This is a list of
revolutions and
rebellions. (For a list of coups d'état
and coup attempts, see
List of coups d'état
and coup attempts).
BC
1–999 AD
- 6–9: The Pannonians, with the Dalmatians and other Illyrian tribes, revolted against the Roman Empire, and were overcome by Tiberius and Germanicus,
after a hard-fought campaign which lasted for three years.
- 9: The
Arminius revolt against the Roman Empire;
alliance of Germanic tribes led by
Arminius ambushed and annihilated three Roman legions led by Publius Quinctilius Varus in the
Battle of
the Teutoburg Forest
.
- 18:
The Red Eyebrow Rebellion in
China
.
- 20:
The Green Forest Rebellion in
China.
- 60–61: Boudica, queen of the Celtic Iceni people of Norfolk in Roman-occupied
Britain, led a major uprising of the Briton tribes against the
occupying forces of the Roman
Empire.
- 66–70: The Great Jewish Revolt, the first of three
Jewish-Roman wars that took place
in Iudaea
Province
against the
Roman Empire.
- 69–70: The Batavian rebellion
in the Roman province of Germania Inferior.
- 115–117: The Kitos War, the second of
the Jewish-Roman wars.
- 132–135: Bar Kokhba's
revolt, the third and last of the Jewish-Roman wars.
- 184: Zhang Jiao led an unsuccessful
peasant revolt called theYellow
Turban Rebellion during the later Han
dynasty, which later collapsed due to destabilization and lack
of co-ordination with other Yellow Turban forces across China.
- 496: Mazdak led a Persian socialistic movement and overthrew
Shahanshah Kavadh
I of the Persian empire.
- 532:
The Nika revolt in Constantinople
.
- 613:
A rebellion by Yang Xuangan in China was crushed
by the Sui Dynasty.
- 623: An uprising of Slavs led by Samo against Avars.
- 685–699: The Azraqi Khariji revolt in Iraq
and Iran
against the
Umayyad Caliphate.
- 740: The Zaidi revolt against the
Umayyad dynasty.
- 740–743: The Great Berber Revolt in Maghreb against the Umayyads marked the first
successful secession from the Arab caliphate (ruled from Damascus
).
- 747–750: The Abbasid Revolt
overthrew the Umayyad dynasty. When
Abbasids declared amnesty for members of the Umayyad family, eighty
gathered to receive pardons, and all were massacred.
- 755:
Abd ar-Rahman I landed at Almuñécar
in al-Andalus
. Abd ar-Rahman I was the founder of a Muslim
dynasty that ruled the greater part of Iberia
for nearly three centuries.
- 755–763: The Rebellion by powerful Jiedushi An Lushan in
Tang Dynasty, which caused heavy damage
in China in terms of
population and economy.
- 782–785: The Saxon revolt against
Charlemagne. Rebellion was part of
Saxon Wars.
- 814: Al-Hakam I crushed a rebellion
of Iberian Muslims led by clerics in a suburb called al-Ribad on the south bank of the Guadalquivir river.
- 817–837: The revolution of the Iranian Khurramites led by Babak Khorramdin.
- 824–836: The revolt of Arab troops in Tunisia
against Aghlabids was only
put down with the help of the Berbers.
- 828: The failed rebellion by Kim Heon-chang against Silla.
- 845: The rebellion by the famous naval commander Jang Bogo against Silla,
ended when Jang was assassinated.
- 861–1003: Ya'qub bin
Laith as-Saffar established Saffarid dynasty. He seized control of
the Seistan region, conquering modern-day
eastern Iran, much of
Afghanistan
, and parts of Pakistan
. Ya'qub bin Laith as-Saffar started his
campaign as a bandit and formed his own army.
- 869–883: The Zanj
Rebellion of black African slaves in
Iraq. The Zanj Rebellion was crushed in 883 by
the Abbasids.
- 875–884: A rebellion by salt smuggler
Huang Chao against Tang Dynasty China, which later
collapsed due to the destabilization caused by the
rebellion.
- 884: Umar ibn Hafsun led
anti-Ummayad dynasty forces in southern Spain.
- 899–906: The Qarmatians, an extremist
Ismā'īlī Muslim sect
centered in eastern Arabia, revolted against
Abbasids.
- 943–947: The great revolt of Abu
Yazid, a Khariji Berber leader who assembled a large tribal
coalition against Fatimid rule.
- 982: The great revolt of the pagan Polabian Slavs of the lower Elbe against the Holy
Roman Empire.
1000–1499
1500–1699
Episode of the Fronde at the Faubourg
Saint-Antoine by the Walls of the Bastille
- 1514: A peasants' war led by György Dózsa in the Kingdom of Hungary.
- 1515: The Slovenian peasant
revolt.
- 1515–1523: The Frisian rebellion of the
Arumer Black Heap, led by Pier Gerlofs Donia and Wijard Jelckama.
- 1519–1523: The first Revolta de les Germanies in
Valencia, an anti-monarchist,
anti-feudal autonomist movement inspired by the Italian
republics.
- 1519–1610: The Jelali revolts in Anatolia
against the authority of the Ottoman Empire.
- 1520–1522: The Revolt of the
Comuneros against the rule of Spanish king and Holy Roman
Emperor Charles
V.
- 1523: The nobility in Jutland rebelled
against Christian II of
Denmark, forcing him to abdicate and flee the country 1
May.
- 1524–1525: The Peasants' War of in
the Holy Roman Empire.
- 1542:
The Dacke Feud in Sweden
.
- 1549:
The Prayer Book Rebellion in
Cornwall
and Devon
, United
Kingdom
.
- 1549: Kett's Rebellion.
- 1566–1648: Eighty Years' War;
revolt of the Low Countries against Spain.
- 1567–1799 and beyond: Philippine revolts against
Spain.
