Marlon Brando, Jr. (April 3, 1924 – July 1, 2004)
was an American actor whose body of work spanned over half a
century. He was named the fourth
Greatest Male Star of All Time
by the
American Film
Institute, and part of
Time
magazine's
Time 100: The
Most Important People of the Century
As a young
sex symbol, he is best known
for his roles as
Stanley Kowalski
in
A Streetcar
Named Desire and his Academy Award-winning performance as
Terry Malloy in
On the
Waterfront, both directed by
Elia
Kazan in the early 1950s. In middle age, his well-known roles
include his Academy Award-winning performance as
Vito Corleone in
The Godfather, Colonel Walter Kurtz in
Apocalypse Now, both
directed by
Francis Ford
Coppola and an Academy Award-nominated performance as Paul in
Last Tango in
Paris.
Brando was an activist, lending his presence to many issues,
including the
American
Civil Rights and
American
Indian Movements.
Early life
Brando was
born in Omaha,
Nebraska
on April 3,
1924, the son of Dorothy Julia Pennebaker
Brando (1897 – 1954), an actress, and Marlon Brando, Sr. (1895 – 1965), a
pesticide and chemical feed
manufacturer. The family moved to Evanston,
Illinois
and in 1935, when he was eleven years old, his
parents separated. His mother briefly took her three children
Marlon, Jocelyn Brando (1919 – 2005)
and Frances Brando (1922 – 1994) to live with her mother in
Santa Ana,
California
until 1937, when the parents reconciled and moved
to Libertyville, Illinois, a
village north of Chicago
. The
family was of mixed
Dutch,
Irish,
German, and
English descent. Brando's ancestor,
Johann Wilhelm Brandau, immigrated to New Amsterdam, NY from Pfalz,
Germany. Brando was raised a
Christian Scientist. Contrary to
what is stated in some biographies, Brando's grandfather Eugene E.
Brando was
not French but was born in New York
state. Brando's grandmother Marie Holloway abandoned Eugene
and their son Marlon Brando Sr. when he was five years old and used
the money
(what money?) to support her gambling
and constant drinking.
Brando's mother, Dodie, was an unconventional and talented woman.
She smoked, wore
trousers and drove
automobiles at a time when it was unusual for women to do so.
However,
she suffered from alcoholism and often
had to be retrieved from Chicago bars by
Brando's father. She later became a member of
Alcoholics Anonymous. Dodie was an
actress and administrator in local theater and the Omaha newspapers
wrote about her for her theatrical work. She helped a young
Henry Fonda to begin his own acting
career, and fueled Brando's interest in
stage
acting. His father, Marlon Sr., was a gifted amateur
photographer. Brando's maternal grandmother, Bessie Gahan
Pennebaker Meyers, to whom Brando was perhaps closer than his own
mother, was also unconventional. Widowed at a young age, she worked
to support herself as a secretary and later as a
Christian Science healer, and was well
known in Omaha. Her father, Myles Gahan, was a doctor from Ireland
and her mother, Julia Watts, was from England. Brando was a gifted
mimic from early childhood and developed a
rare ability to absorb the tics and mannerisms of people he played
and to display those traits dramatically while staying in
character. His sister,
Jocelyn
Brando, however, was the first to pursue a career in acting,
going to New York to study at the American Academy of Dramatic Art.
She later
appeared on Broadway
, in movies
and on television. Next, Brando's sister Frannie left
college in California to study art in New York. Brando
followed.
Brando had a tumultuous youth.
He was held back a year in school and was
later expelled from
Libertyville
High School
for riding his motorcycle through the
school. At the age of sixteen years, he was sent to
Shattuck
Military Academy
in Faribault, Minnesota
, where his father had gone before him. At
Shattuck, he excelled at theatre and got along well within the
structure of the school. In his final year (1943), he was put on
probation for talking back to an officer during maneuvers. A part
of his probation was that he be confined to the school campus, but
he eventually tried sneaking off campus into town and was caught.
The faculty voted to expel him. He received support from his fellow
students who thought the punishment too harsh. He was later invited
back for the next year, but decided not to finish school.
Brando worked as a
ditch-digger in his home
town as a summer job arranged by his father, but had decided to
follow his sisters to New York.
