The first person to assume the title Rex Anglorum (King of the English) was Offa of Mercia, though his power did not survive him. In the 9th century the kings of Wessex, who conquered Kent and Sussex from Mercia in 825, became increasingly dominant over the other kingdoms of England. The continuous list of English monarchs traditionally begins with Egbert of Wessex in 829. Alfred the Great and his son Edward the Elder used the title "King of the Anglo-Saxons." After Athelstan conquered Northumbia in 927, he adopted the title Rex Anglorum. Starting with Henry II (1154), the title became Rex Angliae (King of England).

The Principality of Wales was incorporated into the Kingdom of England under the Statute of Rhuddlan in 1284 and, in 1301, Edward I invested his eldest son, Edward II, as Prince of Wales. Since that time, with the exception of Edward III, the eldest sons of all English monarchs have borne this title. After the death of Elizabeth I of England in 1603, the crowns of England and Scotland were united under James I and VI. By royal proclamation James titled himself 'king of Great Britain'. Since the accession of James, as heir to both kingdoms with a dual inheritance via his parents, the title King or Queen of England is incorrect, though it has remained in popular usage to the present day. England underwent legislative union with Scotland in 1707 to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain. Since 1707, there has been no separate legislature for England, although recent devolution has provided for Scotland. In 1801 the Kingdom of Ireland, which had been under English rule since Henry II, became part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland following the Act of Union, which lasted until the secession of Ireland in 1922 and the subsequent renaming of the state to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

House of Mercia

According to some sources the first ruler to assume the title King of the English is said to have been Offa in 774, who had been King of Mercia since 757, but this claim is based on charters apparently forged in the 10th century. However, on some of his coins Offa describes himself as Of Rx A, believed to stand for Offa Rex Anglorum. This probably had a different meaning at the time than it acquired later, i.e. king of the Angles, and not necessarily the Saxons.

House of Wessex

The continuous list traditionally starts with Egbert, King of Wessexfrom 802, the first King of Wessex to have overlordship over much of England. Burke's Peerage & Gentry. Retrieved 7 September 2007.He defeated the Mercians in 825 and became Bretwalda in 829, although he later lost control of Mercia.Alfred the Great and his son Edward the Elder used the title "king of the Anglo-Saxons." After Athelstan conquered Northumbria in 927, he adopted the title rex Anglorum(King of the English).

There is some evidence that Ælfweard of Wessexmay have been king for four weeks in 924, between his father Edward the Elder and his brother Athelstan, although he was not crowned. However this is not accepted by all historians.

House of Denmark

England came under the rule of Danish kingsduring and following the reign of Æthelred the Unready.

House of Wessex (restored)

After Harthacanute, there was a brief Saxon Restoration between 1042 and 1066. After the Battle of Hastings, a decisive point in British history, William of Normandy became king of England.

House of Normandy

In 1066 the Duke of Normandy, William II, a vassal to the King of France and cousin once-removed of Edward the Confessor, invaded England and conquered the Anglo-Saxons in the Norman Conquest of England.Following the death of King Harold II in the decisive Battle of Hastings on 14 October, the Anglo-Saxon witan elected Edgar the Ætheling king in Harold's place, but Edgar was unable to resist the invaders and was never crowned.William was crowned King of England on Christmas Day 1066, and is today known as William the Conqueror, William the Bastard or William I.

It was only from the reign of William and his descendents that monarchs took regnal numbersin the French fashion, though the earlier custom of distinguishing monarchs by nicknames did not die out by consequence.

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Disputed claimant



Empress Matildawas declared heir presumptiveby her father, Henry I, and acknowledged as such by the barons. However, upon Henry I's death, the throne was seized by Matilda's cousin, Stephen of Blois. The Anarchyfollowed, with Matilda being a de factoruler for a few months in 1141, but she was never crowned and is rarely listed as monarch of England. It is notable that Stephen, although properly French and from a different dynasty with ties to Champagne, did not form his own royal house of England distinct from the Normans, for he himself was not head of his family's house, nor held those lands in conjunction to England. Stephen and Geoffrey's mutual entrance to English politics at this time is remarkable in that they had no direct ties to England of an ethnic sort, only dynastically through the Normans, who acted as their literal and figurative bridge between England and France, a cultural inheritance the Channel Islandsretain today.

House of Plantagenet

Stephen came to an agreement in November 1153, with the signing of the Treaty of Wallingfordwhere Stephen recognised Henry, son of Matilda, as his heir to the throne in lieu of his own son.

