turner and then went on a trip to Corsicamarker.

With the model Caroline Joblau, he had a daughter, Marguerite, born in 1894. In 1898 he married Amélie Noellie Parayre; the two raised Marguerite together and had two sons, Jean (born 1899) and Pierre (born 1900). Marguerite often served as a model for Matisse.

Fauvism

His first solo exhibition was at Vollard's gallery in 1904, without much success. His fondness for bright and expressive colour became more pronounced after he moved southwards in 1905 to work with André Derain and spent time on the French Rivieramarker. The paintings of this period are characterized by flat shapes and controlled lines, with expression dominant over detail.

In 1905, Matisse and a group of artists now known as "Fauves" exhibited together in a room at the Salon d'Automne. The paintings expressed emotion with wild, often dissonant colours, without regard for the subject's natural colours. Matisse showed Open Window and Woman with the Hat at the Salon. Critic Louis Vauxcelles described the work with the phrase "Donatello au milieu des fauves!" (Donatello among the wild beasts), referring to a Renaissance-type sculpture that shared the room with them.Chilver, Ian (Ed.). "Fauvism", The Oxford Dictionary of Art, Oxford University Press, 2004. Retrieved from enotes.com, 26 December 2007. His comment was printed on 17 October 1905 in Gil Blas, a daily newspaper, and passed into popular usage. The pictures gained considerable condemnation, such as "A pot of paint has been flung in the face of the public" from the critic Camille Mauclair, but also some favourable attention. The painting that was singled out for attacks was Matisse's Woman with a Hat, which was bought by Gertrude and Leo Stein: this had a very positive effect on Matisse, who was suffering demoralization from the bad reception of his work.
Matisse was recognized as a leader of the group, along with André Derain; the two were friendly rivals, each with his own followers. Other members were Georges Braque, Raoul Dufy and Maurice de Vlaminck. The Symbolist painter Gustave Moreau was the movement's inspirational teacher, and he did much for the era; a professor at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, he pushed his students to think outside of the lines of formality and to follow their visions.

In 1907 Apollinaire, commenting about Matisse in an article published in La Falange, said, "We are not here in the presence of an extravagant or an extremist undertaking: Matisse's art is eminently reasonable."

But Matisse's work of the time also encountered vehement criticism, and it was difficult for him to provide for his family. His controversial 1907 painting Nu bleu was burned in effigy at the Armory Showmarker in Chicago in 1913.

The decline of the Fauvist movement, after 1906, did nothing to affect the rise of Matisse; many of his finest works were created between 1906 and 1917, when he was an active part of the great gathering of artistic talent in Montparnassemarker, even though he did not quite fit in, with his conservative appearance and strict bourgeois work habits.

Matisse had a long association with the Russian art collector Sergei Shchukin. He created one of his major works La Danse specially for Shchukin as part of a two painting commission, the other painting being Music, 1910. An earlier version of La Danse (1909) is in the collection of The Museum of Modern Artmarker in New York Citymarker.

Gertrude Stein, Académie Matisse, and the Cone sisters

Around 1904 he met Pablo Picasso, who was 12 years younger than him. The two became life-long friends as well as rivals and are often compared; one key difference between them is that Matisse drew and painted from nature, while Picasso was much more inclined to work from imagination. The subjects painted most frequently by both artists were women and still life, with Matisse more likely to place his figures in fully realized interiors. Matisse and Picasso were first brought together at the Parismarker salon of Gertrude Stein and her companion Alice B. Toklas. During the first decade of the 20th century, Americansmarker in Paris Gertrude Stein, her brothers Leo Stein, Michael Stein and Michael's wife Sarah were important collectors and supporters of Matisse's paintings. In addition Gertrude Stein's two American friends from Baltimoremarker, Clarabel and Etta Cone, became major patrons of Matisse and Picasso, collecting hundreds of their paintings. The Cone collection is now exhibited in the Baltimore Museum of Artmarker.

His friends organized and financed the Académie Matisse in Paris,a private and non-commercial school in which Matisse instructed young artists. It operated from 1907 until 1911. Hans Purrmann and Sarah Stein were amongst several of his most loyal students.

After Paris

In 1917 Matisse relocated to Cimiezmarker on the French Rivieramarker, a suburb of the city of Nicemarker. His work of the decade or so following this relocation shows a relaxation and a softening of his approach. This "return to order" is characteristic of much art of the post-World War I period, and can be compared with the neoclassicism of Picasso and Stravinsky, and the return to traditionalism of Derain.His orientalist odalisque paintings are characteristic of the period; while popular, some contemporary critics found this work shallow and decorative.