- 1568–1571: The Morisco Revolt by the remnants of the
Morisco community (Spanish Christian
converts from Islam ["crypto-Muslims"] in
Granada
, Spain.
- 1573: The Croatian and Slovenian
peasant revolt.
- 1594–1603: The Nine Years War or Tyrone's Rebellion in Ulster, Ireland
against English rule in Ireland.
- 1596:
The Club War uprising in Finland
.
- 1606–1607: The Bolotnikov rebellion for the abolition
of serfdom, which was part of the
Time of Troubles in Russia
.
- 1618–1625: The Bohemian Revolt
against the Habsburgs. Rebellion was part
of Thirty Years' War.
- 1637–1638: The Shimabara
Rebellion of Japanese
Christians.
- 1640: The Portuguese
Revolt against Spanish
Empire.
- 1640–1652: The Catalan
Revolt.
- 1640–1644: The Vlach uprising
against Habsburg rule in Moravia.
- 1641: The Irish Rebellion of
1641.
- 1642–1653: The English
Revolution, commencing as a civil war between Parliament and
the King, and culminating in the execution of Charles I and the
establishment of a republican Commonwealth, which was succeeded
several years later by the Protectorate of Oliver Cromwell.
- 1644:
The Li Zicheng rebellion against the
Ming
Dynasty
.
- 1647: The Naples
Revolt.
- 1648: The Khmelnytsky
Uprising of Cossacks in Ukraine against Polish nobility in the
Polish-Lithuanian
Commonwealth.
- 1648–1653: The Fronde, in France.
- 1664-1670: The Zrinski, Wesselényi and Frankopan uprising against the Habsburgs.
- 1668: The Sikhs in the Anandpur revolted against the Mughal Empire.
- 1668–1676: The Solovetsky Monastery
Uprising.
- 1669: The Jat uprising under
Gokula. The Hindu Jats in the
Agra
district
revolted
against the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb.
- 1672: The Pasthun
rebellion against the Mughals.
- 1672–1674: The Lipka
Rebellion, an uprising of Polish
Tatars against the Polish-Lithuanian
Commonwealth.
- 1672–1678: The Messina Revolt
. The Sicilian revolt against Spanish rule
took place during the Franco-Dutch
War of Louis XIV; the rebels were
supported by France.
- 1675–1676: King Philip's War
between Indians and English settlers, sometimes called Metacom's
Rebellion.
- 1676: The Bashkir Rebellion
against Russian rule.
- 1680:
The Pueblo Revolt against Spanish settlers in New Mexico
.
- 1682:
The Moscow Uprising of the
Moscow
Streltsy regiments.
- 1688: The Siamese
revolution the overthrow of pro-foreign Siamese king Narai by Mandarin Petracha.
- 1688: The Glorious
Revolution in England overthrew King James II and established a
Whig-dominated Protestant constitutional monarchy.
- 1688–1746: The Jacobite Risings were a series of
uprisings, rebellions, and wars in the British Isles
occurring between 1688 and 1746.
- 1689: Karposh's Rebellion
against Ottoman Empire.
- 1693: The second Revolta de les Germanies in
Valencia, prompted by feudal
taxation.
- 1698: The Streltsy Uprising in
Russia.
1700–1799
- 1702–1715: The Camisard
Rebellion in France
.
- 1703–1711: The Rákóczi
Uprising against the Habsburgs.
- 1707–1709: The Bulavin Rebellion in Imperial
Russia
.
- 1709:
Mir Wais Hotak, an Afghani tribal leader, led a successful rebellion against
Gurgin Khan, the Persian governor of
Kandahar
.
- 1722: Afghan rebels defeated Shah
Sultan Hossein and ended the Safavid
dynasty.
- 1743:
The Fourth Dalecarlian
Rebellion in Sweden.
- 1745–1746: The Jacobite Rising in Scotland
.
- 1763–1766: Pontiac's
Rebellion by numerous North
American Indian tribes who joined the uprising in an effort to
drive British soldiers and settlers out of the Great Lakes region.
- 1768: The Rebellion of 1768 by
Creole and German settlers objecting to the turnover of the
Louisiana Territory from
New France to New
Spain.
- 1770:
The Orlov Revolt in Peloponnese
.
- 1773–1775:Pugachev's Rebellion was the largest
peasant revolt in Russia's
history. Between the end of the Pugachev rebellion and the
beginning of the 19th century, there were hundreds of outbreaks
across Russia.
- 1775–1783: The American
Revolution establishes independence of the thirteen North
American colonies from Great Britain, creating the republic of the
United States of America. A war of
independence in that it created one nation from another.
- 1773–1802?: The Tay
Son Revolt, annihilation of the ruling Trinh and Nguyen
clans as well as the Le Dynasty
in Dai
Viet
.
- 1780–1782: José Gabriel Condorcanqui, known
as Túpac Amaru II, raises an
indigenous peasant army in revolt against Spanish control of
Peru
. Julián Apasa, known as Tupac Katari allied with Tupac Amaru and lead
an indigenous revolt in Alto Peru (preset day Bolivia
) nearly destroying the city of La Paz
in a
siege.
- 1789: Regarded as one of the most influential of all
socio-political revolutions, the French Revolution is associated with the
rise of the bourgeoisie and the downfall of the aristocracy.
- 1791–1804: The Haitian Revolution: A successful slave
rebellion, led by Toussaint
Louverture, establishes Haiti
as the
first free, black republic.
- 1793–1796: The Revolt in
the Vendée was popular uprising against the Republican
government during the French
Revolution.
- 1794: The Polish
revolt.
- 1795–1796: Rebels in Grenada
led by Julien
Fédon executed the governor and wrested control of most of the
island from Britain, which maintained a stronghold in St. George's,
the capital. The goal was to incorporate Grenada into
revolutionary France, but Fédon
soon disappeared and was never heard from again.
