The
Ivy League is an
athletic conference comprising eight
private institutions of
higher education
in the
Northeastern United
States. The term is most commonly used to refer to those eight
schools considered as a group. The term also has connotations of
academic excellence, selectivity in admissions, and social
elitism.
The term became official, especially in sports terminology, after
the formation of the
NCAA athletic
conference in 1954, when much of the nation polarized around
favorite college teams. The use of the phrase is no longer limited
to athletics, and now represents an educational philosophy inherent
to the nation's oldest schools. In addition, Ivy League schools are
often viewed by the public as some of the most prestigious
universities worldwide and are often ranked amongst the best
universities in the United States and worldwide.
All of the Ivy League's institutions place near the top in the
U.S.
News & World
Report college
and university rankings and rank within the top one percent of
the world's academic institutions in terms of financial endowment .
Seven of
the eight schools were founded during America's colonial period; the exception
is Cornell
, which was founded in 1865. Ivy League
institutions, therefore, account for seven of the nine
Colonial Colleges chartered before the
American Revolution. The Ivies
are all in the Northeast geographic region of the United States.
All eight schools receive millions of dollars in research grants
and other subsidies from federal and state government.
Undergraduate enrollments among the Ivy League schools range from
about 4,000 to 14,000, making them larger than those of a typical
private
liberal arts college
and smaller than a typical public
state university. Ivy League
university
financial endowments
range from Brown's $2.01 billion to Harvard's $28.8 billion, the
largest
financial endowment of any academic institution in the world.
Locations of current Ivy League member institutions.
Members
Institution |
Location |
Athletic Nickname |
Undergraduate enrollment |
Postgraduate enrollment |
Motto |
Brown University |
Providence, Rhode Island |
Bears |
5,874 |
2,146 |
In Deo Speramus
(In God We Hope) |
Columbia University |
New York City, New York |
Lions |
7,407 |
15,731 |
In lumine Tuo videbimus lumen
(In Thy light shall we see the light) |
Cornell University |
Ithaca, New York |
Big Red |
13,846 |
6,290 |
I would found an institution where any person can find
instruction in any study. |
Dartmouth College |
Hanover, New Hampshire |
Big Green |
4,164 |
1,701 |
Vox clamantis in deserto
(A voice crying in the wilderness, The voice of one crying in the
wilderness) |
Harvard University |
Cambridge, Massachusetts |
Crimson |
6,715 |
12,422 |
Veritas
(Truth) |
Princeton University |
Princeton, New Jersey |
Tigers |
4,790 |
2,416 |
Dei sub numine viget
(Under God's power she flourishes) |
University of Pennsylvania |
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |
Quakers |
10,275 |
9,653 |
Leges sine moribus vanae
(Laws without morals are useless) |
Yale University |
New Haven, Connecticut |
Bulldogs |
5,275 |
6,082 |
אורים ותומים
Lux et veritas
(Light and truth) |
History
Year founded
- Note Founding dates and religious
affiliations are those stated by the institution itself.
Many of them had complex histories in their early years and
the stories of their origins are subject to interpretation.
See footnotes for details where appropriate.
"Religious affiliation" refers to financial sponsorship,
formal association with, and promotion by, a religious
denomination. All of the schools in the Ivy League
are private and not currently associated with any
religion.
Origin of the name
The first usage of
Ivy in reference to a group of colleges
is from sportswriter Stanley Woodward (1895–1965).
According to book
Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins
(1988), author William Morris writes that Stanley Woodward actually
took the term from fellow
New York
Tribune sportswriter Caswell Adams.
Morris writes that
during the 1930s, the Fordham University
football team was
running roughshod over all its opponents. One day in the sports
room at the Tribune, the merits of Fordham's football team
were being compared to those of Princeton
and Columbia. Adams remarked
disparagingly of the latter two, saying they were "only
Ivy
League." Woodward, the sports editor of the
Tribune,
picked up the term and printed the next day.
Note though that in the above quote Woodward used the term
ivy
college, not
ivy league as Adams is said to have
used, so there is a discrepancy in this theory, although it seems
certain the term
ivy college and shortly later
Ivy
League acquired its name from the sports world.