Rather than ruling among the Normans, the Plantagenets ruled from Aquitaine and accumulated more territories in France, but likewise did not regard England as their primary home until after most of their French possessions were lost by King John.This long-lived dynasty is usually divided into three houses: the Angevins, the House of Lancasterand the House of York. The transition from a French focus to expansion throughout the British Isles, is noted in the use of Lancastrian and Yorkist to denote the difference and the forward outlook on their frontier with the King of Scots, who claimed Northumbria(see Auld Alliance), as well as names for the rival Plantagenet factions. The Plantagenets destroyed themselves and the Welsh Tudors took advantage of this, but affirmed the Lancastro-Portuguese link (essential to maintaining Aquitaine) with Castile in two Spanish marriages, before resentful, anti-Tudor "treason" by the previously feuding Northumberland-Westmorland faction handed England into the hands of the Francophile Stuarts of Lennox in Scotland, who were originally based at Aubigny-sur-Nère, France.The Scottish dynasty would rely on French support to maintain authoritarian rule over their newfound English subjects whom they were often at war with, before and after taking their Crown, before the Hundred Years' WarYorkist-Burgundian alliance would be revived under William III of Orange, in what was called the Second Hundred Years' War.

The Plantagenets formulated England's royal coat of arms, which usually showed other kingdoms held or claimed by them or their successors, although without representation of Irelandfor quite some time.

Angevins

In addition to the kings listed below, Prince Louis of Francebriefly ruled about half of England from 1216 to 1217 at the conclusion of the First Barons' Waragainst King John. However in signing the Treaty of Lambethhe conceded that he had never been the legitimate king of England.

House of Lancaster

This house descended from Edward III's third surviving son, John of Gaunt.

House of York

The House of York was descended from Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York, the fourth surviving son of Edward III.

House of Lancaster (restored)

House of York (restored)

House of Tudor

The Tudors descended matrilineally from John Beaufort, one of the illegitimate children of 14th Century English Prince John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster(third surviving son of Edward III of England), by Gaunt's long-term mistress Katherine Swynford. The descendants of an illegitimate child of English Royalty would normally have no claim on the throne, but the situation was complicated when Gaunt and Swynford eventually married in 1396 (25 years after John Beaufort's birth). In view of the marriage, the church retroactively declared the Beauforts legitimate via a papal bull the same year (also enshrined in an Act of Parliament in 1397). A subsequent proclamation by John of Gaunt's legitimate son, King Henry IV, also recognized the Beauforts' legitimacy, but declared them ineligible to ever inherit the throne. Nevertheless, the Beauforts remained closely allied with Gaunt's other descendants, the Royal House of Lancaster.

John Beaufort's granddaughter Lady Margaret Beaufort, a considerable heiress, was married to Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond. Tudor was the son of Welsh courtier Owain Tewdr (anglicised to "Owen Tudor") and Katherine of Valois, widowed Queen Consort of the Lancastrian King Henry V. Edmund Tudor and his siblings were either illegitimate, or the product of a secret marriage, and owed their fortunes to the goodwill of their legitimate half-brother King Henry VI. When the House of Lancaster fell from power, the Tudors followed.

With Henry VIII's break from the Roman Catholic Church, the monarch became the Supreme Head of the Church of Englandand of the Church of Ireland. Elizabeth I'stitle became the Supreme Governor of the Church of England.

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Disputed claimant



Edward VI named Lady Jane Greyas his heir presumptive. Four days after his death, Jane was proclaimed queen. Nine days after the proclamation, Edward VI's Catholic half-sister Maryhad managed to find sufficient support to ride into London in a triumphal procession on 19 July. Jane was executed in 1554, aged 16. Few historians consider her to have been a legitimate monarch.

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Under the terms of the marriage treaty between Philip II of Spainand Queen Mary, Philip was to enjoy Mary I's titles and honours for as long as their marriage should last. All official documents, including Acts of Parliament, were to be dated with both their names, and Parliament was to be called under the joint authority of the couple. An Act of Parliament gave him the title of king and stated that he "shall aid her Highness ... in the happy administration of her Grace’s realms and dominions" (although elsewhere the Act stated that Mary was to be "sole queen"). Nonetheless, Philip was to co-reign with his wife. As the new King of England could not read English, it was ordered that a note of all matters of state should be made in Latin or Spanish. Coins were minted showing the heads of both Mary and Philip, and the coat of arms of England(right) was impaled with Philip's to denote their joint reign. Acts which made it high treasonto deny Philip's royal authority were passed in England and Ireland. In 1555, Pope Paul IVissued a papal bullrecognizing Philip and Mary as rightful King and Queen of Ireland.

House of Stuart

Following the death of Elizabeth I in 1603 without issue, the Scottishking, James VI, succeeded to the English throne as James I in what became known as the Union of the Crowns. James was descended from the Tudors through his great-grandmother, Margaret Tudor, the eldest daughter of Henry VII. In 1604 he adopted the title King of Great Britain, much like the agglomeration of Habsburg "Spain" through the previous union of Castile and Aragon. James similarly lavished titles onto Scots or Englishmen to promote cross-border identity, such as naming his cousin the Duke of Lennox also Duke of Richmond, while the Lord of the Isles became Prince of Wales, Duke of Albany became Duke of York and so on, but the two parliaments remained operatively separate, especially in their Commons. Ireland's distinct independent, parallel government with England in both matters of church and state, continued when Scotland was added to the mix, although James changed the Plantations of Ireland by introducing his own countrymen to Ulster, many of whom were quite resentful of English dominance in Leinster. The Stuart dynasty had long supported France through the Auld Alliance, so they made absolutely no attempts to claim the Throne of France. The Stuarts were pensioners of the Bourbons and often maligned for their foreign orientation within their inherited realm of England.