- 1796–1804: The White Lotus Rebellion against the
Manchu
Dynasty
in China.
- 1797: The Spithead and
Nore mutinies were two major mutinies by sailors of the
British Royal Navy.
- 1798: The Irish Rebellion of
1798 failed to overthrow British rule in Ireland.
1800–1849
- pre-1800–1872: Philippine revolts against
Spain (See also 1896 and 1898 in this list).
- 1803:
The rebellion of Robert Emmet in
Dublin
, Ireland against British rule.
- 1804–1817: The Serbian
revolution against Ottoman rule
erupts.
- 1808:
The Dos de Mayo Uprising
against the occupation of Madrid
by
French
troops.
- 1808–1814: The Peninsula war.
- 1809–1810: The rebellion of Velu
Thampi Dalawa of Travancore.
- 1810:
The West Florida rebellion against
Spain
, eventually becomes a short-lived
republic.
- 1810–1821: The Mexican
War of Independence, a revolution against Spanish
colonialism.
- 1810:
The Viceroy of
the Río de la Plata is deposed by local officers in Argentina
.
- 1812:
The peasant rebellion of Hong
Gyeong-nae against Joseon Dynasty
of Korea
.
- 1817: The Pernambucan
Revolution, a republican separatist movement which resulted in
the creation of the short-lived Republic of Pernambuco (7 March
1817–20 May 1817).
- 1817:
The Pentrich
Revolution, Derbyshire
; an ill-fated attempt to overthrow the Government,
unknowingly it was instigated by William Oliver, aka Oliver the
Spy. Three men were executed in November 1817, and fourteen
men were transported to NSW. The event is known as 'England's Last
Revolution' (9–10 June 1817).
- 1820: Radical War or "Scottish
Insurrection".
- 1820:
Revolutions in Spain and
Portugal
.
- 1820–1824: The revolutionary war of
independence in Peru led by
José de San
Martín.
- 1821–1829: The Greek War
of Independence.
- 1822–1823: The republican revolution in
Mexico
overthrows
Emperor Agustín de
Iturbide.
- 1825:
The Decembrist revolt in Russian
Empire
.
- 1825–1830: The Java
War or Dipanegara Revolution, when the prince of Mataram Islam against the tax and land rent
dommination from Dutch
.
- 1826: The Janissary revolt in
Ottoman Empire.
- 1827–1828: The failed conservative rebellion
in Mexico led by
Nicolás Bravo.
- 1830: The July Revolution, or
the French Revolution of 1830, was a revolt by the middle class
against Bourbon King Charles X which forced him out of office and
replaced him with the Orleanist King Louis-Philippe (the "July
Monarchy").
- 1830: The Belgian Revolution
was a conflict in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands that began
with a riot in Brussels in August 1830 and eventually led to the
establishment of an independent, Catholic and neutral Belgium.
- 1830–1831: The November
Uprising in Poland.
- 1831: The Merthyr Rising in South
Wales.
- 1832–1843: Abdelkader's rebellion in French-occupied
Algeria
.
- 1834–1859: Imam
Shamil's rebellion in Russian-occupied Caucasus
.
- 1835–1836: Texas secedes from Mexico in the Texas Revolution.
- 1835–1845: The War
of Tatters, Separatists gauchos
revolutionaries declared the independence of the Rio Grande do Sul from Brazil
.
- 1837–1838: The Rebellions of
1837 failed republican revolutions against British rule in
Canada.
- 1841–1842: The Afghan
uprising. Hostile Afghan tribes
massacred Elphinstone's British army
including some 12,000 civilian dependents and camp
followers.
- 1847:
The Maya Rebellion in
Yucatán
.
- 1847: The Taos Revolt in New Mexico
against the United States.
- 1848: The Revolutions of
1848 were a wave of failed liberal and republican revolutions
that swept Europe.
- 1848: The French
Revolution of 1848 led to the creation of the French Second Republic.
- 1848: The Revolutions of 1848 in
the Italian states.
- 1848: The Revolutions of 1848 in
the German states.
- 1848:
The Hungarian Revolution of
1848 grew into a war for independence from Austrian
Empire
.
- 1848: The Young
Irelander Rebellion of 1848 took place during the Great Irish Famine.
- 1848:
A rebellion in British-ruled Ceylon
.
1850–1899
- 1863–1865: The January Uprising was the Polish uprising against the
Russian
Empire.
- 1865: The Morant Bay
rebellion.
- 1866: The Uprising of
Polish political exiles in Siberia.
- 1866–1868: The Meiji
Restoration and modernization revolution in Japan. Samurai uprising leads to overthrow of shogunate and
establishment of "modern" parliamentary, Western-style system.
- 1867: The Fenian Rising: an
attempt at a nationwide rebellion by the Irish Republican Brotherhood
against British rule.
- 1868:
The Glorious Revolution
in Spain deposes
Queen Isabella II.
- 1868:
In the Grito de Lares, rebels
proclaim the independence of Puerto Rico
from Spain.
- 1869–1870: The Red River Rebellion, the events
surrounding the actions of a provisional government established by
Métis leader Louis Riel at the Red River Settlement, Manitoba
, Canada
.
- 1871: The Paris Commune.
- 1871–1872: Porfirio Díaz
rebels against President Benito
Juárez of Mexico.
- 1871:
The liberal revolution in Guatemala
.
- 1875: The Deccan Riots.
- 1875: The Herzegovinian
rebellion, the most famous of the rebellions against the
Ottoman Empire in Herzegovina; unrest soon spread to other areas
of Ottoman
Bosnia.
- 1876: The second rebellion by Porfirio Díaz against President Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada of
Mexico.
- 1876: The April uprising, a
revolt by the Bulgarian population against Ottoman rule.
- 1877: The Satsuma Rebellion of
Satsuma ex-samurai against the Meiji government.