The first known instance of the term
Ivy League being used
appeared in
The
Christian Science Monitor on February 7, 1935.
Several
sportswriters and other journalists used the term shortly later to
refer to the older colleges, those along the northeastern seaboard
of the United States, chiefly the nine institutions with origins
dating from the colonial era,
together with the United States Military
Academy
(West Point), the United
States Naval Academy
, and a few others. These schools were known
for their long-standing traditions in intercollegiate athletics,
often being the first schools to participate in such activities.
However, at this time, none of these institutions would make
efforts to form an athletic league.

Ivy covering West College, Princeton
University
The Ivy League universities are also called the "Ancient Eight" or
simply the
Ivies.
A common
folk etymology attributes
the name to the Roman numerals for four (IV), asserting that there
was such a sports league originally with four members. The
Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins helped to
perpetuate this belief. The supposed "IV League" was formed over a
century ago and consisted of Harvard, Yale, Princeton, and a 4th
school that varies depending on who is telling the story.
However,
it is clear that Harvard
, Princeton
, Yale
and Columbia met on
November 23, 1876 at the so-called Massasoit Convention to decide
on uniform rules for the emerging game of football, which rapidly
spread.
In
addition, representatives from four schools: Rutgers
, Princeton, Yale, and Columbia, met at the Fifth
Avenue Hotel in Manhattan
on October 19, 1873, to establish a set of rules
governing their intercollegiate athletic competition, and
particularly to codify the new game of college football (which at
the time, largely resembled what is currently called rugby). Though invited, Harvard
chose not to attend. While no formal
organization or conference was established, the results of this
meeting governed athletic events between these schools well into
the 20th century.
Before there was an Ivy League
Seven of the Ivy League schools are older than the
American Revolution; Cornell was founded
just after the
American Civil
War.
These seven provided the overwhelming
majority of the higher education in the Northern and Middle
Colonies; their early faculties and founding boards were largely,
therefore, drawn from other Ivy League institutions; there were
also some British graduates - more from the University
of Cambridge
than Oxford
, but also from the University of Edinburgh and
elsewhere. Similarly, the founder of The College
of William & Mary
, in 1693, was a British graduate of the University
of Edinburgh. And the founders of Rutgers
University
, in 1766, were largely Ivy; and so for many of the
colleges formed after the Revolution. Cornell provided
Stanford
University
with its first
president, and most of Stanford's initial faculty members were
Cornell professors. The founders of the University of California came from
Yale, hence the school colors of Berkeley
, the first school of the system, are Yale Blue, and California Gold.
As a group, the Ivy League had an identifiable Protestant "tone."
Church of England King's
College broke up in the Revolution, and was reformed as public
non-sectarian
Columbia College. In
the early nineteenth century, the specific purpose of training
Calvinist ministers was handed off to theological seminaries; but a
denominational tone, and such relics as compulsory chapel, often
lasted well into the twentieth century. Penn and Brown were
officially founded as nonsectarian; Brown's charter promised no
religious tests and "full liberty of conscience," but placed
control in the hands of a board of twenty-two Baptists, five
Quakers, four Congregationalists, and five Episcopalians. Cornell
has always been strongly non-sectarian from its founding.
"Ivy League" therefore also became, like
WASP, a way of referring to
this
elite, and
elitist,
class, even
though institutions such as Cornell University were also among the
first in the United States to reject racial and gender
discrimination in their admissions policies. This sense dates back
to at least 1935. Novels and memoirs attest this sense, as a social
elite; to some degree independent of the actual schools.
After the Second World War, the present Ivy League institutions
slowly widened their selection of students. They had always had
distinguished faculties; some of the first Americans with
doctorates had taught for them; but they now
decided that they could not both be world-class research
institutions and be competitive in the highest ranks of American
college sport; in addition, the schools experienced the scandals of
any other big-time football programs, although more quietly.
History of the athletic league
The Ivies have been competing in sports as long as intercollegiate
sports have existed in the United States.
