Kanpur ( , ), spelled as
Cawnpore before 1948, is the ninth most populous
city in India
and the
largest within the state of Uttar Pradesh
. It is the second largest city of the entire
Hindi speaking belt only after Delhi.
It was formerly known
as the "Manchester
of the East", and the economic capital of Uttar Pradesh.
Kanpur is
located on the banks of the river Ganga
and is an
important industrial centre. It has an area of over
1300 km² and population of 4,864,674 . Owing to the city's
industrial importance, one of few branches of the Reserve Banks of
India and Institute of Chartered Accountants of India were
established in the city.
It is also home to several globally
recognized institutions such as IIT Kanpur
, HBTI, GSVM Medical College and many
more.
History
Nestled on the banks of the River Ganga, Kanpur stands as one of
North India’s major industrial centres with its own historical,
religious and commercial importance. Believed to be founded by
Hindu King
Chandel of the state of Sachendi,
Kanpur, it is believed that the city derived its name from
Kanhiyapur, the town of Kanhiya (Lord Krishna). In the course of
time, Kanhiyapur probably was abbreviated as Kanhapur and
subsequently as Kanpur (the Anglicized spelling of which was
Cawnpore during the British rule). Others believe that the name is
derived from Karnapur and is associated with Karna, one of the
heroes of the
Mahabharata. Duryodhana
made Karna a king, seeing him as a fitting match to Arjuna, and
granted him this area; the region was named after its first king.
Another
belief suggest that perhaps it came from a nearby town of Makanpur
, earlier
known as Khairabad, where Sufi saint of Madariya Sufi order,
Badiuddin Zinda Shah Madar (d. 1434 CE) settled .
Historically, Jajmau, on the eastern outskirts of present day
Kanpur is regarded as one of the original settlements in the Kanpur
district.
View of Cawnpore from the Ganges
river.
Kanpur's development is unclear until the 13th century. Although no
reference to Kanpur is found in history, the history of two of its
suburbs,
Jajmau and
Bithoor, can be traced back to legendary times.
Bithoor is
located about 20 km upstream of the river from the city and is
approximately 10 km from the IIT Kanpur Campus. Jajmau is about 8 km east of
Kanpur city and is nearly 20 km downstream from the IIT
Campus. According to Hindu mythology, just after creating the
universe, Lord Brahma performed the Ashvamedh Yajna (a horse is
released and escorted by armies, which engaged in battle anyone who
impeded the horse's progress) at Bithoor (also known as Brahmavart)
and established a shivalingam there. Another legendary site at
Bithoor is the Valmiki Ashram, where the famous sage Valmiki is
supposed to have written the Sanskrit epic Ramayana. According to
this epic, queen Seeta, on being exiled by King Ramachandra of
Ayodhya, spent her days in seclusion at the ashram bringing up her
twin sons Lava and Kush.
At Jajmau there are remains of an ancient fort, now surviving as a
huge mound. Recent excavations on this mound indicate the site is
very ancient, perhaps dating back to the Vedic age. Popular legends
have it that the fort belonged to Yayati, a king of the ancient
Chandravanshi race, the eighth in succession to Lord Brahma. The
famous Siddhnath temple of Lord Shiva and Siddha Devi temple at
Jajmau belong to the Buddhist period. The place for a while was
known as Siddhpuri.
Another interesting
[[[WP:Avoid Weasel Words|''how?'']]]
historical place near Kanpur is Shivrajpur, 20 km from Kanpur
Railway Station. At Shivrajpur, there is an ancient temple built by
Chandel Raja Sati Prasad in memory of his queen. This temple is
believed to be built in a night and is situated on the banks of
river Ganga. This temple is famous for its beautiful architectural
work and its unique carving designs.
Parihar rulers of Kannauj may have ruled this place for a
significant part of history long before the beginning of Mughal
era. Some historical accounts suggest Parihar kings, Bhoj and
Mihir, have ruled in Kanpur since nearby Kannuaj was the capital of
Parihar.
In 1207 AD, Raja Kanti Deo of Prayag (connected to the throne of
Kannauj), established the village Kohna, which later came to be
known as Kanpur. Kanpur continued its association with Kannauj
during the reigns of Harsha Vardhan, Bhoj, Mihir, Jai Chand and
early Muslim rulers through the Sur Dynasty. The first mention of
Kanpur was made in 1579 during Sher Shah's regime. Up to the 1st
half of the 18th century, Kanpur continued to survive as an
insignificant village. Its fate, however, took a new turn in the
second half of the 18th century. In May 1765, Shuja-ud-daula, the
Nawab Wazir of Awadh, was defeated by the British near Jajmau. From
1773 to 1801, it was part of the Oudh kingdom and then came into
the hands of the British. At this time, the British realized the
strategic importance of the site of Kanpur. European businessmen
had, by this time, started establishing themselves in Kanpur. In
order to ensure protection for their lives and property, the
European business shifted the `Awadh local forces’ here in 1778.
