James Stewart Martin (August 19, 1826 - November 20, 1907) was a U.S. Representative from Illinois.

Born in Estillville (now Gate City), Scott County, Virginia, Martin attended the common schools and Emory and Henry College in Emory, Virginia.He moved to Salem, Illinois, in 1846.He served during the Mexican War in Company C, First Regiment of Illinois Volunteers.He studied law.He was admitted to the bar in 1861 and commenced practice in Salem, Illinois.He served as clerk of the Marion County Court.During the Civil War served in the Union Army.Commissioned colonel of the One Hundred and Eleventh Regiment, Illinois Volunteer Infantry, September 18, 1862.Brevetted brigadier general of Volunteers February 26, 1865.Honorably mustered out June 7, 1865.He served as judge of Marion County Court.He was appointed by President Grant as United States pension agent on April 13, 1869.

Martin was elected as a Republican to the Forty-third Congress (March 4, 1873-March 3, 1875).He was an unsuccessful candidate for re-election.He served as commissioner of the Southern Illinois Penitentiary at Menard in 1879.He died in Salem, Illinois, November 20, 1907.He was interred in East Lawn Cemetery.

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