Commonwealth

There was no reigning monarch between the execution of Charles I in 1649 and the Restorationof Charles II in 1660. Despite this, from 1653 the following individuals held power as Lords Protector, during the period known as the Protectorate.

House of Stuart (restored)

Although the monarchy was restored in 1660, no stable settlement proved possible until the Glorious Revolutionof 1688, when parliament finally asserted the right to choose whomsoever it pleased as monarch.

Timeline of English Monarchs

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 from: 829   till:    1013   color: w   text:Wessex
 from: 1013   till:    1042   color: d   text:Den.
 from: 1042   till:    1066   color: w   text: 
 from: 1066   till:    1154   color: n   text:Normandy
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 from: 1470   till:    1471   color: l   text: 
 from: 1471   till:    1485   color: y   text:York
 from: 1485   till:    1603   color: t   text:Tudor
 from: 1603   till:    1653   color: s   text:Stuart
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 from: 1660   till:    1707   color: s   text: 

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 from:829 till: 839 color:w text:"Egbert"
 from:839 till: 856 color:w text:"Æthelwulf"
 from:856 till: 860 color:w text:"Æthelbald"
 from:860 till: 865 color:w text:"Æthelberht"
 from:865 till: 871 color:w text:"Æthelred"
 from:871 till: 899 color:w text:"Alfred the Great"
 from:899 till: 924 color:w text:"Edward the Elder"
 from:924 till: 924 color:w text:"Ælfweard"
 from:924 till: 939 color:w text:"Athelstan the Glorious"
 from:939 till: 946 color:w text:"Edmund the Magnificent"
 from:946 till: 955 color:w text:"Eadred"
 from:955 till: 959 color:w text:"Eadwig"
 from:959 till: 975 color:w text:"Edgar the Peaceable"
 from:975 till: 978 color:w text:"Saint Edward the Martyr"
 from:978 till: 1016 color:w text:"Æthelred the Unready"
 from:1016 till: 1016 color:w text:"Edmund Ironside"

 from:1013 till: 1014 color:d text:"Sweyn Forkbeard"
 from:1016 till: 1035 color:d text:"Cnut"
 from:1035 till: 1040 color:d text:"Harold Harefoot"
 from:1040 till: 1042 color:d text:"Harthacnut"

 from:1042 till: 1066 color:w text:"Saint Edward the Confessor"
 from:1066 till: 1066 color:w text:"Harold Godwinson"
 from:1066 till: 1066 color:w text:"Edgar the Ætheling"

 from:1066 till: 1087 color:n text:"William the Conqueror"
 from:1087 till: 1100 color:n text:"William II"
 from:1100 till: 1135 color:n text:"Henry I"
 from:1135 till: 1141 color:n text:"Stephen"
 from:1141 till: 1154 color:n text:"Mathilda"

 from:1154 till: 1189 color:a text:"Henry II"
 from:1170 till: 1189 color:a text:"Henry the Young King"
 from:1189 till: 1199 color:a text:"Richard I"
 from:1199 till: 1216 color:a text:"John"
 from:1216 till: 1272 color:a text:"Henry III"
 from:1272 till: 1307 color:a text:"Edward I"
 from:1307 till: 1327 color:a text:"Edward II"
 from:1327 till: 1377 color:a text:"Edward III"
 from:1377 till: 1399 color:a text:"Richard II"

 from:1399 till: 1413 color:l text:"Henry IV"
 from:1413 till: 1422 color:l text:"Henry V"
 from:1422 till: 1461 color:l text:"Henry VI"

 from:1461 till: 1470 color:y text:"Edward IV"

 from:1470 till: 1471 color:l text:"Henry VI"

 from:1471 till: 1483 color:y text:"Edward IV"
 from:1483 till: 1483 color:y text:"Edward V"
 from:1483 till: 1485 color:y text:"Richard III"

 from:1485 till: 1509 color:t text:"Henry VII"
 from:1509 till: 1547 color:t text:"Henry VIII"
 from:1547 till: 1553 color:t text:"Edward VI"
 from:1553 till: 1553 color:t text:"Jane"
 from:1553 till: 1558 color:t text:"Mary I"
 from:1558 till: 1603 color:t text:"Elizabeth I"

 from:1603 till: 1625 color:s text:"James I"
 from:1625 till: 1653 color:s text:"Charles I"

 from:1653 till: 1658 color:cw text:"Oliver Cromwell"
 from:1658 till: 1660 color:cw text:"Richard Cromwell"

 from:1660 till: 1685 color:s text:"Charles II"
 from:1685 till: 1689 color:s text:"James II"
 from:1689 till: 1702 color:s text:"William III"
 from:1689 till: 1694 color:s text:"Mary II"
 from:1702 till: 1707 color:s text:"Anne"

 barset:skip

Acts of Union

The Acts of Unionwere a pair of Parliamentary Actspassed during 1706 and 1707 by the Parliament of Englandand the Parliament of Scotlandto put into effect the terms of the Treaty of Unionthat had been agreed on 22 July 1706, following negotiation between commissioners representing the parliaments of the two countries. The Acts joined the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland (previously separate states, with separate legislatures but with the same monarch) into a single United Kingdom of Great Britain.