Kanpur passed into British hands under the treaty of 1801 with
Nawab Saadat Ali Khan of Awadh. This forms a turning point in the
history of Kanpur, as it became one of the most important military
stations of British India. It was declared a district on
24 March 1803.South of Parmat
were the British infantry lines and the parade grounds. Indian
infantry occupied the space from the present Chunniganj to the
Christ Church College. The Company Bagh was laid in 1847 and the
construction of the Ganga canal was commenced in 1854.
Rebellion of 1857
In the
19th century, Kanpur was an important British
garrison with barracks for 7,000 soldiers.
During the
Indian Rebellion of
1857, 900 British
were
besieged in the fortifications for 22 days by rebels under
Nana Sahib.
They surrendered on
the agreement that they would get safe passage to the nearby Suttee
Chaura Ghat whereupon they would board barges and be allowed to go
by river to Allahabad
.
Though controversy surrounds what exactly happened at the
Satichaura Ghat, and who fired the first shot, it is known that
soon afterwards, the departing British were shot at, by the rebel
sepoys, and were either killed or captured. Some of the British
officers later claimed that the rebels had placed the boats as high
in the mud as possible, on purpose to cause delay. They also
claimed that Nana Sahib's camp had previously arranged for the
rebels to fire upon and kill all the English. Although the East
India Company later accused Nana Sahib of betrayal and murder of
innocent people, no evidence has ever been found to prove that Nana
Sahib had pre-planned or ordered the massacre. Some historians
believe that the Satichaura Ghat massacre was the result of
confusion, and not of any plan implemented by Nana Sahib and his
associates. Lieutenant Mowbray Thomson, one of the four male
survivors of the massacre, believed that the rank-and-file sepoys
who spoke to him did not know of the killing to come.
Many were killed and the remaining 200 British women and children
were brought back to shore and sent to a building called the
Bibighar (the ladies' home). After some time, when it was apparent
that the British under
General Henry
Havelock were likely to retake Kanpur, the commanders of the
rebels thought to execute their hostages. The rebel soldiers
refused to carry out orders, and butchers from the nearby town were
brought in to kill the hostages three days before the British
entered the city on
July 18. The dismembered
bodies were thrown into a deep well nearby. The British "Army of
Retribution" under General Neill retook the city and committed a
series of atrocities against the rebel Sepoys and those unfortunate
civilians caught in the area, including women, children and old
men. The Kanpur massacre, as well as similar events elsewhere, were
seen by the British as an occasion for unrestrained vengeance
.
The British dismantled the Bibighar and raised and a memorial
railing and a cross at the site of the well. In 1862, they built a
church called All Souls' Cathedral in memory of those killed;
renamed the Kanpur Memorial Church, it still stands at what was the
north-east corner of Wheeler’s entranchment. The marble gothic
screen with the famous `mournful seraph’ was transferred to the
churchyard after independence in 1947, and in its place a bust of
Tantya Tope installed at
Nana Rao Park. The
well is now bricked over, but the remains of a circular ridge are
still there.
Development of industries
A view of Lal Imli factory
After 1857 it became an important center of the leather and textile
industries. The Government Harness and Saddler Factory was started
in 1860 to supply the army with leather products, followed by
Cooper Allen & Co. in 1880. The first cotton textile mill, the
Elgin Mills, was started in 1862 and Muir Mills in 1882, and many
others that followed in the next 40 years, such as Victoria Mills
and Atherton West & Co. (Atherton Mills), made Cawnpore a major
textile producer. The British India Corporation (BIC) was
headquartered here and led the development of many industries.
[citations
required]
The first Indian business house of Cawnpore was the firm NihalChand
KishoriLal, which set up a trading facility in 1857. This firm was
a leader in oil milling and had many oil mills spread across North
India. The Juggilal Kamlapat Singhania family launched many
factories between 1930 and 1970. The Jaipuria family contributed to
the patriotic cause, by building the Swadeshi Cotton Mills in
response to charges that the foreign rulers were raiding India of
its cotton only to sell back textiles to the residents. Kanpur was
known as the "Manchester of India" during the 20th century. The
NihalChand KishoriLal group (also known as Kejriwal Group) over
time diversified into flour milling, tea plantations and steel.