Boat clubs from
Harvard and Yale met in the first sporting event held between
students of two U.S. colleges on Lake Winnipesaukee
, New
Hampshire
, in
1852. As an informal football league, the Ivy League dates from
1900 when Yale
took the
conference championship with a 5-0 record. For many years Army
(the United States Military
Academy
) and Navy (the United
States Naval Academy
) were considered members, but dropped out shortly
before formal organization. For instance, Army traditionally
had a rivalry with Yale, and Rutgers had rivalries with Princeton
and Columbia, which continue today in sports other than
football.
The first formal league involving Ivy League teams was formed in
1902, when Columbia, Cornell, Harvard, Yale and Princeton formed
the
Eastern Intercollegiate Basketball League.
They were later joined by Penn, Dartmouth and Brown.
Before the formal establishment of the Ivy League, there was an
"unwritten and unspoken agreement among certain Eastern colleges on
athletic relations". In 1935,
The
Associated Press reported on an example of collaboration
between the schools:
"the athletic authorities of the so-called "Ivy League"
are considering drastic measures to curb the increasing tendency
toward riotous attacks on goal posts and other encroachments by
spectators on playing fields."
Despite such collaboration, the universities did not seem to
consider the formation of the league as imminent.
Romeyn Berry, Cornell's manager of athletics,
reported the situation in January 1936 as follows:
"I can say with certainty that in the last five years —
and markedly in the last three months — there has been a strong
drift among the eight or ten universities of the East which see a
good deal of one another in sport toward a closer bond of
confidence and cooperation and toward the formation of a common
front against the threat of a breakdown in the ideals of amateur
sport in the interests of supposed expediency."
"Please do not regard that statement as implying the
organization of an Eastern conference or even a poetic 'Ivy
League.'
That sort of thing does not seem to be in the cards at
the moment."
Within a year of this statement and having held one-month-long
discussions about the proposal, on December 3, 1936, the idea of
"the formation of an Ivy League" gained enough traction among the
undergraduate bodies of the universities that the
Columbia Daily Spectator,
The Cornell Daily
Sun,
The Dartmouth,
The Harvard Crimson,
The Daily
Pennsylvanian,
The
Daily Princetonian and the
Yale Daily News would simultaneously
run an editorial entitled "Now Is the Time", encouraging the seven
universities to form the league in an effort to preserve the ideals
of athletics. Part of the editorial read as follows:
"The Ivy League exists already in the minds of a good
many of those connected with football, and we fail to see why the
seven schools concerned should be satisfied to let it exist as a
purely nebulous entity where there are so many practical benefits
which would be possible under definite organized
association.
The seven colleges involved fall naturally together by
reason of their common interests and similar general standards and
by dint of their established national reputation they are in a
particularly advantageous position to assume leadership for the
preservation of the ideals of intercollegiate
athletics."
The proposal did not succeed — on January 11, 1937, the athletic
authorities at the schools rejected the "possibility of a
heptagonal league in football such as these institutions maintain
in basketball, baseball and track." However, they noted that the
league "has such promising possibilities that it may not be
dismissed and must be the subject of further consideration."
In 1945 the presidents of the eight schools signed the first
Ivy Group Agreement, which set academic,
financial, and athletic standards for the
football teams. The principles established
reiterated those put forward in the Harvard-Yale-Princeton
Presidents' Agreement of 1916. The Ivy Group Agreement established
the core tenet that an applicant's ability to play on a team would
not influence admissions decisions:
"The members of the Group reaffirm their prohibition of
athletic
scholarships.
Athletes shall be admitted as students and awarded
financial aid only on the basis of the same academic standards and
economic need as are applied to all other students."
In 1954, the date generally accepted as the birth of the Ivy
League, the presidents extended the Ivy Group Agreement to all
intercollegiate sports. Competition began with the 1956
season.
As late as the 1960s many of the Ivy League universities'
undergraduate programs remained open only to men, with Cornell the
only one to have been coeducational from its founding (1865) and
Columbia being the last (1983) to become
coeducational. Before they became coeducational,
many of the Ivy schools maintained extensive social ties with
nearby
Seven Sisters
women's colleges, including weekend
visits, dances and parties inviting Ivy and Seven Sisters students
to mingle.