The two countries had shared a monarch for about 100 years (since the Union of the Crownsin 1603, when King James VI of Scotlandinherited the English throne from his first cousin twice removed, Queen Elizabeth I). Although described as a Union of Crowns, until 1707 there were in fact two separate Crowns resting on the same head. There had been three attempts in 1606, 1667, and 1689 to unite the two countries by Acts of Parliament, but it was not until the early eighteenth century that the idea had the will of both political establishments behind them, albeit for rather different reasons.

Titles

The standard title for all monarchs from Alfred the Greatuntil the time of King Johnwas Rex Anglorum(King of the English). In addition, many of the pre-Norman kings assumed extra titles, as follows:

• Alfred the Great: Rex Angulsaxonum (King of the Anglosaxons) and Rex Anglorum et Saxonum (King of the Angles and Saxons)
• Athelstan: Rex Anglorum per omnipatrantis dexteram totius Bryttaniæ regni solio sublimatus
• Edmund the Magnificent: Rex Britanniae and Rex Anglorum caeterarumque gentium gobernator et rector
• Edred: Regis qui regimina regnorum Angulsaxna, Norþhymbra, Paganorum, Brettonumque
• Edwy the Fair: Rex nutu Dei Angulsæxna et Northanhumbrorum imperator paganorum gubernator Breotonumque propugnator
• Edgar the Peaceable: Totius Albionis finitimorumque regum basileus
• Canute: Rex Anglorum totiusque Brittannice orbis gubernator et rector and Brytannie totius Anglorum monarchus

In the Norman periodRex Anglorumremained standard, with occasional use of Rex Anglie("King of England"). Matildastyled herself Domina Anglorum("Lady of the English").

From the time of King Johnonwards all other titles were eschewed in favour of Rex Anglie, or Regina Anglie("Queen of England") if female.

In 1604 James I, who had inherited the English throne the previous year, adopted the title (now usually rendered in English rather than Latin) King of Great Britain. The English and Scottish parliaments, however, did not recognise this title until the Acts of Union of 1707 under Queen Anne(who was of course Queen of Great Britainrather than king).