One sister was trying to be a painter and the
other had already appeared on Broadway. He
visited his sister Frances in New York at
Christmas 1942 and liked the experience. Brando
was given six months of support from his father, after which his
father offered to help him get a job as a
salesman.
Brando left Illinois
for New York
City
, where he studied at the American Theatre Wing Professional
School, at the Dramatic
Workshop of The New School with
the influential German director Erwin
Piscator and at the Actors' Studio
. It was at the New School's Dramatic
Workshop that he studied with
Stella
Adler and learned the techniques of the
Stanislavski System. There is a story in
which Adler spoke about teaching Brando, saying that she had
instructed the class to act like chickens, then adding that a bomb
was about to fall on them. Most of the class clucked and ran around
wildly, but Brando sat calmly and pretended to lay an egg. When
Adler asked Brando to explain his action, he replied, "I'm a
chicken — What do I know about bombs?"
Career
Early work
Brando
used his Stanislavski System
skills for his first summer-stock roles
in Sayville,
New York
on Long
Island
. His behavior got him kicked out of the cast
of the New School's production in Sayville, but he was discovered
in a locally produced play there and then made it to Broadway in the bittersweet drama I Remember Mama in 1944. Critics
voted him "Broadway's Most Promising Actor" for his role as an
anguished veteran in
Truckline
Café, although the play was a
commercial failure. In 1946 he appeared on Broadway
as the young hero in the political drama
A Flag is Born, refusing to accept wages
above the Actor's Equity rate because of his commitment to the
cause of Israeli independence. Brando achieved stardom, however, as
Stanley Kowalski in
Tennessee Williams's 1947 play
A Streetcar Named
Desire, directed by
Elia Kazan.
Brando
sought out that role, driving out to Provincetown, Massachusetts
, where Williams was spending the summer, to
audition for the part. Williams
recalled that he opened the screen door and knew, instantly, that
he had his Stanley Kowalski. Brando's performance revolutionized
acting technique and set the model for the American form of
method acting.
Afterward, Brando was asked to do a screen test for
Warner Brothers studio for the film
Rebel Without A
Cause, which
James Dean was
later cast in. The screen test appears as an extra in the 2006 DVD
release of
A
Streetcar Named Desire.
Brando's first screen role was as the bitter paraplegic veteran in
The Men in 1950. True to his
method, Brando spent a month in bed at a veterans' hospital to
prepare for the role.
Rise to fame
Brando made a strong impression in 1951 when he brought his
performance as
Stanley Kowalski to
the screen in Kazan's adaptation of
Tennessee Williams's
A Streetcar Named
Desire. He was nominated for an
Academy Award for Best Actor
for that role, and again in each of the next three years for his
roles in
Viva Zapata! in 1952,
Julius Caesar in
1953 as
Mark Antony,and
On the Waterfront in 1954. These
first five films of his career established Brando as perhaps the
premier acting talent in the world, as evidenced in his winning the
BAFTA Award
for Best Actor in a Leading Role in three consecutive years,
1951 to 1953.
In 1953, Brando also starred in
The
Wild One riding his own
Triumph Thunderbird 6T motorcycle which
caused consternation to Triumph's importers, as the subject matter
was rowdy motorcycle gangs taking over a small town.
But the images of
Brando posing with his Triumph motorcycle became iconic, even
forming the basis of his wax dummy at Madame Tussauds
. Ironically, Brando's
Wild One
image is now used by Triumph to advertise their motorcycles.
Later that same year, Brando starred in
Lee
Falk's production of
George
Bernard Shaw's
Arms and the
Man in Boston.
Falk was proud to tell people that Marlon
Brando turned down an offer of $10,000 per week on Broadway, in
favor of working on Falk's play in Boston
. His
Boston contract was less than $500 per week. It would be the last
time he ever acted in a stage play.
Director
Nicholas Ray took the gang
image from the movie
The Wild
One and brought it to his movie,
Rebel Without A Cause, and thus
emphasized Brando's effect on youth.
Aspects of the rebel culture that included motorcycles, leather
jackets, jeans and the rebel image, which inspired generations of
rebels, came thanks to that film and Brando's own unique image and
character. The sales of motorcycle-related paraphernalia, leather
jackets, jeans, boots and t-shirts skyrocketed throughout the
country. The film had a similar effect on overseas audiences. Local
authorities and religious figures lamented the effect it was having
on the youth of their respective countries.