After 1930 a new vigor and bolder simplification appear in his work. American art collector Albert C. Barnes convinced him to produce a large mural for the Barnes Foundationmarker, The Dance II, which was completed in 1932. The Foundation owns several dozen other Matisse paintings.

He and his wife of 41 years separated in 1939. In 1941 he underwent surgery where a colostomy was performed. Afterwards, he started using a wheelchair. Until his death he would be cared for by a Russian woman, Lydia Delektorskaya, formerly one of his models. With the aid of assistants he set about creating cut paper collages, often on a large scale, called gouaches découpés. His Blue Nudes series feature prime examples of this technique he called "painting with scissors"; they demonstrate the ability to bring his eye for colour and geometry to a new medium of utter simplicity, but with playful and delightful power.

In 1947 he published Jazz, a limited-edition book containing prints of colorful paper cut collages, accompanied by his written thoughts. In the 1940s he also worked as a graphic artist and produced black-and-white illustrations for several books and over one hundred original lithographs at the famous Mourlot Studios in Paris.

Matisse, thoroughly unpolitical, was shocked when he heard that his daughter Marguerite, who had been active in the Résistance during the war, was tortured and imprisoned in the Ravensbrück concentration campmarker.
In 1951 he finished a four-year project of designing the interior, the glass windows and the decorations of the Chapelle du Rosaire de Vencemarker. This project was the result of the close friendship between Matisse and Sister Jacques-Marie. He had hired her as a nurse and model in 1941 before she became a Dominican Nun and they met again in Vence and started the collaboration, a story related in her 1992 book Henri Matisse: La Chapelle de Vence and in the 2003 documentary "A Model for Matisse".

He established a museummarker dedicated to his work in 1952, in his birthplace city, and this museum is now the third-largest collection of Matisse works in France.

Matisse died of a heart attack at the age of 84 in 1954. He is interred in the cemetery of the Monastère Notre Dame de Cimiez, near Nice.

Legacy

The first painting of Matisse acquired by a public collection was Still Life with Geraniums (1910), exhibited in the Pinakothek der Modernemarker.Butler, Desmond. "Art/Architecture; A Home for the Modern In a Time-Bound City", The New York Times, 10 November 2002. Retrieved 25 December 2007. Today, a Matisse painting can fetch as much as US $17 million. In 2002, a Matisse sculpture, Reclining Nude I (Dawn), sold for US $9.2 million, a record for a sculpture by the artist.

The Plum Blossoms a 1948 painting by Henri Matisse, was purchased on September 8, 2005, for the Museum of Modern Artmarker by Henry Kravis and the new president of the museum, Marie-Josée Drouin. Estimated price was US $25 million. Previously, it had not been seen by the public since 1970.

Matisse's daughter Marguerite often aided Matisse scholars with insights about his working methods and his works. She died in 1982 while compiling a catalog of her father's work.

Matisse's son, Pierre Matisse, (1900-1989) opened an important modern art gallery in New York Citymarker during the 1930s. The Pierre Matisse Gallery which was active from 1931 until 1989 represented and exhibited many European artists and a few Americans and Canadians in New York often for the first time. He exhibited Joan Miró, Marc Chagall, Alberto Giacometti, Jean Dubuffet, André Derain, Yves Tanguy, Le Corbusier, Paul Delvaux, Wifredo Lam, Jean-Paul Riopelle, Balthus, Leonora Carrington, Zao Wou Ki, Sam Francis, sculptors Theodore Roszak, Raymond Mason and Reg Butler, and several other important artists, including the work of Henri Matisse.

Henri Matisse's grandson, Paul Matisse, is an artist and inventor living in Massachusettsmarker. Matisse's great granddaughter Sophie Matisse is active as an artist in 2009. Les Heritiers Matisse functions as his official Estate. The U.S. copyright representative for Les Heritiers Matisse is the Artists Rights Society.