They bought the Cawnpore Flour Mills in 1942, which had been
established in 1886 by Edward Foy, a Scotsman. New Cawnpore Flour
Mills is at present one of the larger flour mills of North India
and still managed by the same family.
[citations required]
The steel industry was first brought to Kanpur by Singh
Engineering. The Kejriwals set up a ministeel mill on the outskirts
of Kanpur, which is now a leading long products manufacturer.
Kanpur is also an important center for India's leather industry. It
is also one of the largest sugar producing areas in northern India.
As of now, the city also owns many leather tanneries, and over a
dozen Defence Ordnance Factories.
[citations required]
Recent years has brought a change to the area industry, with LML
Plant slowing down production drastically. There has been some
growth in the plastics and the 3-wheeler automotive industries.
Kanpur has been neglected by the local state government despite its
huge contribution to the economy, and requires an influx of funding
and support if it is to return to its former glory.
[citations required]
The British contributed to charitable causes in the city by
building the Ursula Horsman Hospital, the "Hallet" Hospital,
Harcourt Butler Technological Institute, by protecting the
Allen Forest (now a zoo) and many other
efforts. Most of these are now renamed, though a lot of residents
still call them by their old names. The distortion of names is most
visible at the railway crossing bridge next to the Railway Station,
where the now-closed Murray Company is conveniently called
Mari (Dead) Company.
[citations required]
Due to the onset of leather industries, the pollution levels have
risen dangerously high. Due to lack of proper planning, the city is
equalling Delhi as a victim of congestion and overcrowding. Urban
planning has yet to evolve. Agencies responsible for this have
still a long way to go from selling plots of land to planning
wholesome development. A recent article in the
Time Asia magazine says it all regarding the
pollution in the city.
New industries such as detergent, saddlery, food processing, pan
masala, tea packaging, plastics and packaging, jewellery
manufacturing and exports, leather processing and goods, have
developed in the city. Among them the Pan Masala industry is the
largest employer in the region as well as the largest source of tax
for the government. The world famous brands -"Pan Bahaar" &
"Pan Parag" among many originated in the city.
- Kanpur, now a 'Town of Export Excellence'
The centre has announced Kanpur as 'Town of Export
Excellence'
The announcement would now facilitate the city exporters with
various extra facilities and concessions. Leather and other
exporters have welcomed the news.
Cultural history
Nestled on the banks of the eternal Ganga, Kanpur stands as one of
North India’s major industrial centres with its own historical,
religious and commercial importance. Believed to be founded by king
Hindu Singh of the erstwhile state of Sachendi, Kanpur was
originally known as `Kanhpur’. Historically, Jajmau on the eastern
outskirts of present day Kanpur is regarded as one of the most
archaic townships of Kanpur district. Up to the first half of the
18th century Kanpur continued to survive as an insignificant
village. Its fate, however, took a new turn soon after. In May
1765, Shuja-ud-daula, the Nawab Wazir of Awadh, was defeated by the
British near Jajmau. It was probably at this time that strategic
importance of the site of Kanpur was realised by the British.
European businessmen had by this time gradually started
establishing themselves in Kanpur. In order to ensure protection to
their lives and property the `Awadh local forces’ were shifted here
in 1778. Kanpur passed into British hands under the treaty of 1801
with Nawab Saadat Ali Khan of Awadh. This forms a turning point in
the history of Kanpur. Soon Kanpur became one of the most important
military station of British India. It was declared a district on 24
March 1803.
Kanpur Sangrahalaya
Kanpur was a hotbed of change in the independence and literary
movements during the 1900–1950 period. The largest shopping centre
is named Navin Market, after the poet Bal Krishna Sharma aka
"Navin". Later poets included Gopal Das "Niraj" who wrote songs for
Bollywood movies. Kanpur is also the birth
place of Shyamlal Gupta `Parshad’, composer of the famous ditty
Vijayee Vishwa Tiranga Pyara. The propagation and
popularization of Hindi also owes much to this city, with great
Hindu literatteurs such as Acharya Mahavir Parasad Dwivedi,
Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi,
Pratap Narain Mishra and Acharya Gaya Prasad Shukla `Sanehi’. The
Agricultural University is named after the revolutionary
Chandrashekhar Azad and the Medical
College after Ganesh Shanker Vidyarthi; both men spent much time in
Kanpur. While Chandrashekhar 'Azad' shot himself when surrounded by
a huge posse of British soldiers at Alfred Park, Allahabad, Ganesh
Shankar Vidyarthi was killed during the Hindu-Muslim riots of 1931
at Machli Bazar in Kanpur.
