The M1 is a major north–south motorway in England primarily connecting London to Leeds, where it joins the A1 near Aberford. While the M1 is considered to be the first inter-urban motorway to be completed in the United Kingdom, the first road to be built to motorway standard in the country was the Preston Bypass, which later became part of the M6.

The motorway is long and was constructed in four phases; the majority of the motorway was opened in 1959 and between 1965 and 1968. The two ends of the motorway were extended later; the southern end in 1977 and the northern end in 1999. It forms part of the unsigned European route E13.

History

The first motorways were built in Italy in the 1920s, with other countries subsequently following, notably Germany where Adolf Hitler ordered the construction of Autobahns in the 1930s. There had been plans since before the Second World War for a motorway network in the United Kingdom, but not until the 1950s, did these come to fruition when the country's first motorways were given the government go-ahead.

The M1 was Britain's first full-length motorway. The first motorway was the Preston By-pass in Lancashire, which opened the previous year.

First section, 1959

The first section of the motorway opened between junction 5 (Watford) and junction 18 (Crick/Rugby) on 2 November 1959 together with the motorway's two spurs, the M10 (from junction 7 to south of St Albans originally connecting to the A1) and the M45 (from junction 17 to the A45 and Coventry).

The M1 was officially inaugurated from Slip End (close to Luton), this was celebrated by a large concrete slab on the bridge next to the village with inscription "London-Yorkshire Motorway, This slab was sealed by the Rt Hon Harold Watkinson M.P. Minister of Transport inauguration day, 24th March 1958". It was removed during widening works in 2007-8.

This section of the M1 broadly follows the route of the A5 north-west. It starts at the Watford Bypass (A41), which runs south-east to meet the A1 at Apex corner, and ended on the A5 at Crick. The M10 spur motorway connected the M1 to the North Orbital Road (A405/A414, a precursor of the M25) where it also met the A5 (now renumbered here as the A5183) and, two miles to the east via the A414, the A6, which subsequently became part of the M25.

Although the whole of first section opened in 1959, it was built in two parts with the northern part (junctions 10 to 18) being built by John Laing and the southern part (the St Albans Bypass) being built by Tarmac Construction.

Rugby to Leeds, 1965 to 1968

The continuation of the motorway from junction 18 towards Yorkshire was carried out as a series of extensions between 1965 and 1968. Diverging from the A5, the motorway takes a more northerly route through the East Midlands, via Leicester, Loughborough, Nottingham to Sheffield where the M18 splits from the M1 at junction 32 to head to Doncaster.

Originally, the M1 was planned to end at Doncaster but it was decided to make what was going to be the "Leeds and Sheffield Spur", the primary route with the section to the A1 south of Doncaster given a separate motorway number.

From junction 32, the motorway passes between Sheffield and Rotherham, towards Barnsley then heads towards Wakefield and reaches the original end of the motorway at junction 44 to the east of Leeds. There were plans to route the M1 from just south of junction 42 where it interchanges with the M62, round the west of Leeds to the A1 at Dishforth; the chosen route passes to the east of Leeds. With the M62 and M621, the M1 forms a ring of motorways around the south of Leeds.

Leeds South Eastern Urban Motorway, 1972

In 1972 an extension of the M1 was opened into central Leeds as the Leeds South Eastern Motorway where it met the Leeds South Western Motorway (M621) coming north-east from the M62 at junction 3.

Lighting

In July 1972 the UK Minister for Transport Industries, John Peyton announced that of UK motorway particularly prone to fog would benefit from lighting in a project which "should be" completed by 1973. Sections to be illuminated included the M1 between junctions 3 and 14, and between junctions 24 and 16.

Leeds to Hook Moor, 1999

Between 1996 and 1999 the M1 section north of the M62 underwent a major reconstruction and extension to take the M1 on a new route to the A1(M) at Aberford. The new road involved the construction of a series of new junctions, bridges and viaducts to the east of Leeds. When the new section of M1 was completed and opened on 4 February 1999, the Leeds South Eastern Motorway section of the M1 was redesignated as the M621 and the junctions were given new numbers (M621 junctions 4 to 7).

London extensions, 1966, 1967 and 1977

The M1 was extended south from its original starting point at junction 5 towards London in three stages. The first stage, opened in 1966, took the motorway south-east, parallel to the A41 to meet the A5 at junction 4 south of Elstree. The second phase continued east to Scratchwood (the London Gateway Service Area occupies the location of the missing junction 3 from where an unbuilt spur would have connected to the A1 at Stirling Corner to the north-east), then south to run alongside the Midland Main Line towards Hendon where it meets the A1 again at junction 2 via a tightly curved flyover section. These flyovers connecting from the A1 were originally both for northbound traffic; the left one as the on-ramp to the M1, the right one going over the A1/A41 junction beneath to rejoin the A1 northbound.