This was the case not only at Barnard
College
and Radcliffe
College, which are adjacent to Columbia and Harvard, but at
more distant institutions as well. The movie
Animal House includes a
satiric version of the formerly common visits by Dartmouth men to
Massachusetts to meet Smith
and Mount
Holyoke
women, a drive of more than two hours.
As noted
by Irene Harwarth, Mindi Maline, and Elizabeth DeBra, "the
'Seven Sisters' was the
name given to Barnard, Smith, Mount Holyoke, Vassar
, Bryn
Mawr
, Wellesley
, and Radcliffe, because of their parallel to the
Ivy League men’s colleges."
In 1983, following the admission of women to Columbia College,
Columbia University and Barnard College entered into an athletic
consortium agreement by which students from both schools compete
together on Columbia University womens' athletic teams, which
replaced the womens' teams previously sponsored by Barnard.
Cohesiveness of the group
The Ivy League schools are highly selective, with acceptance rates
ranging from about 7 to 19 percent.
These
universities engage in a heated competition to attract students,
illustrated by a 2002 incident in which admissions officers at
Princeton logged into the Yale admissions website fourteen times to
view the admissions status of cross-applicants, using the names,
birth dates, and social security numbers indicated on their
Princeton
applications; Princeton later asserted that it had
been considering a similar system of early Internet notification,
and was surprised to find that Yale had used no password besides
the Social Security number. Yale's administration notified
the FBI about the actions after conducting its own investigation.
Princeton moved one admissions official to a different department
over the incident and the university's Dean of Admissions retired
soon thereafter, though Princeton president
Shirley Tilghman said that the dean's
decision to retire was unconnected to the incident.
Collaboration between the member schools is illustrated by the
student-led
Ivy Council that meets in
the fall and spring of each year, with representatives from every
Ivy League school.
Social elitism
The phrase
Ivy League historically has been perceived as
connected not only with academic excellence, but also with social
elitism.
In 1936, sportwriter John Kieran noted that
student editors at Harvard
, Yale
, Princeton
, Cornell
, Columbia,
Dartmouth
, and Penn
were advocating the formation of an athletic
association. In urging them to consider "Army
and Navy
and Georgetown
and Fordham
and Syracuse
and Brown
and Pitt
" as candidates for membership, he
exhorted:
- "It would be well for the proponents of the Ivy League to make
it clear (to themselves especially) that the proposed group would
be inclusive but not 'exclusive' as this term is used with a slight
up-tilting of the tip of the nose".
The Ivy League was specifically associated with the
WASP establishment. Phrases
such as "Ivy League snobbery" are ubiquitous in nonfiction and
fiction writing of the twentieth century. A
Louis Auchincloss character dreads "the
aridity of snobbery which he knew infected the Ivy League
colleges". A business writer, warning in 2001 against
discriminatory hiring, presented a cautionary example of an
attitude to avoid (the bracketed phrase is his):
- "We Ivy Leaguers [read: mostly white and Anglo] know that an
Ivy League degree is a mark of the kind of person who is likely to
succeed in this organization."
Aspects of Ivy stereotyping were illustrated during the 1988
presidential election, when
George
H. W. Bush (Yale '48) derided
Michael Dukakis (graduate of Harvard Law
School) for having "foreign-policy views born in Harvard Yard's
boutique."
New York Times columnist
Maureen Dowd asked "Wasn't this a case of the
pot calling the kettle elite?" Bush explained however that, unlike
Harvard, Yale's reputation was "so diffuse, there isn't a symbol, I
don't think, in the Yale situation, any symbolism in it.... Harvard
boutique to me has the connotation of liberalism and elitism" and
said Harvard in his remark was intended to represent "a
philosophical enclave" and not a statement about class. Columnist
Russell Baker opined that "Voters
inclined to loathe and fear elite Ivy League schools rarely make
fine distinctions between Yale and Harvard. All they know is that
both are full of rich, fancy, stuck-up and possibly dangerous
intellectuals who never sit down to supper in their
undershirt no matter how hot the weather
gets."