Notes

1. "The notion that Offa claimed to be 'king of the English', or 'king of the whole country of England', has been shown to depend, however, on charters forged in the tenth century. In his own day he was 'king of the Mercians', and proud enough to be so." (p. 341) "Charlemagne, moreover, saw England as if it were ruled by two kings only; Æthelred ruling Northumbria, and Offa everything to the south." (p. 101)
2. The Earliest English Kings, D.P. Kirby
3. Yorke, Barbara. Bishop Æthelwold. His Career and Influence. Woodbridge, 1988. p. 71
4. Textus Roffensis
5. Alfred (the Great) @ Archontology.org. Retrieved 15 March 2007.
6. Catholic Encyclopedia: Alfred the Great. Retrieved 14 March 2007.
7. Alfred the Great. Retrieved 14 March 2007.
8. EADWEARD (Edward the Elder) @ Archontology.org. Retrieved 15 March 2007.
9. There are various references listing Edward the Elder's birth as sometime in the 870s, being the second child of a marriage of 868. There are no sources listing his birth as after 877. Anglo-Saxons.net : Edward the Elder. Retrieved 15 March 2007.
10. English Monarchs - Kings and Queens of England - Edward the Elder. Retrieved 21 January 2007.
11. Aethelstan @ Archontology.org. Retrieved 15 March 2007.
12. EBK: Aethelstan, King of the English. Retrieved 15 March 2007.
13. EADMUND (Edmund) @ Archontology.org. Retrieved 17 March 2007.
14. English Monarchs - Kings and Queens of England - Edmund the Elder. Retrieved 17 March2007.
15. EADRED (Edred) @ Archontology.org. Retrieved 17 March 2007.
16. EBK: Edred, King of England. Retrieved 17 March 2007.
17. BritRoyals - King Edred. Retrieved 17 March 2007.
18. EADWIG (Edwy) @ Archontology.org. Retrieved 17 March 2007.
19. Catholic Encyclopedia: Edwy. Retrieved 17 March 2007.
20. EADGAR (Edgar the Peacemaker) @ Archontology.org. Retrieved 17 March 2007.
21. EBK: Edgar the Peacemaker, King of England. Retrieved 17 March 2007.
22. The Ætheling. Retrieved 17 March 2007.
23. EADWEARD (Edward the Martyr) @ Archontology.org. Retrieved 17 March 2007.
24. EBK: Edward the Martyr, King of England. Retrieved 17 March 2007.
25. Æthelred the Unready was forced to go into exile in the summer of 1013, following Danish attacks, but was invited back following Sweyn Forkbeard's death. AETHELRED (the Unready) @ Archontology.org. Retrieved 17 March 2007.
26. Schoolnet Spartacus: Ethelred. Retrieved 17 March 2007.
27. English Monarchs - Kings and Queens of England - Ethelred II, the Redeless. Retrieved 17 March 2007.
28. EADMUND (Edmund the Ironside) @ Archontology.org. Retrieved 17 March 2007.
29. English Monarchs - Kings and Queens of England - Edmund Ironside. Retrieved 17 March 2007.
30. CNUT (Canute) @ Archontology.org. Retrieved 21 March 2007.
31. Harold was only recognised as king north of the River Thames until 1037, after which he was recognised as king of all England.
32. After reigning for approximately 9 weeks, Edgar the Atheling submitted to William the Conqueror, who had gained control of the area to the south and immediate west of London ( ).
33. Matilda ruled at the same time as Stephen, but her reign was disputed.
34. Edward II was officially deposed by Parliament on 25 January 1327, having been imprisoned on 16 November 1326.
35. Richard II was deposed, and became a prisoner of Henry Bolingbroke, who usurped the throne from the prior claims of the issue of his father John of Gaunt.
36. Edward IV usurped the throne in 1461 after years of civil war. Henry VI was restored for about five months in 1470 before being deposed again permanently.
37. Edward was briefly deposed during his reign by Henry VI.
38. Edward V was deposed by Richard III, who usurped the throne on the grounds that Edward was illegitimate.
39. Jane was deposed in favour of Mary Tudor.
40. Philip was not meant to be a mere consort; rather, the status of Mary I's husband was envisioned as that of a co-monarch during her reign. See Philip II of Spain's reign in England. However the extent of his authority and his status are ambiguous. An Act of Parliament, 1 Mar. stat. 2 c. 2, says that Philip shall have the title of king and "shall aid her Highness ... in the happy administration of her Grace’s realms and dominions," but elsewhere says that Mary shall be the sole Queen.
41. 1 Mar. stat. 2 c. 2
42. Louis Adrian Montrose, The subject of Elizabeth: authority, gender, and representation, University of Chicago Press, 2006
43. A. F. Pollard, The History of England - From the Accession of Edward VI. to the Death of Elizabeth (1547-1603), READ BOOKS, 2007
44. Wim de Groot, The Seventh Window: The King's Window Donated by Philip II and Mary Tudor to Sint Janskerk in Gouda (1557), Uitgeverij Verloren, 2005
45. Richard Marks, Ann Payne, British Museum, British Library; British heraldry from its origins to c. 1800; British Museum Publications Ltd., 1978
46. American Numismatic Association, The Numismatist, American Numismatic Association, 1971
47. Treason Act 1554
48. Robert Dudley Edwards, Ireland in the age of the Tudors: the destruction of Hiberno-Norman civilization, Taylor & Francis, 1977
49. http://philorthodox.blogspot.com/2009/01/saint-charles-of-england-king-and.html
50. Britannia: Monarchs of Britain
51. Welcome parliament.uk. Retrieved 7 October, 2008.
52. After the personal union of the three crowns, James was the first to style himself King of Great Britain, but the title was rejected by the English Parliament and had no basis in law. The Parliament of Scotland also opposed it. Croft, p67; Wilson, pp249–252. See also the early history of the Union Flag.

See also

• List of British monarchs
• List of monarchs in the British Isles
• List of Scottish monarchs
• Line of succession to the British Throne (a list of people)
• List of English consorts
• English monarchs family tree
• Succession to the British throne (historical overview and current rules)
• Alternate successions of the English crown
• List of monarchs of the British Isles by cause of death
• Demise of the Crown
• Mnemonic verse of monarchs in England

External links

• English Monarchs - A complete history of the Kings and Queens of England
• Britannia: Monarchs of Britain
• Archontology
• Kings of England

