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group = Hungarians Magyarok |
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population = c. 15.0 million | ||||||||||||
region1 = Central Europe | ||||||||||||
pop1 = c. 10.65 million | ||||||||||||
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region2 = | ||||||||||||
pop2 = 9,967,921 (2001) | ||||||||||||
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region3 = | ||||||||||||
pop3 = 520,528 (2001) | ||||||||||||
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region4 = | ||||||||||||
pop4 = 14,672 (2001) | ||||||||||||
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region5 = | ||||||||||||
pop5 = 120,000 (2004) | ||||||||||||
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region6 = | ||||||||||||
pop6 = 40,583 (2001) | ||||||||||||
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region7 = | ||||||||||||
pop7 = 6,243 (2002) | ||||||||||||
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region8 = Southeastern Europe | ||||||||||||
pop8 = c. 1.75 million | ||||||||||||
region9 = | ||||||||||||
pop9 = 1,434,377 (2002) | ||||||||||||
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region10 = | ||||||||||||
pop10 = 293,299 (2002) | ||||||||||||
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region11 = | ||||||||||||
pop11 = 16,595 (2001) | ||||||||||||
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region12 = | ||||||||||||
pop12 = 6,800 (2001) | ||||||||||||
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region13 = | ||||||||||||
pop13 = 893 (1991) | ||||||||||||
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region12 = | ||||||||||||
pop12 = 2,003 (2002) | ||||||||||||
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region14 = Eastern Europe | ||||||||||||
pop14 = 160,000 | ||||||||||||
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region15 = | ||||||||||||
pop15 = 156,600 (2001) | ||||||||||||
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region16 = | ||||||||||||
pop16 = 3,768 (2002) | ||||||||||||
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region17 = Western Europe | ||||||||||||
pop17 = 120,000 | ||||||||||||
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region18 = | ||||||||||||
pop18 = 80,135 (2001) | ||||||||||||
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region19 = | ||||||||||||
pop19 = 3,328 (2006) | ||||||||||||
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region20 = North America | ||||||||||||
pop20 = c. 1.9 million | ||||||||||||
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region21 = | ||||||||||||
pop21 = 1,563,081 (2006) | ||||||||||||
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region22 = | ||||||||||||
pop22 = 315,510 (2006) | ||||||||||||
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region23 = South America | ||||||||||||
pop23 = 100,000 | ||||||||||||
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region24 = | ||||||||||||
pop24 = 80,000 | ||||||||||||
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region25 = | ||||||||||||
pop25 = 40–50,000 | ||||||||||||
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region26 = | ||||||||||||
pop26 = 40,000 | ||||||||||||
region27 = Asia | ||||||||||||
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region28 = | ||||||||||||
pop28 = 1,114 | ||||||||||||
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region29 = Australasia (AUS / NZ![]() |
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pop29 = 62,000 | ||||||||||||
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region31 = | ||||||||||||
pop31 = 214 | ||||||||||||
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region32 = Africa | ||||||||||||
pop32 = 10,000 | ||||||||||||
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languages = Hungarian | ||||||||||||
religions = align="center" style="background:transparent;
text-align:left;"
style="width:30em;" Predominantly Roman Catholic and Protestant , but also including Greek Catholic, Jewish and Unaffiliated. } |
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related=}}Hungarians (in ) are an
ethnic group primarily associated with
Hungary![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() EtymologyThe word "Hungarian" is thought to be derived from the Bulgar-Turkic Onogur, possibly because the Magyars were neighbours (or confederates) of the Empire of the Onogurs in the sixth century, whose leading tribal union was called the "Onogurs" (meaning "ten tribes" or "ten arrows" in Old Turkic; see below).The "H-" prefix in many languages (Hungarians, Hongrois, Hungarus etc.) is a later addition. It was taken over from the name of the "Huns", a semi-nomadic tribe that briefly lived in the area of present-day Hungary and, according to legends originating in the medieval period, were the people from which the Magyars arose. The identification of the "Hungarians" with the "Huns" has often occurred in historiography and literature. Even today, Hun names like Attila and Réka are popular among Hungarians. This identification began to be disputed in the late nineteenth century and is still a source of major controversy