- 1882:
The Urabi Revolt: an uprising in
Egypt
on June 11, 1882 against the Khedive and European influence in the
country. It was led by and named after Colonel Ahmed Urabi.
- 1885:
A peasant revolt in the Ancash
region of
Peru led by Pedro Pablo
Atusparía succeeds in occupying the Callejón de Huaylas for several
months.
- 1885:
The North-West Rebellion of
Métis in Saskatchewan
.
- 1888: The Rebellion
of Peasant in Banten, Indonesia.
- 1893:
A liberal revolt brings José
Santos Zelaya to power in Nicaragua
.
- 1894–1895: The Donghak Peasant Revolution:
Korean peasants led by Jeon
Bong-jun revolted against Joseon Dynasty; the revolt was crushed by Japanese
and Chinese intervention, leading to First Sino-Japanese War.
- 1895: The revolution against President
Andrés Avelino
Cáceres in Peru ushers in
a period of stable constitutional rule.
- 1896–1898: The Philippine
Revolution, a war of independence against Spanish rule directed
by the Katipunan society.
- 1898: The Dukchi Ishan (Andican Uprising): Kirgiz, Uzbek, and
Kipcak peoples rebelled against Tsarist Russia in Turkestan
(Fargana Valley).
- 1898: A mob of white supremacists forced out the city
government of Wilmington, North Carolina
.
- 1899–1901: The Boxer Rebellion against foreign influence in
areas such as trade, politics, religion and technology that
occurred in China during the
final years of the Manchu
Dynasty
.
1900–1909
1910–1919
1917 - Execution at Verdun sometime in
1916
- 1910–1920: The Mexican
Revolution overthrows the dictator Porfirio Díaz; seizure of
power by Institutional Revolutionary Party.
- 1910: The republican revolution in Portugal.
- 1910–1911: The Sokehs Rebellion
erupts in German-ruled Micronesia. Its
primary leader, Somatau, is executed soon
after being captured.
- 1911: The Xinhai Revolution
overthrows the ruling Qing Dynasty and establishment of the
Republic of China.
- 1914: The Ten Days War was a shooting war involving irregular
forces of coal miners using dynamite and rifles on one side,
opposed to the Colorado National Guard, Baldwin Felts detectives,
and mine guards deploying machine guns, cannon and aircraft on the
other, occurring in the aftermath of the Ludlow Massacre. The Ten Days War ended when
federal troops intervened.
- 1914: The Boer Revolt against the
British in South Africa.
- 1915: The Armenian Revolt in city of Van against the Ottomans in Turkey
.
- 1916: The Easter
Rising in Dublin,
Ireland
during which the Irish Republic was
proclaimed.
- 1916: An anti-French uprising in Algeria.
- 1916: The Central Asian Revolt started when
the Russian
Empire government ended its exemption of Muslims from
military service.
- 1916–1917: The Tuareg rebellion against French colonial rule of the area
around the Aïr
Mountains
of northern Niger
.
- 1916–1918: The Arab Revolt with the
aim of securing independence from the Ottoman Empire.
- 1916–1923: The Irish War
of Independence, the period of nationalist rebellion, guerrilla
warfare, political change and civil war which brought about the
establishment of the independent nation, the Irish Free State.
- 1916–1947: Gandhi's
struggle against the British for Indian Independence.
- 1917: The French Army
Mutinies.
- 1917: The February
Revolution overthrows Tsar Nicholas II in Russia.
- 1917: The Green Corn Rebellion takes place in
rural Oklahoma
.
- 1917: The October Revolution
in Russia: Bolshevik seizure of power in Russia and the
establishment of the Soviet Union.
- 1918: The Finnish Civil
War.
- 1918: The Christmas Uprising in Montenegro
: Montenegrins (Zelenaši) rebelled against unification of
Kingdom of Montenegro with
Kingdom of
Serbia
.
- 1918: The Wilhelmshaven
mutiny.
- 1918: The German Revolution
overthrows the Kaiser; establishment of the Weimar
Republic
.
- 1918–1919: A wave of strikes and student unrest shakes Peru.
These events influence two of the dominant figures of Peruvian
politics in the 20th century: Víctor Raúl Haya de la
Torre and José
Carlos Mariátegui.
- 1918–1919: The Greater Poland Uprising
Polish uprising against German authorities.
- 1918–1920: The Georgian-Ossetian
conflict , the southern Ossetians
revolted against Georgian
rule.
- 1918–1921: The Ukrainian
Revolution.
- 1918–1922: The Third Russian
Revolution, a failed anarchist revolution against both
Bolshevism and the White movement.
- 1918–1931: The Basmachi Revolt
against Soviet Russia rule in Central Asia.
- 1919–1920: The Euphrates Revolt, Iraqi insurgents revolt
against British and British-Indian troops, attempting to create a
Muslim regime or the restoration of Turkish rule.
- 1919–1921: The Tambov Rebellion
, one of the largest peasant rebellions against
the Bolshevik regime during the Russian Civil War.
- 1919–1921: The Silesian Uprisings of the ethnic Poles against Weimar rule.
- 1919–1922: The Turkish
War of Independence commanded by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.
- 1919: The German
Revolution.
- 1919: A revolution in Hungary
, resulting in the short-lived Hungarian Soviet
Republic.
1920–1929
1930–1939
- 1930: The Brazilian
Revolution of 1930 led by Getúlio Vargas.
- 1930: The Salt Satyagraha, a
campaign of non-violent protest against the British salt tax in colonial
India.
- 1932: The Constitutionalist Revolution
against the provisional president Getúlio Vargas led Brazil to a short
civil war.
- 1932: The Aprista
revolt in Trujillo, Peru
.
- 1932: The Siamese coup d'état of
1932, sometimes called the "Promoters Revolution", ends
absolute monarchy in Thailand
.