Paintings

Image:Matisse-Luxe.jpg|Luxe, Calme et Volupté, 1904, Musée National d'Art Moderne.markerFile:Bonheur Matisse.jpg|Le bonheur de vivre, 1905-6, Barnes Foundationmarker, Merion, PAmarkerImage:Matisse-Open-Window.jpg|Open Window, Collioure, 1905, National Gallery of Artmarker, Washington, DC.markerImage:Matisse - Green Line.jpeg|Portrait of Madame Matisse , 1905, Statens Museum for Kunstmarker, Copenhagen, DenmarkmarkerImage:henri_matisse.jpg|Self-Portrait in a Striped T-shirt 1906, Statens Museum for Kunstmarker, Copenhagen, DenmarkmarkerImage:Young Sailor II.jpg|The Young Sailor II, 1906, Metropolitan Museum of Artmarker, New York CitymarkerFile:Matisse Souvenir de Biskra.jpg|Blue Nude , 1907, Baltimore Museum of ArtmarkerFile:Matisse.mme-matisse-madras.jpg|Madras Rouge, 1907, Barnes FoundationmarkerFile:Bathers with a turtle.jpg|Bathers with a Turtle, 1908, Saint Louis Art Museummarker, St. LouismarkerImage:Matissedance.jpg|The Dance , 1910 Hermitage Museummarker, St. Petersburgmarker, RussiaImage:Matisse518.jpg|Still Life with Geraniums, 1910, Pinakothek der Modernemarker, Munich, GermanymarkerFile:Atelier rouge matisse 1.jpg|L'Atelier Rouge, 1911, oil on canvas, 162 x 130 cm., The Museum of Modern Artmarker, New York CitymarkerImage:Matisse Conversation.jpg|The Conversation, c.1911, The Hermitagemarker, St. Petersburgmarker, RussiaFile:Matisse Riffian.jpg|Le Rifain assis, 1912-13, 200 x 160 cm. Barnes Foundationmarker, Merion, PAmarkerFile:Zorah on the Terrace.jpg|Zorah on the Terrace, 1912, oil on canvas, 116 x 100 cm., The Pushkin Museum of Fine Artsmarker, Moscow, RussiamarkerImage:The Window Henri Matisse.jpg|Window at Tangier, 1912, The Pushkin Museum of Fine Artsmarker, MoscowmarkerFile:Henri Matisse - View of Notre Dame. Paris, quai Saint-Michel, spring 1914.jpg|View of Notre-Dame, 1914, Museum of Modern ArtmarkerFile:Porte-Fenetre a Collioure 1914.jpg|French Window at Colliouremarker, 1914. Art Institute of ChicagomarkerFile:Matisse Woman on a high stool.jpg|Woman on a High Stool, 1914, Museum of Modern Artmarker, New York CitymarkerImage:Yellow Curtain.jpg|The Yellow Curtain, 1915, Museum of Modern Artmarker New York Citymarker



The cutouts



Partial list of works









Books/Essays

  • Notes of a Painter,1908
  • Painter's Notes on Drawing ,1930.
  • Jazz, 1947
  • Matisse on Art, collected by Jack D. Flam, 1973. ISBN 0714815187


See also



Notes

Resources

  • F. Celdran, R.R. Vidal y Plana. Triangle : Henri Matisse - Georgette Agutte - Marcel Sembat Paris, Yvelinedition, 2007. ISBN 9782846681315.
  • Raymond Escholier. Matisse. A Portrait of the Artist and the Man. London, Faber & Faber, 1960.
  • Lawrence Gowing. Matisse. New York, Oxford University Press, 1979. ISBN 0195201574.
  • David Lewis. "Matisse and Byzantium, or, Mechanization Takes Command" in Modernism/modernity 16:1 ( January 2009), 51-59.
  • Pierre Schneider. Matisse. New York, Rizzoli, 1984. ISBN 0847805468.
  • Hilary Spurling. The Unknown Matisse: A Life of Henri Matisse, Vol. 1, 1869-1908. London, Hamish Hamilton Ltd, 1998. ISBN 0-679-43428-3.
  • Hilary Spurling. Matisse the Master: A Life of Henri Matisse, Vol. 2, The Conquest of Colour 1909 - 1954. London, Hamish Hamilton Ltd, 2005. ISBN 0-241-13339-4.
  • John Russell. Matisse, Father & Son, published by Harry N. Abrams, NYC. Copyright John Russell 1999, ISBN 0 81094378 6
  • Alastair Wright. Matisse and the Subject of Modernism Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2006. ISBN 0691118302.


Further reading

  • Nancy Marmer, "Matisse and the Strategy of Decoration," Artforum, March 1966, pp. 28-33.


External links




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