The current junction 2 is about 650 yards (600 m) south of the original junction. Southbound traffic originally left the motorway via a slip road which passed under the A41/A1 Mill Hill Bypass and looped round to join it at Fiveways Interchange. This slip road is still in place and was maintained until the early 2000s though not accessible to traffic. The northbound slip road from the A1 is now partially used as the entrance way to a business park but no longer reaches the northbound carriageway as it is cut off by the motorway continuing south.

The final section of the M1 was opened to junction 1 at Staples Corner in 1977. There the motorway meets the North Circular Road (A406) at a grade separated junction and roundabout. Unrealised plans made in the 1960s would have seen the motorway continue through the junction on an elevated roadway to end at West Hampstead where it would have met the North Cross Route, the northern section of the London Motorway Box, a proposed ring of urban motorway around the central area. The layout of the Staples Corner junction was originally built in accordance with these plans although most of the London Ringways Plan had been cancelled by 1973. Around the same time the section between the M10 and junction 5 was widened from the original two lanes to three.

On its completion, the M1 acted as a fast link road between London and Birmingham. It also provided a link to London Luton Airport for these regions, and its proximity to the site of the Milton Keynes new town (designated in 1967) meant that it was soon providing a vital transport link to another major area.

In 2006 plans were developed to widen 240 miles from Leicester through to Leeds (junctions 21-42) which were subject to widespread road protests The Transport Select Committee then claimed the Highways Agency had 'lost budgetary control' and the National Audit Office was asked to investigate why the price of the project has risen from £3.7bn to £5.1bn in 2007. Plans were scaled back with widening to 4 lanes limited to the section from the M25 to Luton (Jct 6a to 10) which was already in progress and from Nottingham and Mansfield (junctions 25-28) with hard-shoulder running being proposed for other sections.

Recent developments

M1 Jct 6a to 10 Widening

A 10 mile section between the M25 and Luton (junctions 6a and 10) was widened to 4 lanes in both directions, this was completed in 2009. Work included the construction of new parallel roads between Junctions 7 and 8 for local traffic, widening or replacement of 11 underbridges on one or both carriageways and replacing 7 overbridges. The cost was £294m. As part of the project a variable speed limit system has been installed, much like the one used on the M25.

Current developments

M1 J10 to J13 improvement scheme

In January 2009 it was announced that hard shoulder running would be introduced on approximately of motorway between Junction 10, south of Luton, and Junction 13 where it joins with the A421 and would include modification to junctions 11 and 12 at a cost of between £326m and £503m and opening in 2013. This plan replaced the earlier proposals to widen this section which from 3 to 4 lane carriageways including the removal of bridges crossing the motorway that are considered of historical architectural value. There was a four month delay to the planned Public Inquiry in 2007 while further traffic modeling work was undertaken and then after the estimated cost escalated from £382m to £601m the plans were abandoned and a Hard Shoulder Running Scheme was developed instead.

The Highways Agency is currently upgrading the A421 road from Junction 13 to the Bedford southern bypass by constructing a new dual carriageway. There are also plans to dual the A421 from Junction 13 to Milton Keynes

 and to add capacity to Junction 10a on the Luton spur are being developed. The A5-M1 Link  from Junction 10 to the A5 road are currently on hold awaiting an assessment of the implications of the change from widening the M1 to hard shoulder running.

M1 widening J25-28

Work to widen the 15-mile section between Nottingham and Mansfield to four lanes each way began in January 2008 and is scheduled for completion in 2010 at a cost of £340m.

Proposed developments

Junction 19

The Highways Agency is planning a major upgrade to the overloaded interchange between the M1 motorway, M6 motorway and A14 road close to Catthorpe. The preferred option is for a three level junction at an estimated cost of £201 million to £302 million with construction due to start in 2011 In March 2005 the contract for the planning, design, management and construction of the scheme through the Statutory Procedures from preparation of draft Orders to completion of construction was awarded to Skanska/Jacobs Babtie and the Highways Agency started working with Skanska to prepare the plans for a Public Inquiry. Currently two miles (3 km) of stationary traffic is the norm on the westbound carriageway of the A14 and the M6 for traffic joining the A14 and a campaign group had been established to support the scheme.

M1 J28-31 Managed Motorways

To introduce hard-shoulder runnning on between junction 28 (Mansfield) and Junction 31 (Sheffield) with work taking place between 2012 and 2014.