Under
Kazan's direction, and with a
talented ensemble around him, Brando won the Oscar for his role of
Terry Malloy in
On the
Waterfront. For the famous
I coulda' been a
contender scene, Brando convinced Kazan that the scripted
scene was unrealistic, and with
Rod
Steiger, improvised the final product.
Brando followed that triumph by a variety of roles in the 1950s
that defied expectations: as Sky Masterson in
Guys and Dolls, where he managed
to carry off a singing role; as Sakini, a Japanese interpreter for
the U.S.
Army in postwar Japan
in
The Teahouse
of the August Moon; as an Air Force officer in
Sayonara, and a Nazi officer in
The Young Lions.
Although he won an Oscar nomination for his acting in
Sayonara, his acting had lost much of its energy and
direction by the end of the 1950s.
In the 1960s, Brando starred in films such as
Mutiny on the Bounty
(1962);
One-Eyed Jacks
(1961), a western that would be the only film Brando would ever
direct; a star-studded but unsuccessful potboiler
The Chase (1966), in which he
played an uncorrupted Texas sheriff;
Reflections in a Golden
Eye (1967), portraying a repressed gay army officer, and
Burn! (1969), which Brando would
later claim as his personal favorite, although it was a commercial
failure. Nonetheless, his career had gone into almost complete
eclipse by the end of the decade, thanks to his reputation as a
difficult star and his record in over-budget or marginal
movies.
The Godfather
Brando's performance as
Vito Corleone
in 1972's
The Godfather was a
mid-career turning point. Director
Francis Ford Coppola convinced Brando
to submit to a "make-up" test, in which Brando did his own makeup
(he used cotton balls to simulate the puffed-cheek look). Coppola
was electrified by Brando's characterization as the head of a crime
family, but had to fight the studio in order to cast the
temperamental Brando, whose reputation for difficult behavior and
demands was the stuff of backlot legend.
Mario Puzo always imagined Brando as Corleone.
However,
Paramount studio heads
wanted to give the role to
Danny Thomas
in the hope that Thomas would have his own production company throw
in its lot with Paramount. Thomas declined the role and actually
urged the studio to cast Brando at the behest of Coppola and others
who had witnessed the screen test.
Eventually,
Charles Bluhdorn, the
president of Paramount parent
Gulf +
Western, was won over to letting Brando have the role; when he
saw the screen test, he asked in amazement, "What are we watching?
Who is this old guinea?"
Brando won the
Academy
Award for Best Actor for his performance, but turned down the
Oscar, becoming the second actor to refuse a Best Actor award (the
first being
George C. Scott for
Patton). Brando boycotted the award
ceremony, sending instead American Indian Rights activist
Sacheen Littlefeather, who appeared in
full Apache dress, to state Brando's reasons, which were based on
his objection to the depiction of American Indians by Hollywood and
television.
The actor followed with one of his greatest performances in
Bernardo Bertolucci's 1973 film,
Last Tango in Paris,
but the performance was overshadowed by an uproar over the
erotic nature of the film. Despite the controversy
which attended both the film and the man, the Academy once again
nominated Brando for the Best Actor.
Brando's career afterward was uneven. He was paid one million
dollars a week to play the iconic Colonel Kurtz in 1979's
Apocalypse Now. He was
supposed to show up slim, fit, and having read the novel
Heart of Darkness, but
instead arrived weighing around 220 pounds (100 kg) and had
not read the book. As a result, his character was shot mostly in
the shadows and most of his dialogue was improvised. After his week
was over, director
Francis Ford
Coppola asked him to stay an extra hour so that he could shoot
a close up of Brando saying, "The horror, the horror." Brando
agreed for an extra $75,000. After this film his weight began to
limit the roles he could play.
Later career
Brando then portrayed
Superman's father
Jor-El in the 1978
Superman: The Movie. He agreed to the
role only on assurance that he would be paid a large sum for what
amounted to a small part, that he would not have to read the script
beforehand and his lines would be displayed somewhere off-camera.
It was revealed in a documentary contained in the 2001 DVD release
of
Superman, that he was
paid $3.7 million for just two weeks of work.
Brando also filmed scenes for the movie's sequel,
Superman II, but after producers refused to
pay him the same percentage he received for the first movie, he
denied them permission to use the footage. However, after Brando's
death the footage was reincorporated into the 2006 re-cut of the
film,
Superman
II: The Richard Donner Cut.