Offa (+OFFA•REX+) 774–796		born circa 747	Cynethryth five children	26 or 29 July 796 aged 58
Egbert (Ecgberht) 829–839		c.775 son of Ealhmund of Kent	Redburga three children	4 February 839 aged about 64
Æthelwulf (Æþelwulf) 5 February 839–856		Aachen born 795 son of Egbert and Redburga	(1) Osburga six children (2) Judith of Flanders 1 October 853 no children	13 January 858 62 or 63
Æthelbald (Æþelbald) 856–860		c.834 son of Æthelwulf and Osburga	Judith of Flanders no children	20 December 860 about 26 yrs of age
Æthelberht (Æþelberht) 21 December 860–865		c.835 son of Æthelwulf and Osburga	unknown two children	865 aged about 30
Æthelred (Æþelræd) 865–871		c.837 son of Æthelwulf and Osburga	Wulfrida 868 two children	23 April 871 aged about 34
Alfred the Great (Ælfræd) 24 April 871–899		c.849 Wantage son of Æthelwulf and Osburga	Ealhswith Winchester 868 six children	26 October 899 aged about 50
Edward the Elder (Eadweard) 27 October 899–924		c.871–877 son of Alfred the Great and Ealhswith	(1) Ecgwynn 893 three children (2) Aelffaed c.902 ten children (3) Edgiva of Kent 905 four children	17 July 924 Farndon, Cheshire aged about 50
Athelstan the Glorious (Æþelstan) 3 August 924–939		895 son of Edward the Elder and Ecgwynn	unmarried	27 October 939 aged about 44
Edmund the Magnificent (Eadmund) 28 October 939–946		c.921 son of Edward the Elder and Edgiva of Kent	(1) Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury three children (2) Æthelflæd of Damerham 944 no children	26 May 946 Pucklechurch aged about 25 (murdered)
Eadred (Eadred) 27 May 946–955		c.923 son of Edward the Elder and Edgiva of Kent	unmarried	23 November 955 Frome aged about 32
Eadwig (Eadwig) 24 November 955–959		c.940 son of Edmund the Magnificent and Ælfgifu	Ælfgifu	1 October 959 aged about 19
Edgar the Peaceable (Eadgar) 2 October 959–975		c.943 Wessex son of Edmund the Magnificent and Elgiva	(1) Æthelflæd c.960 1 son (2) Ælfthryth c.964 2 sons	8 July 975 Winchester aged about 32
Saint Edward the Martyr (Eadweard) 9 July 975–978		c.962 son of Edgar the Peaceable and Æthelflæd	unmarried	18 March 978 Corfe Castle aged about 16 (assassinated)
Æthelred the Unready (Æþelræd Unræd) 19 March 978–1013 & 1014 - 1016		c.968 son of Edgar the Peaceable and Ælfthryth	(1) Ælflaed of Northumbria four children (2) Aelgifu 991 six children (3) Emma of Normandy 1002 three children	23 April 1016 London aged about 48
Edmund Ironside (Eadmund) 24 April – 30 November 1016		c.993 son of Æthelred the Unready and Ælflæd of Northumbria	Edith of East Anglia two children	30 November 1016 Glastonbury aged about 23
Sweyn Forkbeard (Svend Tveskæg) 25 December 1013–1014		c.960 Denmark son of Harald Bluetooth and Gyrid Olafsdottir	(1) Gunhilda of Poland c.990 seven children (2) Sigrid the Haughty c.1000 1 daughter	3 February 1014 Gainsborough aged about 54
Canute (Knútr) 1 December 1016–1035		c.995 son of Sweyn Forkbeard and Gunhilda of Poland	(1) Aelgifu of Northampton two children (2) Emma of Normandy 1017	12 November 1035 Shaftesbury aged about 40
Harold Harefoot (Harald) 13 November 1035–1040		c.1016/7 son of Canute and Aelgifu of Northampton	Aelgifu 1 son	17 March 1040 Oxford aged about 23 or 24
Harthacanute (Hardeknud) 18 June 1040–1042		1018 son of Canute and Emma of Normandy	unknown	8 June 1042 Lambeth aged about 24
Saint Edward the Confessor (Eadweard) 9 June 1042–1066		c.1003 Islip, Oxfordshire son of Æthelred the Unready and Emma of Normandy	Edith of Wessex 23 January 1045 no children	5 January 1066 Westminster Palace aged about 60
Harold Godwinson (Harold Godwinesson) 6 January–14 October 1066		c.1020 son of Godwin, Earl of Wessex and Gytha Thorkelsdóttir	(1) Edith Swannesha six children(2) Edith of Mercia York c.1064 two sons
14 October 1066 Hastings aged about 46 (died in battle)
Edgar the Atheling (Eadgar Æþeling) 15 October–17 December 1066. Proclaimed, but never crowned.		c.1053 Hungary son of Edward the Exile and Agatha	unmarried	c.1125 aged about 72
William I the Bastard / the Conqueror ( Guillaume le Bâtard / le Conquérant) 25 December 1066–1087		c.1028 Falaise Castle son of Robert I, Duke of Normandy and Herleva	Matilda of Flanders Chapel Notre Dame of the castle in Eu, Normandy 1053 ten children	9 September 1087 St. Gervais in Rouen aged about 59. Buried at Saint Etienne Abbey (Abbaye aux Hommes) of Caen
William II Rufus (Guillaume le Roux) 26 September 1087–1100		c.1060 Normandy son of William the Conqueror and Matilda of Flanders	unmarried	2 August 1100 New Forest aged about 40