About 25 km from Kanpur is
Bithoor.
Legend has
it that Sita, the wife of Lord Rama came to live at the ashram
of sage Valmiki, after Rama expelled her
from Ayodhya
. It
was here that she gave birth to the twins
Lava and
Kusha , and disappeared back into the earth
(from where she was born) when confronted by a repentant Rama.
Bithoor is also the site of the fort to which
Nana Sahib escaped following the British retaking
of Kanpur. Today,
Bithoor is a tourist spot
on the banks of the Ganges and Kanpur is expanding very fast with
new residential complexes sprouting up everywhere. Among festivals
Ganga Mela is a unique festival that is
played only in kanpur, 7 days after the festival
Holi. The festival is celebrated in the memories of
revolutionaries who were released by British government who were
held prisoners during 1857 revolution.
Geography
The
city's coordinates are 26.4670° North and 80.3500° East, placing it
83 km from Lucknow
. Kanpur, along with Allahabad and Fatehpur,
are part of the Lower Doab, which in antiquity was known as the
Vatsa country.
It is surrounded by two main rivers of
India, the Ganges
in the
north-east and the Pandu river (Yamuna
) in the
south. The districts surrounding Kanpur are Hamirpur in the
south and Unnao in the north-east,
Flora and Fauna
Kanpur is home to many residential and migratory birds.
Most of
them can be spotted at Bithoor, IIT Kanpur campus and areas alongside the Ganga Canal. The city has Asia's biggest
(area wise) zoological garden. Exotic species of flora are present
at the CSA campus.The Kanpur Zoo is famous for its cages designed
to provide a natural habitat for the animals, and has a vast
variety of animals. The water supply system of the zoo is a work of
art, by an artist and engineer in the Sinchai Department of that
time, Murari Sharan Saxena. The Zoo is a part of a lush green area
- The Allen Forest, Nawabganj. The entry fee is minimal, making it
the major picnic spot of the Kanpur region. Indira Nagar is the
greenest and most pollution free residential area of the
city.
Demography
Kanpur is situated on the banks of the river Ganga; the population
was 2,551,337 as per the 2001 census. In the last decade the
population rose rapidly. One of the factors for this kind of growth
can be a higher number of in-migration to Kanpur City from other
areas. It ranked third after Lucknow and Varanasi in 1901, but by
1961 it assumed a position on top of the list. It has registered an
increase of over five times from 197,170 in 1901 to 883,815 in 1961
in the course of six decades. Kanpur has an area of about
1640 km² and is 126 meters above sea level. Languages spoken
in and around Kanpur include Hindi, English and Urdu, Bengali and
Punjabi.
Hinduism is the most prominent
religion in the city.
There is a considerable number of Muslims mostly residing near Kanpur
Central
station and areas namely Parade, Bekanganj and
Idgah colony. The
Sikh community
consists of immigrants who were displaced due to the
Partition of India in 1947. They have
since well stablished business in the city and reside in areas such
as Govind Nagar, Gumti no.5, Ashok Nagar and 80 ft road. There
are a small number of
Christians also in
Kanpur. Christchurch and Methodist church reflect British
architecture.
Economy
Kanpur is one of the biggest producer of Textile
and Leather products and they are exported in bulk. Apart from
leather and textile industry, the fertilizer, chemicals, two
wheelers, soaps, Pan Masala, hosiery and engineering industries are
also operating in the city. Private sector also set up large units
such as many factories of JK Industries group, Lohia
machines,Duncans, etc.
The only unit of
Indian Institute of Pulse
Research (an institute of
ICAR) &
one of the three units of
National Sugar Institute
is situated in Kanpur and that reflects strong agrarian nature of
industries here.
Kanpur was also infamous to a certain extent for being home to
largest tanneries in India and the subsequent pollution they caused
thereof. These tanneries were the initial source of industrial base
in Kanpur during the colonial period. However owing to poor
pollution record , lack of technologies and emergence of other
avenues of employment has lead to a slow and gradual death to these
units.
Kanpur has also begin to find favour among the outsourcing sector
as a favoured location with, several new startups setting up shop
here owing to cheaper costs and a readily available talent
pool.