Cooperation
Seven of the eight schools (Harvard excluded) participate in the
Borrow Direct
interlibrary loan
program, making a total of 88 million items available to
participants with a waiting period of four working days. This
ILL program is not affiliated with
the formal Ivy arrangement.
The governing body of the Ivy League is the
Council of Ivy Group
Presidents. During their meetings, the presidents often discuss
common procedures and initiatives.
Competition and athletics
Ivy champions are recognized in 33 men's and women's sports. In
some sports, Ivy teams actually compete as members of another
league, the Ivy championship being decided by isolating the
members' records in play against each other. (For example, the six
league members who participate in
ice
hockey do so as members of
ECAC
Hockey; but an Ivy champion is extrapolated each year.) Unlike
all other Division I
basketball
conferences, the Ivy League has no tournament for the league title;
the school with the best conference record represents the
conference in the
Division I NCAA Basketball
Tournament (with a playoff in the case of a tie ). Since its
inception, an Ivy League school has yet to win either the men's or
women's
Division I
NCAA Basketball Tournament.
On average, each Ivy school has more than 35 varsity teams. All
eight are in the top 20 for number of sports offered for both men
and women among Division I schools.Unlike most Division I athletic
conferences, the Ivy League prohibits the granting of athletic
scholarships; all scholarships awarded are need-based (
financial aid). Ivy League teams out of league
games are usually against the members of the
Patriot League which have similar academic
standards and athletic scholarship policies.
In the time before recruiting for college sports became dominated
by those offering athletic scholarships and lowered academic
standards for athletes, the Ivy League was successful in many
sports relative to other universities in the country. In
particular, Princeton won 24 recognized national championships in
college football (Last Div I
championship in 1911), and Yale won 19 (Last Div I championship in
1927). Both of these totals are considerably higher than those of
other historically strong programs such as
Alabama and
Notre Dame, which have
won 12, and
USC, which has won
11. Yale, whose coach
Walter Camp was
the "Father of American Football," held on to its place as the
all-time wins leader in college football throughout the entire 20th
century, but was finally passed by
Michigan on November 10, 2001.
Currently Dartmouth holds the record for most Ivy League football
titles, with 17.
Today the Ivy League is categorized to be in the
Football Championship
Subdivision of Division I football by the NCAA. As such the Ivy
League teams are eligible for the postseason tournament held to
determine the national champion. The winner of the Ivy League
receives an automatic bid and any other team may qualify for an
at-large selection by the NCAA. However to date all eligible teams
have declined the invitation, citing rules governing the Ivy League
regarding academic concerns posed by the extended schedule. As it
is the Ivy League plays a strict 10 game schedules opposed by all
other FCS members' 11 or 12 game regular season.
Although no longer as successful nationally as they once were in
many of the more popular college sports, the Ivy League is still
competitive in others. One such example is
rowing. All of the Ivies have
historically been among the top crews in the nation, and most
continue to be so today. (Other historical top crews include
Cal,
Washington,
Wisconsin and
Navy). Most recently, on the men's side,
Harvard won the
Intercollegiate Rowing
Association Championships in 2003, 2004, 2005, and on the
women's side, Harvard and Brown won the 2003 and 2004
NCAA Rowing Championships,
respectively. Additionally, Cornell's men's lightweight team won
back to back to back IRA National Championships in 2006, 2007 and
2008. The Ivy League schools are also very competitive in men's
lacrosse and both men's and women's hockey.
The Ivy League is home to some of the oldest
college rugby teams. These teams meet annually
to compete in a tourney. The 2006 Ivy League Tournament was hosted
by Yale, and the 2005 tournament was hosted by Penn. Though the
women's rugby teams at the Ivy League schools are much younger,
they too compete in an annual Ivy League Tournament, often hosted
by Brown.
Internal rivalries
Rivalries run deep in the Ivy League. For instance, Harvard and
Yale are celebrated
football
and
crew rivals.
Princeton and
Penn are
longstanding men's basketball rivals and "Puck Fenn", "Puck
Frinceton", and "Pennetrate the Puss" t-shirts are worn at games.