Henry I (Henri Beauclerc) 5 August 1100–1135		September 1068 Selby son of William the Conqueror and Matilda of Flanders	(1) Edith of Scotland Westminster Abbey 11 November 1100 four children (2) Adeliza of Louvain Windsor Castle 29 January 1121 no children	1 December 1135 Castle of Lyons-la-Forêt (Saint-Denis-en-Lyons) aged 67. Buried at Reading Abbey
Stephen (Étienne de Blois) 22 December 1135–1154		c.1096 Blois son of Stephen, Count of Blois and Adela of Normandy	Matilda of Boulogne Westminster 1125 five children	25 October 1154 Dover Castle aged about 58
Matilda (Mathilde ou Mahaut l'emperesse) 7 April–1 November 1141 Title disputed		7 February 1102 Sutton Courtenay only legitimate daughter of Henry I and Edith of Scotland	(1) Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor Mainz 6 January 1114 no children (2) Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou Le Mans Cathedral 22 May 1128 three children	10 September 1167 Notre Dame du Pré in Rouen aged 65
Henry II (Henri Court-mantel) 19 December 1154–1189		5 March 1133 Le Mans son of Geoffrey of Anjou and Matilda	Eleanor of Aquitaine Bordeaux Cathedral 18 May 1152 eight children	6 July 1189 Château Chinon aged 56. Buried at Fontevraud Abbey
Henry the Young King (Henri le Jeune Roy) (coregent with his father) 14 June 1170–1183		28 February 1155son of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine
Marguerite of France Winchester Cathedral 27 August 1172 one child
11 June 1183 Martel, Limoges aged 28. Buried at Rouen Cathedral (Notre-Dame)
Richard I The Lionheart (Richard Cœur de Lion) 3 September 1189–1199		8 September 1157 Beaumont Palace son of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine	Berengaria of Navarre Limassol 12 May 1191 no children	6 April 1199 Chalus aged 41. Buried: Heart at Rouen Cathedral. Body at Fontevraud Abbey
John (Jean Sans Terre) 27 May 1199–1216		24 December 1166 Beaumont Palace son of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine	(1) Isabel of Gloucester Marlborough Castle 29 August 1189 no children(2) Isabella of Angoulême Bordeaux Cathedral 24 August 1200 five children
19 October 1216 Newark Castle aged 49. Buried at Worcester Cathedral
Henry III (Henry of Winchester) 28 October 1216–1272		1 October 1207 Winchester Castle son of John and Isabella of Angoulême	Eleanor of Provence Canterbury Cathedral 14 January 1236 nine children	16 November 1272 Westminster Palace aged 65
Edward I (Edward Longshanks) 20 November 1272–1307		17 June 1239 Westminster Palace son of Henry III and Eleanor of Provence	(1) Eleanor of Castile Abbey of Santa Maria la Real de Huelgas 18 October 1254 17 children(2) Marguerite of France 10 September 1299 three children
7 July 1307 Burgh by Sands aged 68
Edward II 7 July 1307 – 25 January 1327		25 April 1284 Caernarfon Castle son of Edward I and Eleanor of Castile	Isabella of France Boulogne Cathedral 25 January 1308 five children	21 September 1327 Berkeley Castle aged 43 (murdered)
Edward III 25 January 1327–1377		13 November 1312 Windsor Castle son of Edward II and Isabella of France	Philippa of Hainault York Minster 24 January 1328 14 children	21 June 1377 Sheen Palace aged 64
Richard II 21 June 1377 – 29 September 1399		6 January 1367 Bordeaux son of Edward, the Black Prince and Joan of Kent	(1) Anne of Bohemia 14 January 1382 no children(2) Isabella of Valois Calais 4 November 1396 no children
14 February 1400 Pontefract Castle aged 33
Henry IV (Henry Bolingbroke) 30 September 1399–1413		3 April 1366/7 Bolingbroke Castle son of John of Gaunt and Blanche of Lancaster	(1) Mary de Bohun Arundel Castle 27 July 1380 seven children(2) Joanna of Navarre Winchester Cathedral 7 February 1403 no children
20 March 1413 Westminster Abbey aged 45 or 46
Henry V 20 March 1413–1422		9 August 1387 (or 16 September) Monmouth Castle son of Henry IV and Mary de Bohun	Catherine of Valois Troyes Cathedral 2 June 1420 one son	31 August 1422 Château de Vincennes aged 35
Henry VI (first reign) 31 August 1422 – 4 March 1461
6 December 1421 Windsor Castle son of Henry V and Catherine of Valois
Margaret of Anjou Titchfield Abbey 22 April 1445 1 son
21 May 1471 Tower of London aged 49 (murdered)
Edward IV (first reign) 4 March 1461 – 2 October 1470
28 April 1442 Rouen son of Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York and Cecily Neville
Elizabeth Woodville Grafton Regis 1 May 1464 ten children
9 April 1483 Westminster Palace aged 40
Henry VI (second reign) 2 October 1470 – 11 April 1471
6 December 1421 Windsor Castle son of Henry V and Catherine of Valois
Margaret of Anjou Titchfield Abbey 22 April 1445 1 son
21 May 1471 Tower of London aged 49 (murdered)
Edward IV (second reign) 11 April 1471 – 9 April 1483
28 April 1442 Rouen son of Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York and Cecily Neville