Kanpur has several locational advantages i.e. location at a vantage
point on two national highways i.e. NH2 and NH25; raw material
availability for many industries viz. leather, food processing,
plastics etc., proximity to large markets, availability of skilled
manpower due to various institutes located within Kanpur (viz.
Institute of Technology, Chander Shekhar Azad Agricultural
University, Central Pulse Research Institute, Leather Institute
etc.) and existing traditional industrial base attracting skilled
workers to the city.
In Kanpur (MC),the banking services were availed by only 61 percent
of the households(Census 2001). About 8 percent of the households
did not possess basic assets such as vehicles (bicycles, scooter,
moped, car, jeep, etc.), televisions and radios.
In a recent report on city development plan for JNNURMit was
mentioned that Kanpur City is surviving because of the
following:
- Defence Establishments like OEF, SAF and Ordinance Factory
etc.
- Tanneries, which have swelled from 170 nos in 1995 to 300 in
2006
- Coaching industry for I.I.T, JEE, IAS/IPS etc.
- Trading Activities
Climate
Kanpur
features a typical version of a humid subtropical climate that
resembles the climate of Delhi
to some
degree. Kanpur lies in northern plains of India which
witness extremes of temperature. It can drop to a minimum of 0.0°C
in the winters while it goes up to 47°C in summers. Kanpur
experiences severe fog in December and January, resulting in
massive traffic and travel delays. In summer excessive dry heat is
accompanied by dust storms, a trait more commonly seen in
desert climates. Rains appear between July
and September almost at the end of regular monsoon season. Some
rainfall is recorded during the harvest season of March-April.
These extremes however, give the region an advantage of having
three crops of versatile range of products. Best time to visit
Kanpur is either October-November or February-March.
Education
Kanpur is home to several educational institutions which have made
it a popular educational center. A category-wise list of few top
colleges from the city is as follows :-
Technological Institutes :
Medical and allied Colleges :
Universities :
Auditorium of Kanpur University
Others :
Kanpur is very famous for engineering and medical entrance
preparation coaching centers in
North
India.Literacy rate of Kanpur is 77.63% which is well above the
national average.
Sports
Cricket is most popular sport in Kanpur.
Green Park Stadium is a 45,000 capacity
floodlit multi-purpose stadium located in Kanpur, India, and the
home of the Uttar Pradesh cricket team. However, of late due to
political and financial reasons, the ground has been rarely
utilized. Other sports in the city that may be commonly visible,
albeit at schools/colleges level are Hockey & Football.
After the successful two years of IPL, it has been reported that
two new franchises will join the IPL in 2010-11, increasing the
total number of teams to 10. The new confirmed franchises will be
based in Ahmedabad and
Kanpur, with Sahara Group
is touted as the possible suitors to buy the
Kanpur franchise and Anil Ambani's name associated
with the ownership of the Ahmedabad franchise.
Notable locations
- Green Park Stadium and its
Modi Stadium, a cricket stadium
- Radha-Krishna Mandir, or J K Temple,
a temple constructed of white marble
- Kherepati Temple, a well known temple of Lord Vishnu and
Sheshnag.
- Anandeshwar Temple, situated on the banks of Ganga at
Parmat
- Bithoor, a center of Hindu
pilgrimage
- Allen Forest Zoo, one of the
largest nature preserves in Northern India
- Moti Jheel, a lake near the GSVM Medical College
- Lav Kush Barrage, a barrage on the river Ganga, also known as
Ganga Barrage.
- Kanpur Memorial
Church
- Gandhi Hall
- Kanpur Sangrahlaya, a museum
- Boodha Bargad (Banyan) tree, a tree on which 144 Indian freedom
fighters were hanged in the later part of the Indian Rebellion of 1857
Eminent people associated with Kanpur
- Atal Bihari Vajpayee, a
student of DAV,College,Civil
Lines he earned a master degree in political science, 11th
Prime Minister of India
- Poonam
Dhillon, studied in Air Force School Kanpur
for a few years, a famous Hindi film actress
[Noorie, Kaala Patthar, Sohni Mahiwal]
- Shriprakash Jaiswal,
Minister in Govt. Of India
- Ganesh Shankar
Vidyarthi, freedom fighter and socialite, on whom the medical
college is named
- Apurva Agnihotri, Film Actor of
Pardes fame
- Padma Vibhushan Captain Lakshmi Sahgal, one time presidential
election candidate & was a Captain in Netaji's Azad Hind
Fauj
- Subhashini Ali, occasional
resident, trade unionist and communist leader & Film
actress(Ashoka Fame), wife of Film director Muzaffar Ali &
mother of Shad Ali
- Raju Srivastava, film actor and
stand up comedian born and brought up in Kanpur
- Bob Woolmer, born in Kanpur, went on
to play cricket for England and coached South Africa and
Pakistan.