In only five instances in the history of Ivy League basketball, and
in only three seasons since Dartmouth's 1957–58 title, has neither
Penn nor Princeton won at least a share of the Ivy League title in
basketball, with each champion or co-champion 25 times. Penn has
won 21 outright, Princeton 18 outright. Princeton has been a
co-champion 7 times, sharing 4 of those titles with Penn (these 4
seasons represent the only times Penn has been co-champion).
Cornell is the reigning (2009) Ivy League men's basketball
champion, achieving its second consecutive league title.
Rivalries exist between other Ivy league teams in other sports,
including
Cornell and
Harvard in hockey, Harvard and Princeton in swimming, and
Harvard and Penn in football (Penn and Harvard have each had two
unbeaten seasons since 2001). In
men's
lacrosse,
Cornell
and Princeton are perennial rivals, and they are the only two Ivy
League teams to have won an NCAA tournament. In 2009, the Big Red
and Tigers met for their 70th game in the
NCAA
tournament.
Furthermore, no team other than Harvard or Princeton has won the
men's swimming conference title since 1972, with Harvard winning
the 36 year series 20–16 as of 2008.
Conference facilities
School |
Football stadium |
Basketball arena |
Hockey rink |
Soccer stadium |
Name |
Capacity |
Name |
Capacity |
Name |
Capacity |
Name |
Capacity |
Brown |
Brown Stadium |
20,000 |
Pizzitola Sports Center |
2,800 |
Meehan Auditorium |
3,100 |
Stevenson Field |
3,500 |
Columbia |
Wien Stadium |
17,000 |
Levien Gymnasium |
3,408 |
N/A |
Columbia Soccer Stadium |
3,500 |
Cornell |
Schoellkopf Field |
25,597 |
Newman Arena |
4,472 |
Lynah
Rink |
4,267 |
Charles F. Berman Field |
1,000 |
Dartmouth |
Memorial Field |
13,000 |
Leede Arena |
2,100 |
Thompson Arena |
5,000 |
Burnham Soccer Facility |
1,600 |
Harvard |
Harvard Stadium |
30,898 |
Lavietes Pavilion |
2,195 |
Bright Hockey Center |
2,850 |
Ohiri Field |
1,500 |
Penn |
Franklin Field |
52,593 |
The
Palestra |
8,722 |
The
Class of
1923 Arena |
2,900 |
Rhodes Field |
1,700 |
Princeton |
Princeton Stadium |
27,800 |
Jadwin Gymnasium |
6,854 |
Hobey Baker Memorial Rink |
2,094 |
Roberts Stadium |
3,000 |
Yale |
Yale
Bowl |
64,269 |
Payne Whitney Gym |
3,100 |
Ingalls Rink |
3,486 |
Reese Stadium |
3,000 |
Other Ivies
Marketing groups, journalists, and some educators sometimes promote
other colleges as "Ivies," as in
Little
Ivies,
Public Ivies or
Southern Ivies. These uses of "Ivy" are
intended to promote the other schools by comparing them to the Ivy
League, but unlike the "Ivy League" label, they have no canonical
definition. For example, in the 2007 edition of Newsweek's
How
to Get Into College Now, the editors designated twenty-five
schools as "New Ivies," some of which share no characteristics with
the Ivy League colleges except a good reputation.
The term "Ivy Plus" is sometimes used to refer to the Ancient Eight
plus several other schools for purposes of alumni associations,
university affiliations, or endowment comparisons. In his book
Untangling the Ivy League, Zawel writes, "The inclusion of
non-Ivy League schools under this term is commonplace for some
schools and extremely rare for others.
Among these other
schools, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology
and Stanford University
are almost always included. The University
of Chicago
and Duke University
are often included as well."