Elizabeth Woodville Grafton Regis 1 May 1464 ten children
9 April 1483 Westminster Palace aged 40
Edward V 9 April – 25 June 1483		2 November 1470 Westminster son of Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville	unmarried	c. 1483 London aged about 12 (traditionally murdered)
Richard III 26 June 1483 – 1485		2 October 1452 Fotheringhay Castle son of Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York and Cecily Neville	Anne Neville Westminster Abbey 12 July 1472 1 son	22 August 1485 Bosworth Field aged 32 (killed in battle)
Henry VII 22 August 1485–1509		28 January 1457 Pembroke Castle son of Edmund Tudor and Lady Margaret Beaufort	Elizabeth of York Westminster Abbey 18 January 1486 eight children	21 April 1509 Richmond Palace aged 52
Henry VIII 21 April 1509–1547		28 June 1491 Greenwich Palace son of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York	Catherine of Aragon Greenwich 11 June 1509 one daughter
			28 January 1547 Whitehall Palace aged 55
				Anne Boleyn Westminster Palace 25 January 1533 one daughter
				Jane Seymour Whitehall Palace 30 May 1536 one son
Anne of Cleves Greenwich Palace 6 January 1540
Catherine Howard Hampton Court Palace 28 July 1540
Catherine Parr Hampton Court Palace 12 July 1543
Edward VI 28 January 1547–1553		12 October 1537 Hampton Court Palace son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour	unmarried	6 July 1553 Greenwich Palace aged 15
Jane (The Nine Days Queen) 10 July–19 July 1553 title disputed		October 1537 Bradgate Park daughter of Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Suffolk and Lady Frances Brandon	Lord Guildford Dudley The Strand 21 May 1553 no children	12 February 1554 Tower of London aged 16 (beheaded)
Mary I (Bloody Mary) 19 July 1553–1558		18 February 1516 Greenwich Palace daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon	Philip II of Spain Winchester Cathedral 25 July 1554 no children	17 November 1558 St. James's Palace aged 42
Philip 25 July 1554 – 17 November 1558 (in the right of his wife) status unclear; "de jure" claims were nullified by sister-in-law's defeat of the Spanish Armada		21 May 1527 Valladolid, Spain son of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and Isabella of Portugal	(2) Mary I of England Winchester Cathedral 25 July 1554 no children three other marriages and seven children	13 September 1598 El Escorial, Spain aged 71
Elizabeth I (The Virgin Queen) 17 November 1558–1603		7 September 1533 Greenwich Palace daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn	unmarried	24 March 1603 Richmond Palace aged 69
James I 24 March 1603–1625		19 June 1566 Edinburgh Castle son of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley and Mary I of Scotland	Anne of Denmark Oslo 23 November 1589 seven children	27 March 1625 Theobalds House aged 58
Charles I (Saint Charles the Martyr) 27 March 1625–1649		19 November 1600 Dunfermline Palace son of James I and Anne of Denmark	Henrietta Maria of France St Augustine's Abbey 13 June 1625 nine children	30 January 1649 Whitehall Palace aged 48 (beheaded)
Oliver Cromwell (Old Ironsides) 16 December 1653–1658		25 April 1599 Huntingdon son of Robert Cromwell and Elizabeth Stewart	Elizabeth Bourchier St Giles 22 August 1620 nine children	3 September 1658 Whitehall aged 59
Richard Cromwell (Tumbledown Dick) 3 September 1658 – 7 May 1659		4 October 1626 Huntingdon son of Oliver Cromwell and Elizabeth Bourchier	Dorothy Maijor May 1649 nine children	12 July 1712 Cheshunt aged 85
Charles II 1660–1685 Royalists dated his reign from 1649		29 May 1630 St. James's Palace son of Charles I and Henrietta Maria of France	Catherine of Braganza Portsmouth 21 May 1662 three legitimate children (none survived infancy)	6 February 1685 Whitehall Palace aged 54
James II 6 February 1685 – 23 December 1688		14 October 1633 St. James's Palace son of Charles I and Henrietta Maria of France	(1) Anne Hyde The Strand 3 September 1660 eight children(2) Mary of Modena Dover 21 November 1673 seven children
16 September 1701 Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye aged 67
William III (Willem van Oranje) 13 February 1689–1702		4 November 1650 The Hague son of William II, Prince of Orange and Mary Stuart	St. James's Palace 4 November 1677 three children (none survived infancy)	8 March 1702 Kensington Palace aged 51
Mary II 13 February 1689–1694		30 April 1662 St. James's Palace daughter of James II and Anne Hyde	28 December 1694 Kensington Palace aged 32
Anne 8 March 1702–1707 Great Britain 1 May 1707-1714		6 February 1665 St. James's Palace daughter of James II and Anne Hyde	George of Denmark St. James's Palace 28 July 1683 17 children	1 August 1714 Kensington Palace aged 49