Two years after Brando's death, he "reprised" the role of Jor-El in
the 2006 "loose sequel"
Superman
Returns, in which both used and unused archive footage of
Brando as Jor-El from the first two Superman films was remastered
for a scene in the
Fortress of
Solitude, as well as Brando's voice-overs being used throughout
the film.
Despite announcing his retirement from acting in 1980, he
subsequently gave interesting supporting performances in movies
such as
A Dry White
Season (for which he was again nominated for an Oscar in
1989),
The
Freshman in 1990 and
Don
Juan DeMarco in 1995. In his last film,
The Score (2001), he starred with
fellow method actor
Robert De Niro.
Some later performances, such as
The Island of Dr
Moreau (1996), earned Brando some of the most
uncomplimentary reviews of his career.
Brando conceived the idea of a novel called
Fan-Tan with
director
Donald Cammell in 1979,
which was not released until 2005.
Personal life
Brando became well known for his crusades for
civil rights, Native American rights, and other
political causes. He also earned a "bad boy" reputation for his
public outbursts and antics. On June 12, 1973, Brando broke
paparazzo Ron
Galella's jaw. Galella had followed Brando, who was accompanied
by talk show host
Dick Cavett, after a
taping of
the Dick Cavett Show
in New York City. He reportedly paid a $40,000 out-of-court
settlement and suffered an infected hand as a result. Galella wore
a football helmet the next time he photographed Brando at a gala
benefiting the American Indians Development Association.
In
Songs My Mother Taught Me, Brando claimed he met
Marilyn Monroe at a party as she
played piano, unnoticed by anybody else there, and they started an
affair that lasted many years until her death, receiving a
telephone call from her several days before she died. He also
claimed numerous other romances, although he did not discuss his
marriages, his wives, or his children in his autobiography.
Brando married actress
Anna Kashfi in
1957. Kashfi was born in Calcutta and moved to Wales at the end of
British rule in India in 1947. She is
said to have been the daughter of a Welsh steel worker of Irish
descent, William O'Callaghan, who had been superintendent on the
Indian State railways. However, in her book,
Brando for
Breakfast, she claimed that she really is half Indian and that
the press incorrectly thought that her stepfather, O'Callaghan, was
her real father. She said her real father was Indian and that she
was the result of an "unregistered alliance" between her parents.
In 1959, Brando and Kashfi divorced after the birth of their son,
Christian Brando, on May 11,
1958.
In 1960,
Brando married Movita Castaneda, a
Mexican
actress seven years his senior; they were divorced
in 1962. Castaneda had appeared in the first
Mutiny on the Bounty
film in 1935, some 27 years before the 1962 remake with Brando as
Fletcher Christian. Brando's
behavior during the filming of
Bounty seemed to bolster
his reputation as a difficult star. He was blamed for a change in
director and a runaway budget, though he disclaimed responsibility
for either.
The
Bounty experience affected Brando's life in a profound
way.
He
fell in love with Tahiti
and its
people. He bought a twelve-island atoll, Tetiaroa
, which he intended to make partly an environmental
laboratory and partly a resort. Tahitian beauty
Tarita Teriipia, who played Fletcher
Christian's love interest, became Brando's third wife on August 10,
1962. She was 20 years old, 18 years younger than Brando. A 1961
article on Teriipia in the fan magazine
Motion Picture
described Brando's delight at how naïve and unsophisticated she
was. Because Teriipia was a native
French speaker, Brando became fluent in the
language and gave numerous interviews in French. Teriipia became
the mother of two of his children. They divorced in July 1972.
Brando eventually had a hotel built on Tetiaroa. It went through
many redesigns due to changes demanded by Brando over the years. It
is now closed. A new hotel, consisting of thirty deluxe villas, was
due to open in 2008.
In an interview with Gary Carey, for his 1976 biography
The
Only Contender, Brando said, "Homosexuality is so much in
fashion it no longer makes news. Like a large number of men, I,
too, have had homosexual experiences and I am not ashamed. I have
never paid much attention to what people think about me. But if
there is someone who is convinced that
Jack Nicholson and I are lovers, may they
continue to do so. I find it amusing." On his death in 2004, the
ashes of his childhood friend
Wally Cox,
which Brando had kept with him since 1973, were mingled and
scattered together with Brando's own ashes in Tahiti and Death
Valley.