See also
Notes
- Dartmouth and Cornell
respectively
- Facts about Brown University
- Planning and Institutional Research FACTS
- Cornell Factbook - Undergraduate
Enrollment
- Microsoft Word - header_factbook.doc
- The former English translation is that more commonly used by
Dartmouth itself
- Harvard University Office of News and Public Affairs
Harvard at a Glance
- About Princeton University - A Princeton Profile
- Penn: Facts and Figures
- Guide to the Usage of the Seal and Arms of the
University of Pennsylvania University Archives and Records
Center, University of Pennsylvania; accessed 10 September 2009
- Factsheet - Statistical Summary of Yale
University
- The institution, though founded in 1636, did not receive its
name until 1639. It was nameless for its first two years
- See University of Pennsylvania for
details the circumstances of Penn's origin. Penn's self-stated
founding date of 1740 is a matter of longstanding controversy
between Penn and Princeton boosters.
- Penn's website, like other sources, makes an important point of
Penn's heritage being nonsectarian, associated with Benjamin Franklin
and the Academy of Philadelphia's nonsectarian board of trustees:
"The goal of Franklin's nonsectarian, practical plan would be the
education of a business and governing class rather than of
clergymen."[1]. Jencks and Riesman (2001) write "The
Anglicans who founded the University of Pennsylvania, however, were
evidently anxious not to alienate Philadelphia's Quakers, and they
made their new college officially nonsectarian." Franklin himself
was a self-described "thorough Deist." In Franklin's 1749 founding Proposals relating to the education of youth in
Pensilvania (page images), religion is not mentioned
directly as a subject of study, but he states in a footnote that
the study of "History will also afford frequent
Opportunities of showing the Necessity of a Publick
Religion, from its Usefulness to the Publick; the Advantage of
a Religious Character among private Persons; the Mischiefs of
Superstition, &c. and the Excellency of the CHRISTIAN RELIGION
above all others antient or modern." Starting in 1751, the same
trustees also operated a Charity School for Boys, whose curriculum
combined "general principles of Christianity" with practical
instruction leading toward careers in business and the "mechanical
arts." [2], and thus might be described as
"non-denominational Christian." The charity school was originally
planned, and chartered on paper, in 1740, by followers of
evangelist George Whitefield, but was not built and
did not operate until the charter was assumed by the Academy of
Philadelphia in 1751. Since 1895, Penn has claimed a founding date
of 1740, based on the charity school's charter date and the premise
that it had institutional identity with the Academy of
Philadelphia. Whitefield was a firebrand Methodist associated with
The
Great Awakening; since the Methodists did not formally break
from the Church of England until 1784, Whitefield in 1740 would be
labelled Episcopalian, and in fact Brown
University, emphasizing its own pioneering nonsectarianism, refers
to Penn's origin as "Episcopalian"[3]). Penn is sometimes assumed to have Quaker
ties (its athletic teams are called "Quakers," and the
cross-registration alliance between Penn, Haverford, Swarthmore and
Bryn Mawr is known as the "Quaker Consortium.") But Penn's website
does not assert any formal affiliation with Quakerism, historic or
otherwise, and Haverford College implicitly asserts a
non-Quaker origin for Penn when it states that "Founded in 1833,
Haverford is the oldest institution of higher learning with Quaker
roots in North America."[4]
- Protestant Episcopal Church - LoveToKnow
1911
- Brown Admission: Our History
- University Chapel: Orange Key Virtual Tour of Princeton
University
- Brown's website characterizes it as "the Baptist answer to
Congregationalist Yale and Harvard; Presbyterian Princeton; and
Episcopalian Penn and Columbia," but adds that at the time it was
"the only one that welcomed students of all religious
persuasions."[5] Brown's charter stated that "into this
liberal and catholic institution shall never be admitted any
religious tests, but on the contrary, all the members hereof shall
forever enjoy full, free, absolute, and uninterrupted liberty of
conscience." The charter called for twenty-two of the thirty-six
trustees to be Baptists, but required that the remainder be "five
Friends, four Congregationalists, and five Episcopalians"[6]
- "The Yale Book of Quotations" (2006) Yale University
Press, edited by Fred R. Shapiro
- Oxford English Dictionary
entry for "Ivy League"
- Ivy League Sports
- The Chicago Public Library reports the
"IV League" explanation, [7] sourced only from the Morris Dictionary of
Word and Phrase Origins.