- 1933: The popular revolution against Cuban dictator Gerardo Machado.
- 1934: In October, workers including radical
socialists and anarchists stage coups in the Spanish regions of Asturias
and Catalonia
. The immediate cause was the entrance of a
right-wing Catholic party into the government of the unstable
Second Spanish Republic. The
Asturian uprising was put down by General Francisco Franco.
- 1936: The Febrerista
Revolution, led by Rafael Franco, ended oligarchic Liberal
Party rule in Paraguay.
- 1936: General Francisco Franco led a coup and started the
Spanish Civil War, leading to the
Spanish Revolution.
- 1936–1939: A period of so-called "military
socialism" in Bolivia follows a revolution in which celebrated war
hero David Toro takes power. A
constitution establishing a corporative state is promulgated in
1938, following the nationalization of Standard Oil and the passage of progressive
labor laws.
- 1937–1938: The Dersim Rebellion was the most important
Kurdish rebellion in modern Turkey.
- 1937: The "Jornadas de Mayo", a workers' revolution in
Catalonia.
- 1938–1948: The Zionist Revolution, or the period of
Jewish nationalist rebellion and guerrilla
warfare against the British Empire in
Palestine which brought about the
establishment of the State of Israel
.
1940–1949
- 1940–1944: The Insurgency in
Chechnya.
- 1941: The June Uprising against the
Soviet
Union
in Lithuania
.
- 1941–1945: Yugoslav
People's Liberation War against the Axis
Powers in World War II.
- 1941-1944: Greek
Resistance
- 1942: Sri Lankan soldiers ignite the Cocos Islands Mutiny in an unsuccessful
attempt to transfer the islands to Japanese control.
- 1942: The destruction
of the German garrison in Lenin.
- 1943: The Warsaw Ghetto
Uprising.
- 1943: The uprising at Treblinka extermination
camp.
- 1943: The uprising at Sobibór
extermination camp
.
- 1943-1945: Italian
Resistance Movement against the Fascist Italian Social Republic, culminating
in the 25th April final insurrection in Northern Italy.
- 1944: The Guatemalan
Revolution overthrows the dictator Federico Ponce Vaides by liberal
military officers.
- 1944: The Warsaw
Uprising was an armed struggle during the Second World War by the Polish
Home Army (Armia
Krajowa) to liberate Warsaw
from German
occupation and Nazi
rule. It started on 1 August 1944.
- 1944: The Paris
Uprising staged by the French
Resistance against the German Paris garrison.
- 1944: The Slovak National
Uprising against Nazi Germany.
- 1944: The uprising at Auschwitz extermination
camp
.
- 1944–1947: A Communist-friendly government
was installed in Bulgaria
following a coup d'état and the Soviet
invasion.
- 1944: Following the liberation of Albania
, the Communist Party of Albania under
Enver Hoxha consolidated its control and
declared the People's
Republic of Albania in January 1946.
- 1944–1949: The Greek Civil
War.
- 1944–1965: The Forest Brothers Rebellion in Baltic states against Soviet Union.
- 1945–1949: The Indonesian National
Revolution against Dutch after
their independence from Japan
. Led by Soekarno,
Hatta, Tan Malaka,
etc. with the Dutch led by Van Mook.
- 1945: The Prague uprising
against German occupation during
World War II.
- 1945: The August Revolution
led by Ho Chi Minh declared the
independence of the Democratic Republic of
Vietnam from French rule.
- 1945: A democratic revolution in Venezuela
, led by Rómulo
Betancourt.
- 1946: The Royal Indian Navy Mutiny takes
place in Bombay
, and spreads to different parts of British India, demanding Indian independence.
- 1947: Three months after an abortive coup,
civil war broke out in Paraguay
. The rebellion was crushed by the
government of dictator Higinio
Morínigo.
- 1946–1951: The Telengana Rebellion: a Communist-led peasant
revolt in Hyderabad State,
India
.
- 1947–1952: In the Albanian
Subversion, the intelligence services of the United States and
Britain deployed exiled fascists, Nazis, and monarchists in a
failed attempt to foment a counterrevolution in Communist-ruled
Albania.
- 1947: The 228 Massacre occurred
following discontent and resentment of the native Taiwanese under
the early rule of the KMT of the island.
- 1948: The Costa Rican Civil War precipitated by the vote of the
Costa Rican Legislature, dominated by pro-government
representatives, to annul the results of the presidential election
of 1948.
- 1948: Following the liberation of Korea, Marxist former
guerrillas under Kim Il Sung work to
rapidly industrialize the country and rid it of the last vestiges
of "feudalism.".
- 1948–1960: The Malayan
Emergency.
- 1949: The Communist-led Chinese
Revolution under chairman Mao overthrows the ruling Nationalist
Party and establishes the People's Republic of China.
1950–1959
Barricades in Algiers.
"Long live Massu" (Vive Massu) is written on the
banner.
- 1950: The Jayuya
revolt in Puerto Rico, explosion in the Blair House
, and shooting at Congress, all looking for Puerto
Rican independence.
- 1954–1962: The Algerian
War of Independence: a revolutionary war of independence
against French colonialism.
- 1950s: The Mau Mau
Uprising.
- 1952: A popular revolution in Bolivia led by Víctor Paz Estenssoro and the
Revolutionary
Nationalist Movement (MNR) initiates a period of multiparty
democracy lasting until a 1964 military coup.
- 1952: The Rosewater Revolution in Lebanon
.
- 1953: The Vorkuta uprising was a major uprising of
the Gulag inmates in Vorkuta
in the summer of 1953. Like other camp
uprisings it was bloodily quelled by the Red
Army and the NKVD.
- 1954: The Kengir
uprising in the Soviet
prison labor camp Kengir.