Children
Christina Ruiz:
-
- Ninna Priscilla Brando (born May 13, 1989)
- Myles Jonathan Brando (born January 16, 1992)
- Timothy Gahan Brando (born January 6, 1994)
7)
-
- Petra Brando-Corval (b. 1972), daughter of Brando's assistant
Caroline Barrett and novelist James
Clavell (aka Charles Edmund DuMaresq de Clavell)
- Maimiti Brando (b. 1977)
- Raiatua Brando (b. 1982)
Shooting involving Brando's son, Christian
In May
1990, Dag Drollet, the Tahitian lover of Brando's daughter Cheyenne, died of a gunshot wound after a
confrontation with Cheyenne's half-brother Christian at the
family's hilltop home above Beverly Hills
. Christian, then 31 years old, claimed he
was drunk and the shooting was accidental.
After heavily publicized pre-trial proceedings, Christian pleaded
guilty to
voluntary
manslaughter and use of a
gun. He was
sentenced to ten years in prison. Before the sentence, Brando
delivered an hour of testimony, in which he said he and his former
wife had failed Christian. He commented softly to members of the
Drollet family: "I'm sorry... If I could trade places with Dag, I
would. I'm prepared for the consequences." Afterward, Drollet's
father said he thought Brando was acting and his son was "getting
away with murder".
The tragedy was compounded in 1995, when
Cheyenne, suffering from lingering
effects of a serious car accident and said to still be depressed
over Drollet's death, committed suicide by hanging herself in
Tahiti.
Christian Brando died of pneumonia at age 49, on January 26,
2008.
Final years and death
Brando's notoriety, his troubled family life, and his
obesity attracted more attention than his late
acting career. He gained a great deal of weight in the 1980s and by
the mid 1990s he weighed over 300 lbs. (136 kg) and
suffered from
diabetes. He also earned a
reputation for being difficult on the set, often unwilling or
unable to memorize his lines and less interested in taking
direction than in confronting the film director with odd and
childish demands. On the other hand, most other actors found him
generous, funny, and supportive.
Brando also dabbled with some innovation in his last years. Brando
had several patents issued in his name from the U.S. Patent and
Trademark Office, all of which involve a method of tensing drum
heads, in June 2002 – November 2004. For example, see and its
equivalents.
The actor
was a longtime close friend of entertainer Michael Jackson and paid regular visits to
his Neverland
Ranch
, resting there for weeks at a time. Brando
also participated in the singer's two-day solo career
thirtieth-anniversary celebration concerts in 2001, and starred in
his 15-minute-long music video, "
You
Rock My World", in the same year. The actor's son, Miko, was
Jackson's bodyguard and assistant for several years, and was a
friend of the singer. He stated "The last time my father left his
house to go anywhere, to spend any kind of time... was with Michael
Jackson. He loved it... He had a 24-hour chef, 24-hour security,
24-hour help, 24-hour kitchen, 24-hour maid service." On Jackson's
30th anniversary concert, Brando gave a speech to the audience on
humanitarian work which received a poor reaction from the audience
and was unaired.
On July 1, 2004, Brando died, aged 80. The cause of death was
intentionally withheld, his lawyer citing privacy concerns. It was
later revealed that he had died at UCLA Medical Center of
respiratory failure brought on by
pulmonary fibrosis. He also
suffered from
congestive heart
failure, failing eyesight due to
diabetes, and
liver
cancer.
Karl Malden, Brando's fellow actor in
A Streetcar Named Desire,
On The Waterfront, and
One Eyed Jacks (the only film directed by Brando), talks
in a documentary accompanying the DVD of
A Streetcar Named
Desire about a phone call he received from Brando shortly
before Brando's death. A distressed Brando told Malden he kept
falling over. Malden wanted to come over, but Brando put him off
telling him there was no point. Three weeks later, Brando was dead.
Shortly before his death, Brando had apparently refused permission
for tubes carrying oxygen to be inserted into his lungs, which, he
was told, was the only way to prolong his life.
Brando
was cremated, and his ashes, after being
mingled together with those of Wally Cox,
were scattered partly in Tahiti and partly
in Death
Valley
.
In 2007, a 165-minute biopic of Brando,
Brando: The
Documentary, produced by
Mike
Medavoy (the executor of Brando's will) for
Turner Classic Movies, was
released.