Other proposals

In addition to the above schemes, the Highways Agency also plans to add capacity and improve flows on the following sections of motorway in the longer term.

Location	Works	Start date
M1 J21 - J21a	Various works	2017/2018
M1 J21a - J23a	Hard shoulder running	after 2020
M1 J23a - J24a	Various works including hard shoulder running	after 2015
M1 J24 - J25	Hard shoulder running	after 2015

Junctions

Data from driver location signs are used to provide distance and carriageway identifier information.

M1 Motorway
km	Southbound exits (B Carriageway)	Junction	Northbound exits (A Carriageway)
11.3	North Circular (West), Brent Cross A406	J1	Start of Motorway
14.7	North Circular (East) A406 The City A1	J2	No access
19.3	London Gateway services	Services	London Gateway services
21.4	Edgware A41	J4	No access
25.9	Harrow A41 Watford A4008	J5	Aylesbury, Watford A41
32.0	North Watford A405	J6	St Albans, Heathrow Airport, Harlow A405
32.5	Heathrow,Gatwick,(M40, M4,M23) M11, M20, M25	J6a	No access
37.1	St Albans, Hatfield A414	J7	No Northbound Junction 7
37.6	Hemel Hempstead	J8	Hemel Hempstead A414
44.6	Redbourn A5183	J9	Dunstable A5, Redbourn A5183
48.7	Luton Airport A1081	J10	Luton Airport A1081
54.3	Luton, Dunstable A505	J11	Luton, Dunstable A505
61.5	Toddington services	Services	Toddington services
62.3	Flitwick, Houghton Regis A5120	J12	Flitwick, Woburn A5120
72.8	Bedford A421 Woburn, Ampthill A507	J13	Milton Keynes, Bedford A421 Ampthill A507
80.4	Milton Keynes, Newport Pagnell A509	J14	Milton Keynes, Newport Pagnell A509
89.4	Newport Pagnell services	Services	Newport Pagnell services
100.2	Northampton A45 Milton Keynes A508	J15	Northampton A45 Milton Keynes A508
103.4	Northampton, Oxford A43 Northampton services	J15a Services	Northampton, Oxford A43 Northampton Services
109.6	Northampton A4500	J16	Daventry A45
120.8	Watford Gap services	Services	Watford Gap services
123.5	No access	J17	Coventry M45
125.9	Daventry, DIRFT A428	J18	DIRFT Hinckley A5 Rugby A428
132.4	The NORTH WEST M6 Felixstowe, Corby, Kettering A14	J19	The NORTH WEST M6
137.9	Lutterworth, Rugby A4303	J20	Lutterworth A4303 Market Harborough A4304
	Coventry, Birmingham M69 Leicester A5460	J21	Coventry M69 Leicester A5460
	Leicester Forest East services	Services	Leicester Forest East services
159.2	No access	J21a	Leicester, Newark A46
168.2	Leicester A50, Coalville A511 Markfield services	J22 Services	Coalville, Ashby-de-la-Zouch A511 Markfield Services
175.4	Loughborough, Ashby-de-la-Zouch A512	J23	Loughborough, Ashby-de-la-Zouch A512
182.1	The SOUTH WEST, Tamworth, Birmingham, Ashby-de-la-Zouch, A42 (M42)	J23a Services	The SOUTH WEST, Tamworth, Birmingham A42 (M42) East Midlands Airport A453 Donington Park services
	Loughborough A6 East Midlands Airport A453 Donington Park services	J24	Stoke A50 Derby A6 Nottingham South/Centre A453
	Stoke A50, Derby A6	J24a	No access
193.5	Nottingham South, Derby A52	J25	Derby, Nottingham West/Centre A52
	Trowell services	Services	Trowell services
	Nottingham, Ilkeston A610	J26	Ripley, Eastwood, Nottingham North/Centre A610
	Heanor, Hucknall A608	J27	Mansfield A608
217.6	Matlock A38	J28	Mansfield, Matlock A38
	Tibshelf services	Services	Tibshelf services
	Mansfield, Matlock A617	J29	Chesterfield A617
	Markham Vale A6192 Bolsover (A632)	J29a	Markham Vale A6192 Bolsover (A632)
239.0	Chesterfield, Newark A616	J30	Sheffield, Worksop A6135
	Woodall services	Services	Woodall services
	Worksop A57	J31	Worksop A57
252.4	The NORTH, Doncaster, Hull M18	J32	The North, Doncaster, Hull M18
256.0	Sheffield, Rotherham, Robin Hood Airport A630	J33	Sheffield, Rotherham, Robin Hood Airport A630
259.5	Meadowhall, Rotherham A6109:	J34	Meadowhall, Rotherham, Robin Hood Airport A6178:
266.0	Rotherham A629	J35	Rotherham A629
267.9	No access	J35a	Manchester A616
270.1	Sheffield A61	J36	Barnsley A61
276.0	Barnsley, Manchester A628	J37	Barnsley, Manchester A628
283.9	Huddersfield, Barnsley A637	J38	Huddersfield, Barnsley A637
	Woolley Edge services	Services	Woolley Edge services
	Denby Dale A636	J39	Denby Dale A636
294.1	Wakefield, Dewsbury A638	J40	Wakefield, Dewsbury, Batley A638
	Wakefield, Morley A650	J41	Wakefield, Morley A650
	Hull, Manchester M62	J42	Hull, Manchester, Bradford,Liverpool M62
303.7	No access	J43	Leeds M621
305.2	Leeds A639	J44	Leeds A639
	Leeds A63	J45	Leeds A63
311.8	Leeds A6120	J46	Leeds A6120 Selby A63
	Castleford A656 Garforth A642	J47	Garforth A642 The South (A1)
318.4	Start of Motorway	A1(M), J43	The NORTH, Wetherby A1(M)