- Various Ask Ezra student columns report the "IV
League" explanation, apparently relying on the Morris
Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins as the sole source:
[8] [9] [10]
- The Penn Current / October 17, 2002 / Ask
Benny
- This according to the Penn history of varsity football.
[11]
- Rutgers - The Birthplace of Intercollegiate
Football
- Encyclopedia Britannica accessed 10 September
2006.
- A History of American Football until 1889
accessed 10 September 2006.
- Resource: Student history
- p. 55, "by WASP Baltzell meant something much more specific; he
intended to cover a select group of people who passed through a
congeries of elite American institutions: certain eastern
prep schools, the Ivy League
colleges, and the Episcopal Church among
them." and p. viii: "My genial, aristocratic contempt for Clark
Kerr's celebration of the University of California was as much an
expression of Ivy League snobbery as it was of radical social
critique."
- p. 179, "he dreaded the aridity of snobbery which he knew
infected the Ivy League colleges"
- p. 163 "Newsweek is a morass of incest, nepotism,
elitism, racism and utter classic white male patriarchal
corruption.... It is completely Ivy League — a Vassar/Columbia
J-School dumping ground... I will always be excluded, regardless of
how many Ivy League degrees I acquire, because of the next level of
hurdles: family connections and money."
- scandals: James Axtell, The Making of Princeton
University (2006), p.274; quoting a former executive director
of the Ivy League
- The Harvard Crimson :: News :: AN
EDITORIAL
- http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=128992 The Harvard
Crimson Ivy League: Formalizing the Fact Saturday, October
13, 1956
- Archived: Women's Colleges in the United States:
History, Issues, and Challenges
- http://www.uwire.com/Article.aspx?id=583116
- Princeton removes LeMenager from admission office
for violations - The Daily Princetonian
- Kieran, John (1936), "Sports of the Times", The New York
Times, December 4, 1936, p. 36. "There will now be a little
test of the "the power of the press" in intercollegiate circles
since the student editors at Harvard, Yale, Princeton, Cornell,
Columbia, Dartmouth and Penn are coming out in a group for the
formation of an Ivy League in football. The idea isn't new.... It
would be well for the proponents of the Ivy League to make it clear
(to themselves especially) that the proposed group would be
inclusive but not "exclusive" as this term is used with a slight
up-tilting of the tip of the nose." He recommended the
consideration of "plenty of institutions covered with home-grown
ivy that are not included in the proposed group. [such as ] Army
and Navy and Georgetown and Fordham and Syracuse and Brown and
Pitt, just to offer a few examples that come to mind" and noted
that "Pitt and Georgetown and Brown and Bowdoin and Rutgers were
old when Cornell was shining new, and Fordham and Holy Cross had
some building draped in ivy before the plaster was dry in the walls
that now tower high about Cayuga's waters."
- p. 55, "by WASP Baltzell meant something much more specific; he
intended to cover a select group of people who passed through a
congeries of elite American institutions: certain eastern prep
schools, the Ivy League colleges, and the Episcopal Church among
them."
- p. viii: "My genial, aristocratic contempt for Clark Kerr's
celebration of the University of California was as much an
expression of Ivy League snobbery as it was of radical social
critique."
- , p. 85
- Dowd, Maureen (1998), "Bush Traces How Yale Differs From
Harvard." The New York Times, June 11, 1998, p. 10
- Baker, Russell (1998), "The Ivy Hayseed." The New York
Times, June 15, 1988, p. A31
- Columbia's Borrow Direct website
- May
The Madness Begin by Mark Starr Newsweek.com; March 14, 2002; accessed January 25,
2008
- Ivy League Sports
- The game: the tables are turned – Penn hoops travel
to Jadwin tonight for premier rivalry of Ivy League basketball -
The Daily Princetonian
- The rivalry? Not with Penn's paltry performance
this season - The Daily Princetonian
- Ivy League Basketball
- Ivy League Football
- New wrinkle in the Cornell Princeton lacrosse
rivalry, The Ithaca Journal, May 16,
2009.
- America's 25 New Elite 'Ivies' Newsweek Best High
Schools | Newsweek.com
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