- 1954: The Uyghur uprising against Chinese
rule in Hotan
.
- 1955–1960: The Guerrilla war against
British colonial rule of Cyprus
led by the
EOKA (National Organisation of Cypriot
Fighters).
- 1955–1972: The First
Sudanese Civil War was a conflict between the northern part of
Sudan and a south that demanded more regional autonomy.
- 1955–1970: The Union of the Peoples of
Cameroon (UPC) engages in a guerrilla struggle against French
colonialism in the French
Cameroons. In 1955 the UPC was for all practical purposes
banned, and in 1960 Cameroon achieved independence under the
conservative government of President Ahmadou Ahidjo. After the gradual
assassinations of many of its top leaders and the proclamation of a
one-party state in 1966, the last significant remnants of the
insurgency were extinguished in 1970. The UPC, unlike many other
guerrilla organizations throughout Africa, never achieved state
power.
- 1956–1959: The Cuban Revolution
led by Fidel Castro removes the government of General Fulgencio Batista. By 1962 Cuba had been
transformed into a declared socialist
republic.
- 1956–1962: The Border Campaign led by the Irish Republican Army against the
British, along the border of the independent Republic
of Ireland
and British Northern Ireland
.
- 1956: The Hungarian
Revolution, a failed workers' and peasants' revolution against
the Soviet-supported communist state in Hungary.
- 1956: The Tibetan rebellions against Chinese rule broke out in Amdo and
Kham.
- 1958: A popular revolt in Venezuela against military dictator Marcos Pérez Jiménez
culminates in a civic-military coup d'état.
- 1958: The Iraqi Revolution led
by nationalist soldiers abolishes the British-backed monarchy,
executes many of its top officials, and begins to assert the
country's independence from both Cold War power blocs.
- 1959: The failed Tibetan uprising against Chinese rule led to the flight of the Dalai Lama.
- 1959: The Tutsi king
of Rwanda
is forced into exile by Hutu
extremists; racial pogroms follow an assassination attempt on Hutu
leader Grégoire
Kayibanda.
1960–1969
Prague, 1968
- 1961–1991: The Eritrean
War of Independence led by Isaias Afewerki against
Ethiopia.
- 1961–1975: Angolan
Marxists and other radicals grouped in the Popular Movement
for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) begin guerrilla attacks on
Portuguese infrastructure. With extensive military assistance from
Cuba
, the MPLA
is able to outmaneuver two rival organizations and establish
control of Luanda
in time for independence on November 11,
1975. Civil war between the MPLA government and the
anti-communist UNITA continued on-and-off
until 2002, when UNITA leader Jonas
Savimbi was killed.
- 1962–1974: The leftist African
Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC)
wages a revolutionary war of independence in Portuguese Guinea
. In 1973, the independent Republic
of Guinea-Bissau
is proclaimed, and the next year the republic's
independence is recognized by the reformist military junta in
Lisbon
.
- 1962: The military coup of 1962 in Burma, led by General
Ne Win, who became the country's
strongman.
- 1962: A revolution in northern Yemen
overthrew the imam and established the Yemen Arab Republic.
- 1963–1967: The Aden Emergency: nationalists in British-ruled
Aden
, with an
eye on recent events in North Yemen and in Palestine, declared war
on the British under the umbrella of the National Liberation Front
(NLF). The UK handed over control to an independent South
Yemen in November 1967. In 1969, the moderate president Qahtan Muhammad al-Shaabi was
edged out in favor of more radical socialists, who convoked a
constituent assembly and began to develop the state along
Marxist-Leninist lines. The result was the only Communist state in
the Arab world, and the first in a Muslim country.
- 1964: Following an American school's
provocative decision to raise only the flag of the United States,
Panamanian students marched into the Panama Canal Zone
with the flag of
Panama. After the latter flag was torn, thousands more
become involved, starting huge riots that lasted three days. About
20 people were killed and hundreds more injured.
- 1964: The Zanzibar
Revolution overthrew the 157-year-old Arab monarchy, declared
the People's Republic of
Zanzibar, and began the process of unification with Julius Nyerere's Tanganyika.
- 1964–1979: The Rhodesian Bush War, also known as the
Second Chimurenga or the Liberation Struggle, was a guerrilla war
which lasted from July 1964 to 1979 and led to universal suffrage,
the end of white-rule in Zimbabwe Rhodesia, and the creation of the
Republic
of Zimbabwe
.
- 1964: The October Revolution in Sudan
, driven by a general strike and rioting, forced
President Ibrahim Abboud to transfer
executive power to a transitional civilian government, and
eventually to resign.
- 1964–1975: The Mozambican Liberation Front
(FRELIMO), formed in 1962, commenced a guerrilla war against
Portuguese colonialism. Independence was granted on June 25, 1975;
however, the Mozambican Civil
War complicated the political situation and frustrated
FRELIMO's attempts at radical change. The war continued into the
early 1990s after the government dropped Marxism as the state
ideology.
- 1964–present: The Colombian Armed
Conflict.
- 1965: The March
Intifada in Bahrain
: a Leftist uprising
demanding an end to the British presence in Bahrain.
- 1966: Kwame
Nkrumah is removed from power in Ghana
by coup d'état.
- 1966–1993: A guerrilla warfare was conducted against the
repressive government of François Tombalbaye from the
Sudan-based group FROLINAT. After the
killing of field commander Ibrahim
Abatcha in 1968, the movement jettisoned its socialist rhetoric
and split into irreconcilable factions that often fought among
themselves. Tombalbaye was brought down and executed in a 1975 military coup, and in 1979 the
FROLINAT factions established the Transitional
Government of National Unity (GUNT). This experiment
lasted until 1982, when a FROLINAT splinter, led by Hissène Habré, took control of
N'Djamena
. Supporters of marginalized GUNT president
Goukouni Oueddei held out for a few
years at Bardaï
, but the group eventually dissolved; but a new
formation, the MPS, continued the civil war and
brought to power in 1990 Idriss
Déby.