- Altaf Raja, Bollywood Singer of
Tum to thehre Pardesi fame.
- Abhijeet Bhattacharya,
famous Bollywood singer, born and brought up in Kanpur
- Padma Shri Gopal Das Neeraj, a famous poet
- Sir Peter de Noronha, a
well known businessman, philanthropist and civil servant of Kanpur,
India. He was also knighted by Pope Paul VI in 1965 for his work
for the Christian community in India.
- Seth Juggi Lal Kamlapat Singhania, The founder of The JK
Group
Transportation
Local
A ring road has been proposed for construction by the state
government for easing traffic woes within the city. It has been
decided that the arterial road would connect Panki Bhau Singh via
Sarsiya Ghat to Sarai Bhauti.
Kanpur Metropolitan Bus
Service is also one of the cheapest mean of transportation for
commuting within the city. However, it is not planned to service
most parts of the city and only a few selected routes are
facilitated.
Things however are set to change with the Central Government
providing the Kanpur city administration with 300 buses under
JNNURM. Central Government will bear 50% cost
while State Government and Nagar Nigam will bear 20% and 30% cost
respectively.
Another very popular mode of transportation are the three wheeler
Tempos, like in any other city. As a measure to curb pollution CNG
tempos have been recently introduced. The government is also
considering a proposal to introduce metro railway system in Kanpur
as a part of its agenda to introduce metro rails in million plus
populated cities.
Railways
Served by
Indian Railways, Kanpur is well
connected by trains with all major cities, namely Delhi, Mumbai
, Kolkata
, Chennai
, Hyderabad
, Bangalore
, Lucknow, Patna
, Jaipur
, Bhopal
, Pune
, Surat
, Indore
, Jhansi
etc.
Kanpur
has eleven railway stations with in its city limits namely Kanpur
Central, Kanpur Anwarganj, Govindpuri(Kanpur South), Panki,
Chakeri, Chandari, Rawatpur, Kalianpur (Kalyanpur), Mandhana Jn.,
Kanpur Bridge Left Bank (Shuklaganj) and Kanpur SMU
CBSA.
Kanpur
Central is the main station of Kanpur and is the
largest station of North Central Railways.
Kanpur
Central lies as one of the most important railway stations on Delhi-Howrah
Trunk Line
of Indian Railways. The first
Rajdhani Express of India ran via
this station.
Roadways
The city lies very strategically with several important National
Highways criss-crossing through it.
Airways
Kanpur
Airport
is the only airport in the city of Kanpur and for
this region of Uttar Pradesh. Air India (formerly Indian Airlines) is running a regular daily
flight using a 48-seater ATR 42
Turboprop between Kanpur and
Delhi
domestic terminal every Monday to Saturday.
Air traffic to other places in India is also yet to pick up pace
from Kanpur.
Trams in Kanpur
Trams in Kanpur
Trams were introduced in Kanpur in Jun 1907. Aishwarya ji was the
princess of kanpur. The introductory stocks were single coach in
Kanpur like other Indian cities (Delhi, Mumbai and Chennai),
because the new mode of transport was introduced experimentally.
They were electric Traction Type.
The anti-tram craze started around 1955, and quickly spread up
around the world. Many countries of both developed and developing
countries started closing tram systems. India was not the
exception. Tram service gradually closed at Kanpur in 16 May
1933.
There were 4 miles of track and 20 single-deck open trams. The
single line connected the railway station with Sirsaya Ghat on the
banks of the Ganges.
See also
References
-
http://world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=1240848680&men=gpro&lng=en&des=wg&geo=419318033&srt=npan&col=adhoq&msz=1500&geo=-7835
- Dalrymple, W. 2007. The Last Mughal.
The Fall of a Dynasty: Delhi, 1857, Alfred Knopf, New
York
- Running Out of Breath. Time Asia,
October 2, 2006
- 3
- Trams In Kanpur. http://www.tramz.com/tva/in.html
External links
: (IIT Kanpur)
» Agra
» Kanpur »
Allahabad
» Mohania
» Barhi
» Palsit
» Dankuni
(near Kolkata
» Sagar » Bhopal
» Etah
» Kannauj
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