among scholars about the nature of the connection between the two. "Magyar" is the term Hungarians use, in their own language, to refer to themselves or to their language. The English equivalent for the word would be "Hungarian". However, the word "Magyar" is frequently used in English texts when referring to Hungarian ethnicity, and, in a broader context, when describing the ancient nomadic Hungarian/Magyar tribes. Some sources claim "Magyar" to be the proper name of the ethnic group. "Hungarian" took root in the English language over the centuries. Many theories exist on the origins and meanings of the word "Magyar"", although the etymology of the words Hungary and Hungarian is accompanied by less debate. In Old Slavic texts Hungarians were referred to as Ugors or Ogurs (Ugri), in Byzantine and early Latin texts uniguri, Ungri words were used, presumably from the Turkic word On ogur, meaning ten arrows, i.e., seven traditionally Hungarian tribes —Megyer, Jenő, Keszi, Nyék, Kér, Tarján plus the merged Kürt and Gyarmat— joined by three Kabar tribes whose names are not known for sure (with the usual suspects being Ság, Ladány, Berény, Tárkány). Later, from the Unugor form evolved the words Ungarus, Ungar, Ungarn, and Venger. In the Middle Ages the Latin Ungarus, Ungaria words changed to Hungarus, Hungaria, that also referred to the Hungarians being related to the Huns. This finally was the base for many languages' word for Hungarian/Hungary. Ethnic affiliations and genetic originsThe origin of the Hungarians is partly disputed. The most widely-accepted Finno-Ugric theory of origin from the late nineteenth century is based primarily on linguistic and ethnographical arguments. Contesting these, the theory is criticized as relying too much on August Schleicher's Stammbaumtheorie of historical linguistics, and some cite that Finno-Ugric-speaking peoples have a wide range of cultural, ethnic and genetic variation. It should also be noted that though old and modern-day Hungarians have a predominantly European genetic makeup, one researcher states that about 13% of the population have retained the other Uralic language speakers' genes, while another sees no genetic continuity. There are also other theories stating that the Magyars are descendants of Scythians, Huns and/or Avars.The Hungarian language belongs to the Finno-Ugric group of languages. The closest related languages are the Khanty language (or Ostyak) and the Mansi language (or Vogul).According to a genetic study published in 2000 in the American academic journal Science, the ancestors of Hungarians appeared in Europe around 40,000 years ago and genetically, the most closely related ethnic groups are Poles, Croats, Ukrainians, and other surrounding ethnic groups. However, linguist and historian András Róna-Tas notes that no historic conclusions may be drawn yet based on genetic research.Based on the Kosztolnyik's research , not so long ago, historical research concluded the term "magyar" derived from the name of (prince) Muageris (also known as Mugel), by arguing that "Muageris" had to be a personal name taken from the descriptive designation of a people. It presented the hypothesis that the Huns in the Crimea were, really, the Onogurs, and the names of the two princes mentioned by Malalas (Grodas and Muageris – Hunnic rulers ) as living in the region of Maeotian Lake ![]() Pre-fourth century AD![]() ![]() In the early first millennium BC, the northern Ugrian subgroup (the Ob-Ugrians) moved to the lower Ob River, while southern Ugrians remained in the south and became nomadic herdsmen . Since these southern Ugrians became the ancestors of the Magyars, this division is usually marked as the beginning of the Magyars as a distinct ethnic group . During the following centuries, the Magyars continued to live in the wood-steppes and steppes southeast of the Ural Mountains, strongly influenced by their immediate neighbours of Iranian extraction . Fourth century to c.830 AD![]() In the early eighth century, some of the Magyars moved to the Don River to an area between the Volga, Don and the Seversky Donets ![]() The Magyars around the Don River were subordinates of the Khazar khaganate. Their neighbours were the archaeological Saltov Culture, i.e. Bulgars (Proto-Bulgarians, descendants of the Onogurs) and the Alans, from whom they learned gardening, elements of cattle breeding and of agriculture. The Bulgars and Magyars shared a long-lasting relationship in Khazaria, either by alliance or rivalry . The system of two rulers (later known as kende and gyula) is also thought to be a major inheritance from the Khazars . Tradition holds that the Magyars were organized in a confederacy of tribes called hétmagyar (lit. seven Hungarians). The tribes of the hétmagyar were; Jenő, Kér, Keszi, Kürt-Gyarmat, Megyer, Nyék, and Tarján. The confederacy was formed as a border defending allies of Khazaria mainly during the reign of Khagan Bulan and Ovadyah, with the Magyar tribe as ascendant . c.830 to c.895![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() Entering the Carpathian Basin (after 895)![]() ![]() Most European nations were literally praying for mercy, as a