- 1966–1998: The Ulster Volunteer Force was recreated
by militant Protestant British loyalists in Northern Ireland to wage war against the Irish Republican Army and the Roman Catholic community at
large.
- 1967–1968 Iraqi communists launched an insurgency in southern
Iraq.
- 1967–1970: Biafra:
The former eastern Nigeria
unsuccessfully fought for a breakaway republic
of Biafra, after the mainly Ibo people of the region suffered
pogroms in northern Nigeria the previous year.
- 1967: The Naxalite Movement begins in
India, led by the AICCCR.
- 1967: Anguillans
resentful of Kittitian domination of the island
expelled the Kittitian police and declared independence from the
British colony of Saint
Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla. British forces retook the
island in 1969 and made Anguilla a separate dependency in 1980.
There was no bloodshed in the entire episode.
- 1968: The revolution in the Republic
of Congo
.
- 1968: Student protests and riots in
Egypt in the wake of the Six-Day
War lead to the ratification of the March 30 Program to deepen democratic
processes.
- 1968: The May 1968 revolt:
students' and workers' revolt against the government of Charles de
Gaulle in France.
- 1968: A coup by Juan Velasco
Alvarado in Peru, followed by radical social and economic
reforms.
- 1968: A failed attempt by leader Alexander Dubček to liberalise
Czechoslovakia in defiance of the Soviet-supported communist state
culminates in the Prague Spring.
- 1969–1998: The Troubles: the
Provisional Irish
Republican Army and other Republican Paramilitaries waged an armed
campaign against British Security forces and Loyalist Paramilitaries in an attempt to
bring about a United Ireland.
- 1969: A mass movement of workers, students,
and peasants in Pakistan forced the resignation of President Mohammad Ayub Khan.
- 1969: The overthrow of the pro-Western
monarchy by Arab nationalist military officers in Libya
.
- 1969: Somalia
's multiparty system supplanted by a military
socialist government under Siad Barre.
1970–1979
1980–1989
- 1980: The Santo
Rebellion in the Anglo-French condominium of New
Hebrides
- 1980–2000: The Communist Party of
Peru launched the internal
conflict in Peru.
- 1981: Assassination of
Ziaur Rahman in Bangladesh sparks protests and riots.
- 1982: General Hussain
Muhammad Ershad seizes power through a bloodless coup, deposing
president Abdus Sattar in
Bangladesh.
- 1983: Overthrow of the ruling Conseil de Salut du peuple (CSP)
by Marxist forces led by Thomas Sankara in Upper Volta, renamed Burkina Faso
in the following year.
- 1983–2005: The Second
Sudanese Civil War was largely a continuation of the First Sudanese Civil War, and one
of the longest lasting and deadliest wars of the later 20th
century.
- 1984–1985: Pro-independence FLNKS forces in New Caledonia
revolt following an election boycott and occupy the
town of Thio
from November 1984 to January 1985. Thio is
retaken by the French after the assassination of Éloi Machoro, the security minister in the
FLNKS provisional government and the primary leader of the
occupation.
- 1985: Soviet and Afghanistan P.O.W. rose against their
captors at Badaber
base.
- 1986: The People Power Revolution peacefully
overthrows Ferdinand Marcos after
his two decade rule in the Philippines
.
- 1987–1991: The First Intifada, or the Palestinian uprising,
a series of violent incidents between Palestinians and Israelis.
- 1988–1991: The Pan-Armenian National
Movement frees Armenia from Soviet rule.
- 1988: The 8888
Uprising In Burma
or Myanmar.
- 1989: The Singing Revolution, bloodless overthrow
of communist rule in Estonia
, Latvia
and Lithuania.
- 1989: The violent Caracazo riots in Venezuela. In the next few years, there are two
attempted coups and President Carlos Andrés Pérez is
impeached.
- 1989: The Tiananmen Square protests of
1989
were a series of demonstrations led by students,
intellectuals and labour activists
in the People's Republic of China between 15 April and 4 June 1989.
- 1989: The bloodless Velvet Revolution overthrows the communist
regime in Czechoslovakia
.
- 1989: The Romanian Revolution violently overthrows
the communist state in Romania
.
1990–1999
2000–present
- 2000–present: The Second
Intifada a continuation of the First
Intifada. The wave of violence that began in
September 2000 between Palestinian Arabs and Israelis
.
- 2000: The bloodless Bulldozer
Revolution, first of the four colour revolutions, overthrows Slobodan
Milošević's régime in Yugoslavia.
- 2001: The 2001 Macedonia
conflict.
- 2001–present: The Taliban
insurgency following the 2001 war in
Afghanistan which overthrow Taliban rule.
- 2001: The 2001 EDSA
Revolution peacefully ousts Philippine President
Joseph Estrada after the collapse of
his impeachment trial.
- 2001: Supporters of Philippines former president
Joseph Estrada violently and
unsuccessfully stage a rally, so-called the EDSA Tres, in an attempt of returning him to
power.
- 2003: The Rose
Revolution, second of the colour
revolutions, displaces the president of Georgia, Eduard
Shevardnadze, and calls new elections.
- 2003–present: The Iraqi insurgency refers to the armed
resistance by diverse groups within Iraq to the
U.S. occupation of Iraq and to
the establishment of a liberal
democracy therein.
- 2003–present: The Darfur
rebellion led by the two major rebel groups, the
Sudan Liberation Movement
(SLM/A) and the Justice
and Equality Movement, recruited primarily from the
land-tilling Fur, Zaghawa, and Massaleit
ethnic groups.
- 2004–present: The Shi'ite Uprising against
the US-led
occupation of Iraq.
