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Marcel Lajos Breuer (21 May 1902 Pécsmarker, Hungarymarker – 1 July 1981 New York Citymarker), architect and furniture designer, was an influential Hungarianmarker-born modernist of Jewish descent. One of the masters of Modernism, Breuer displayed interest in modular construction and simple forms.

Life and work

Known to his friends and associates as Lajkó, Breuer studied and taught at the Bauhaus in the 1920s. The Bauhaus curriculum stressed the simultaneous education of its students in elements of visual art, craft and the technology of industrial production. Breuer was eventually appointed to a teaching position as head of the school's carpentry workshop. He later practiced in Berlinmarker, designing houses and commercial spaces. In the 1920s and 1930s, Breuer pioneered the design of tubular steel furniture. Later in his career he would also turn his attention to the creation of innovative and experimental wooden furniture.

Perhaps the most widely-recognized of Breuer's early designs was the first bent tubular steel chair, later known as the Wassily Chair, designed in 1925 and was inspired, in part, by the curved tubular steel handlebars on Breuer's Adler bicycle. Despite the widespread popular belief that the chair was designed for painter Wassily Kandinsky, Breuer's colleague on the Bauhaus faculty, it was not; Kandinsky admired Breuer's finished chair design, and only then did Breuer make an additional copy for Kandinsky's use in his home. When the chair was re-released in the 1960s, it was designated "Wassily" by its Italian manufacturer, who had learned that Kandinsky had been the recipient of one of the earliest post-prototype units.

In the 1930s, due to the rise of the Nazi party in Germanymarker, Breuer relocated to Londonmarker. While in London, Breuer was employed by Jack Pritchard at the Isokon company; one of the earliest introducers of modern design to the United Kingdom. Breuer designed his Long Chair as well as experimenting with bent and formed plywood. Breuer eventually ended up in the United Statesmarker. He taught at Harvard's architecture schoolmarker, working with students such as Philip Johnson and Paul Rudolph who later became well-known U.S. architects. (At one point Johnson called Breuer "a peasant mannerist".) At the same time, Breuer worked with old friend and Bauhaus colleague Walter Gropius, also at Harvard, on the design of several houses in the Bostonmarker area.



Breuer dissolved his partnership with Gropius in May 1941 and established his own firm in New York. The Geller House I of 1945 is the first to employ Breuer's concept of the 'binuclear' house, with separate wings for the bedrooms and for the living / dining / kitchen area, separated by an entry hall, and with the distinctive 'butterfly' roof (two opposing roof surfaces sloping towards the middle, centrally drained) that became part of the popular modernist style vocabulary. A demonstration house set up in the MOMAmarker garden in 1949 caused a new flurry of interest in the architect's work, and an appreciation written by Peter Blake. When the show was over, the "House in the Garden" was dismantled and barged up the Hudson River for reassembly on the Rockefeller property in Pocantico Hills near Sleepy Hollow.
Whitney Museum of American Art, New York


The 1953 commission for UNESCOmarker headquarters in Paris was a turning point for Breuer: a return to Europe, a return to larger projects after years of only residential commissions, and the beginning of Breuer's adoption of concrete as his primary medium. He became known as one of the leading practitioners of Brutalism, with an increasingly curvy, sculptural, personal idiom. Windows were often set in soft, pillowy depressions rather than sharp, angular recesses. Many architects remarked at his ability to make concrete appear "soft".

Between 1963 and 1964, Breuer began work on what is perhaps his best-known project, the Whitney Museum of American Art, in New York City. He also established a Parisian office with the name "Marcel Breuer Architecte," from which he could better orchestrate his European projects. Also during this time, Herbert Beckhard, Murray Emslie, Hamilton Smith, and Robert F. Gatje became partners in Marcel Breuer and Associates. When Murray Emslie left a year later, he was replaced by Tician Papachristou, who had been recommended by Breuer's former student, I. M. Pei.

Breuer is sometimes incorrectly credited, or blamed, for the former Pan Am Building (now the MetLife Buildingmarker), an unpopular high-rise in New York City. The Pan Am was actually designed by Emery Roth & Sons with the assistance of Walter Gropius and Pietro Belluschi. Breuer's name was associated with the site because in 1969 Breuer developed a 30-story proposed skyscraper over Grand Central Terminalmarker, called "Grand Central Tower", which Ada Louise Huxtable called "a gargantuan tower of aggressive vulgarity," and which became a cause celebre. Breuer's reputation was damaged, but the legal fallout improved the climate for landmark building preservation in New York Citymarker and across the United States.