notable prayer of the time shows: "Sagittis hungarorum libera nos
Domine" – "Lord save us from the arrows of Hungarians"
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() In the Carpathian Basin, the Magyars initially occupied the Great Moravian territory at the upper/middle Tisza river, a sparsely populated territory, where, according to Arabian sources , Great Moravia used to send its criminals, and where the Roman Empire had settled the Iazyges centuries earlier. From there, they intensified their looting raids across continental Europe. In 900, they moved from the upper Tisza river to Transdanubia (Pannonia) , which later became the core of the arising Hungarian state. At the time of the Magyar migration, the land was inhabited only by a sparse population of Slavs, numbering about 200,000, who were either assimilated or enslaved by the Magyars. Their allies, the Kabars (probably led by Kurszán), appear to have settled in the region around Bihar . Remnants of the Avars lived in the southwest. After the battle of Augsburg (956), the Magyars stopped their raids against Western Europe. Many of the Magyars, however, remained to the north of the Carpathians after 895/896, as archaeological findings suggest (e.g. Polish ![]() ![]() History after 900Medieval Hungary controlled more territory than medieval France, and the population of medieval Hungary was the third largest of any country in Europe.The Magyar leader Árpád is believed to have led the Hungarians into the Carpathian Basin in 896. In 907, the Magyars destroyed a Bavarian![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() At this time, the Hungarian nation numbered between 25,000 and 1,000,000 people. The Slavic population in present-day Hungary were culturally assimilated by the Magyar culture. The name "Hungarian" has also a wider meaning, as it once referred to all inhabitants of the Kingdom of Hungary irrespective of their ethnicity. The first accurate measurements of the population of the Kingdom of Hungary including ethnic composition were carried out in 1850–51. There is a debate among Magyar and non-Magyar (especially Slovak and Romanian) historians about the possible changes in the ethnic structure throughout history:
In the nineteenth century, the percentage of Magyars in the Kingdom of Hungary rose gradually, reaching over 50% by 1900, mostly because of (economic) immigration, and partially because of some magyarization. Spontaneous assimilation was an important factor, especially among the German and Jewish minorities and the citizens of the bigger towns. On the other hand, about 1.5 million people (of whom about two-thirds were non-Hungarian) left the Kingdom of Hungary between 1890–1910 to escape from poverty. The years 1918 to 1920 were a turning point in the Magyars' history. By the Treaty of Trianon, the Kingdom had been cut into several parts, leaving only a quarter of its original size. One third of the Magyars became minorities in the neighbouring countries. During the remainder of the twentieth century, the Magyar population of Hungary grew from 7.1 million (1920) to around 10.4 million (1980), in spite of losses during the Second World War and the wave of emigration after the attempted revolution in 1956. The number of Hungarians in the neighbouring countries tended to remain the same or slightly decreased, mostly due to assimilation (sometimes forced; see Slovakization and Romanianization) and emigration to Hungary (in the 1990s, especially from Transylvania and Vojvodina ![]() After the "baby boom" of the 1950s (Ratkó era), a serious demographic crisis began to develop in Hungary and its neighbours. The Magyar population reached its maximum in 1980, after which it began to decline. This decline is expected to continue at least until 2050, at which time the population will probably be between 8 and 9 million. Today, the Magyars represent around 35% of the population of the Carpathian Basin. Their number is around 12–13 million. While other ethnic groups increased their numbers two, three or even more times during the twentieth century, the Magyar population stagnated. Between 1950 and 1980, the increase in Hungary's population was the fourth slowest in the world, after East Germany ![]() ![]() ![]() There was a referendum in Hungary in December 2004 on whether to grant Hungarian citizenship to Magyars living outside Hungary's borders (i.e. without requiring a permanent residence in Hungary). The referendum failed due to insufficient voter turnout. Later influencesMaps and imagesImage:Hungary 13th cent.png|Kingdom of Hungary in the late 13th centuryImage:Hungary-ethnic groups.jpg|Image:Redmap.jpg|Image:MagyarsOutsideHungary.png|Areas with ethnic Hungarian majorities in the neighboring countries of Hungary, according to László Sebők.Image:Magyars (Hungarians) in Hungary, census 1890.jpg|Hungarians in Greater Hungary(census 1890) Image:Szekelys-in-hungary.png|Migrations of the Székely HungariansImage:Hungarians in Romania blank.svg|Hungarians in RomaniaImage:Szekely03.png|Hungarians in Harghita ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() See alsoNotes
ReferencesExternal links
Genetic studies
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