List of sights visible from the M1

• Midland Main Line and Thameslink (between London Gateway services and junction 1, and also between junctions 11 and 12)
• Hertfordshire Oil Storage Terminal (Buncefield) (after junction 8 northbound)
• The Point, Xscape and Milton Keynes Theatre, Milton Keynes (between junction 13 to 14)
• Express Lift Tower in Northampton (between junctions 14 and 16)
• West Coast Main Line (runs alongside between junctions 16 and 18)
• Rugby VLF transmitter (between junctions 18 and 19)
• East Midlands Airport (between junctions 23A and 24)
• Ratcliffe-on-Soar Power Station (between junctions 24 and 25)
• Sutton Scarsdale Hall (on southern approach to junction 29 - visible only to southbound traffic)
• Hardwick Hall (between junctions 28 and 29)
• Bolsover Castle (between junctions 29 and 30)
• Meadowhall shopping centre (Sheffield, near junction 34)
• Former site of the Blackburn Meadows Power Station (Tinsley Cooling Towers) (Sheffield, near junction 34, opposite Meadowhall)
• Wentworth Castle (between junctions 36 and 37)
• Barnsley Town Hall (visible travelling southbound between junctions 37 and 38)
• Emley Moor mast (between junctions 37 and 38, again between junctions 39 and 40 and also between junctions 45 and 46)
• Ferrybridge Power Station (Leeds, at junction 42 slip road North and Southbound)
• Bridgewater Place (Leeds, between junctions 43 and 45)
• Temple Newsam (Leeds, between junctions 44 and 45)

Notable events

On 8 January 1989 a Boeing 737 crashed onto the embankment of the M1 whilst attempting an emergency landing at East Midlands Airport in Leicestershire, killing 47 passengers.

On 6 September 1997 large sections of the northbound carriageway were closed between London and Althorp, Northamptonshire to allow for the funeral procession of Diana, Princess of Wales. In an unprecedented event, police allowed pedestrians onto the normally busy northbound carriageway almost the entire length of the route to pay their respects.

In 2002, a section of the M1 near Milton Keynes was cleared using mobile police roadblocks to allow for filming of the movie 28 Days Later.

An stretch of the motorway was closed entirely on the morning of 11 December 2005 following a major explosion and fire at the Buncefield Oil Depot, which is less than half a mile from the M1.

On the morning of 24 August 2008 the Tinsley Viaduct and surrounding motorway were closed to allow safe demolition of the Tinsley cooling towers. The demolition occurred at 0300 BST, the M1 remaining closed for much of the day until the stability of the viaduct was confirmed.

See also

• :Category:M1 Motorway service stations
• List of motorways in the United Kingdom

References

External links

• Book on history of design, construction and use of M1 in late 1950s and 1960s [27184]
• CBRD Motorway Database - M1
• Highways Agency
• The Motorway Archive:
  • Hendon to Crick
  • Crick to Doncaster
  • Aston to Leeds
  • M1/M18
  • M1 extension to A1(M)
• UK-Roads.org.uk - Images of M1
• The London - Yorkshire Motorway - History of the construction of the first section of M1
• BBC website The Backbone of Britain contains link to a video of 2'42" in length
• BBC website 'M1 could be dangerous in rain