Breuer's Grand Central Tower set the foundations for his skyscraper idea. In 1966, the Cleveland Museum of Artmarker needed to expand, one of its trustees was Brock Weir of Cleveland Trust Bank. Weir visited New York City scouting bank headquarter designs for a new Cleveland Trust Tower. Weir saw the proposed the Grand Central Tower idea and got Breuer to design the Cleveland Trust Tower. In 1968, the Cleveland Trust Tower plan was revealed. It was to have two twin towers flanking the bank's 1908 rotunda. Construction began in 1969 and was completed in 1971. The second tower was to begin construction in 1971 but due to plans at Cleveland Trust, the second tower was not erected, but the tower is ready for expansion if needed. The Tower was renamed the AT Towermarker or the Ameritrust Tower after Cleveland Trust's name change in 1980.

The Ameritrust has been vacant since the 1992 merger of Ameritrust and Society Bank. In 2005, Cuyahoga County commissioners bought the building for $22,000,000 with plans to use the site for a new county administration center. The commissioners decided in 2007 to demolish the Ameritrust Tower; however, many preservation groups strongly opposed demolition. In October 2007, the commissioners voted to sell the tower and site to a developer. On April 17, 2008, the K&D Group purchased the site with plans to preserve the tower as part of a $133 million hotel/condo complex.

Works (partial list)

His collection of papers and works were donated to the Archives of American Artmarker in 1985-1999, by Constance Breuer, wife of Breuer.

Private residential buildings (U.S.)

  • Hagerty Housemarker, Cohasset, MAmarker. 1937–1938
  • Breuer House I, Lincoln, MA. 1938–1939
  • J. Ford House, Lincoln, MA. 1939
  • Chamberlain Cottage, Wayland, MA. 1940
  • Geller House, Lawrence, Long Island, NY. 1945
  • Robinson House, Williamstown, MA. 1946–1948
  • Breuer House II, New Canaan, CT. 1947–1948
  • Marshad House, Croton-on-Hudson, NY 1949
  • Cape Cod Cottages
    • Breuer Cottage, Wellfleet, MA. 1945–1949–1961
    • Kepes Cottage, Wellfleet, MA. 1948–1949
    • Edgar Stillman Cottage, Wellfleet, MA. 1953–1954
    • Wise Cottage, Wellfleet, MA. 1963
  • Stillman I, Litchfield, CT. 1950
  • Exhibition House in the MoMA Garden, Pocantico Hills, Tarrytown, NY. 1948–1949
  • Clark House, Orange, CT. 1949–1951
  • Pack House, Scarsdale, NY. 1950–1951
  • Dexter Ferry Cooperative House of Vassar Collegemarker, Poughkeepsie, NY. 1951
  • Gagarin House 1, Litchfield, CT 1955
  • Grieco House, Andover, MA. 1954–1955
  • Starkey House, Duluth, MN, 1954–1955
  • Hooper House II, Baltimore County, MD. 1956–1959
  • Stillman II, Litchfield, CT. 1966
  • Stillman III, Litchfield, CT. 1973–74
  • Gagarin House II, Litchfield CT 1974
  • Stillman Roman Cottage, Litchfield, CT. 1974 (Breuer Wellfleet Cottage plans; Built by Rufus Stillman)


Public / commercial buildings

European UNESCO Headquarters, Paris, 1953
St. John's Abbey Church, 1961


Furniture

  • African chair, Collaboration with the Bauhaus weaver Gunta Stölzl
  • Sun Lounge Chair, Model No. 301
  • Dressing Table & Bureau. 1922, 1925
  • Slatted chairs (wood). 1922–24
  • Wassily Chair No.B3. 1925
  • Laccio Tables, small & large. 1927
  • Wassily chair, folding. 1927
  • Cesca Chair & Armchair. 1928
  • Thornet Typist’s Desk. 1928
  • Coffee Table. 1928
  • Tubular steel furniture. 1928–29
  • F 41 lounge chair on wheels. 1928–30
  • Broom Cupboard. 1930
  • Bookcase. 1931
  • Armchair, Model No.301. 1932–34
  • Aluminium chair. 1933
  • Isokon chairs. 1935
  • Aluminium chaise longue. 1935–36
  • Plywood furniture (five pieces). 1936–37


See also



References

  1. Franz Schulze. Philip Johnson: Life and Work. University of Chicago Press. 1996. Page 270. ISBN 0226740587
  2. Fitzgerald, Jean, A Finding Aid to the Marcel Breuer Papers, 1920-1986, Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution.
  3. Ada Louise Huxtable. On the Right Track. The New York Times. November 28, 1994.
  4. Smithsonian Archives of American Art. Marcel Breuer: A Centennial Celebration Exhibition. April 6, 2002. Accessed 12 December 2007.
  • VV.AA., "4 Centenarios. Luis Barragán, 'Marcel Breuer, Arne Jacobsen, José Luis Sert", Valladolid, España, 2002, Universidad de Valladolid, ISBN 84-8448-199-9


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