- 2004: After Viktor Yanukovych was declared the winner
of a presidential election in Ukraine
, the Orange
Revolution arose and installed him as president, believing the
election to have been fraudulent. This was the third
colour revolution.
- 2004: A failed attempt at popular
colour-style revolution in Azerbaijan
, led by the groups Yox! and
Azadlig.
- 2004–present: The Naxalite insurgency in India, led by the Communist Party of India
.
- 2005: The Cedar
Revolution, triggered by the assassination of former Prime Minister
Rafik Hariri, asks for the withdrawal
of Syrian
troops from Lebanon.
- 2005: The Tulip Revolution
(a.k.a. Pink/Yellow Revolution) overthrows the
President of Kyrgyzstan
, Askar Akayev, and set new elections.
This is the fourth colour
revolution.
- 2006–present: 2006
democracy movement in Nepal.
- 2006: The 2006 Oaxaca protests demanding the
removal of Ulises Ruiz Ortiz, the
governor of Oaxaca
state in Mexico.
- 2007: The popular uprising against the
terrorist organization al-Qa'eda by
residents of Anbar
Province
, Iraq.
- 2007–present: The Civil war in Ingushetia within
Russia.
- 2007–present: The Second Tuareg Rebellion in Niger.
- 2007: The Burmese anti-government
protests, including the Saffron Revolution of Burmese Buddhist
monks.
- 2008: A Shiite
uprising in Basra
.
- 2009: After the disputed Iranian presidential
election, 2009, an uprising started in Iran, which was
nominated by its main slogan Where is
my vote?.
- 2009: 2009 Bangladesh Rifles revolt
took place in Dhaka
, Bangladesh
killing 57 army officers.
Cultural, intellectual, philosophical and technological
revolutions
The term
revolution is also used to denote trends
which have resulted in great social changes outside the political
sphere, such as changes in mores, culture, philosophy or
technology. Many have been global, while others have been limited
to single countries. Such revolutions include, in alphabetical
order:
- The Agricultural
Revolutions, which include:
- The Commercial Revolution:
A period of European economic expansion,
colonialism, and mercantilism which lasted from approximately
the sixteenth century until the early eighteenth century.
- The
Counterculture of the
1960s (approximately 1960–1973) was a social revolution that
originated in the United
States
and United Kingdom, and eventually spread to other western
nations. The themes of this movement included the anti-war movement, rebellion against
conservative norms, drug use, and the sexual revolution (see below).
- The Sexual revolution: A
change in sexual morality and sexual behavior throughout the
Western world, mainly during the 1960s and 1970s.
- The Cultural Revolution: A
struggle for power within the Communist Party of China, which
grew to include large sections of Chinese society and eventually
brought the People's Republic of China to the brink of civil war,
and which lasted from 1966 to 1976.
- The Digital Revolution: The
sweeping changes brought about by computing and communication technology, starting
from circa 1950 with the creation of the first general-purpose
electronic computers.
- The Industrial Revolution:
The major shift of technological, socioeconomic and cultural
conditions in the late 18th and early 19th centuries that began in
Britain and spread throughout the world.
- The Price revolution: A series
of economic events from the second half of the 15th century to the
first half of the 17th, the price revolution refers most
specifically to the high rate of inflation that characterized the
period across Western Europe.
- The
Quiet Revolution: A period of rapid
change in Quebec
, Canada, in the 1960s. This leads to the
separatist movement for Quebec sovereignty and two
referendums.
- The Scientific revolution:
A fundamental transformation in scientific ideas around the 16th
century.
- The Upper Paleolithic
Revolution: The emergence of "high culture", new technologies
and regionally distinct cultures.
References
- Jason Burke, "Dig uncovers Boudicca's brutal streak",
The
Observer , 3 December 2000
- History and chronology of Rebellion in Roman
Empire
- Zanj rebellion
- Timur, Encyclopædia Britannica
- Shimabara Rebellion (Japanese history)
- The Slave Revolts
- Summary: the First Anglo-Afghan War,
1838–42
- Renowned author to speak about 1863 New York draft riots
at Fairfield University's DiMenna-Nyselius Library press
release Fairfield University
- How The Only Coup D'Etat In U.S. History
Unfolded. NPR/Weekend Edition Sunday, August 17, 2008.
- Analysis: roots of the conflict between Georgia,
South Ossetia and Russia
- I. Baltic Prisoners of the Gulag Revolts of 1953 -
L. Latkovskis
- Ibid., pp. 116-126.
- Iraq insurgency: People rise against
al-Qa'eda
See also
deposes
King Lugalanda and
puts the reformer Urukagina on the
throne.
in Asia
Minor
and Cyprus
masters.
allies.
.
for Hashshashin.
, leading to renewed Scottish independence in
1328.
.
, establishing the Ming dynasty
.
.
rebellion
led by Jack Cade.
.
.-_public_demonstration.png/180px-Constantinople_settings_and_traits_(1926)-_public_demonstration.png)
.jpg/180px-Soviet_Union,_Lenin_(55).jpg)
, assaulting mountain-top lines of trenches
established by the coal companies and local sheriff's forces in the
largest armed, organized uprising in American labor
history.
re-establishes the country's independence and sets
out to construct a Soviet
by overthrow of the Ottoman Empire and introduction of Atatürk's Reforms.
.
.
by what its government identified as Portuguese
agents.
.
.
; a Marxist faction takes power in 1975 under
Didier Ratsiraka, modeled on the
North
Korean
juche theory
developed by Kim Il Sung.
.
.
overthrows
the monarchy by guerrilla forces of the Pathet Lao.
.
starts, triggering the Croatian War of
Independence.
.
uprising against Iraqi President Saddam Hussein in
Iraqi
Kurdistan
, Iraq.
state of Chiapas
demanding equal rights for indigenous peoples and in opposition to
growing neoliberalism in North
America.
.
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