Politics
Civil rights
In 1946, Brando showed his dedication to the Jewish desire for a
homeland by performing in
Ben Hecht's
Zionist play "
A Flag is Born".
Brando's involvement had an impact on three of the most contentious
issues of the early postwar period: the fight to establish a Jewish
state, the smuggling of Holocaust survivors to Palestine, and the
battle against racial segregation in the United States.
Brando attended some fundraisers for
John F. Kennedy in the 1960 presidential
election.
In August 1963, Brando participated in the
March on Washington along with fellow
celebrities
Harry Belafonte,
James Garner,
Charlton Heston,
Burt Lancaster, and
Sidney Poitier. Brando also, along with
Paul Newman, participated in the
freedom rides.
In the aftermath of the 1968 slaying of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.,
Brando made one of the strongest commitments to furthering Dr.
King's work. Shortly after Dr. King's death, Brando announced that
he was bowing out of the lead role of a major film (
The
Arrangement) which was about to begin production, in order to
devote himself to the civil rights movement. "I felt I’d better go
find out where it is; what it is to be black in this country; what
this rage is all about", Brando said on the late night ABC-TV
Joey Bishop Show.
The actor's participation in the African-American civil rights
movement actually began well before King's death. In the early
1960s Brando contributed thousands of dollars to both the Southern
Christian Leadership Conference (S.C.L.C.) and to a scholarship
fund established for the children of slain Mississippi N.A.A.C.P.
leader Medgar Evers. By this time, Brando was already involved in
films that carried messages about human rights: "Sayonara", which
addressed interracial romance, and the "
The Ugly American", depicting the conduct
of US officials abroad and its deleterious effect on the citizens
of foreign countries. For a time Brando was also donating money to
the
Black Panther Party and
considered himself a friend of founder
Bobby
Seale. However, Brando ended his financial support for the
group over his perception of its increasing radicalization,
specifically a passage in a Panther pamphlet put out by
Eldridge Cleaver advocating indiscriminate
violence, "for the Revolution".
At the 1973 Academy Awards ceremony, Brando refused to accept the
Oscar for his performance in The Godfather.
Sacheen Littlefeather represented Mr.
Brando at the ceremony. She appeared in full Apache clothing. She
stated that owing to the "poor treatment of Native Americans in the
film industry" Mr. Brando would not accept the award. At this time
the 1973 standoff at
Wounded
Knee occurred, causing rising tensions between the government
and Native American activists.
Outside of his film work, Brando not only appeared before the
California Assembly in support of a fair housing law, but
personally joined picket lines in demonstrations protesting
discrimination in housing developments.
Comments on Jews and Hollywood
In an interview in
Playboy magazine
in January 1979, Brando said: "You've seen every single race
besmirched, but you never saw an [unfavorable] image of the
kike because the Jews were ever so watchful for
that—and rightly so. They never allowed it to be shown on screen.
The Jews have done so much for the world that, I suppose, you get
extra disappointed because they didn't pay attention to
that."
Brando made a similar allegation on
Larry King Live in April 1996, saying
"
Hollywood is run by
Jews; it is owned by Jews, and they should have
a greater sensitivity about the issue of — of people who are
suffering. Because they've exploited — we have seen the —
we have seen the
Nigger and
Greaseball, we've seen the
Chink, we've seen the slit-eyed dangerous
Jap, we have seen the wily
Filipino, we've seen everything but we never
saw the
Kike. Because they knew perfectly well,
that that is where you draw the wagons around." King replied, "When
you say — when you say something like that you are playing
right in, though, to anti-Semitic people who say the Jews
are — " at which point Brando interrupted, "No, no, because I
will be the first one who will appraise the Jews honestly and say
'Thank God for the Jews.'"
Jay Kanter, Brando's agent, producer and
friend told
Daily Variety, "Marlon has
spoken to me for hours about his fondness for the Jewish people,
and he is a well-known supporter of Israel."
Awards and nominations
Filmography
References
Bibliography
- Bain, David Haward. The Old Iron Road: An Epic of Rails,
Roads, and the Urge to Go West. New York: Penguin Books, 2004.
ISBN 0-14303-526-6.
- Bosworth, Patricia. Marlon
Brando. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2001. ISBN
0-297-84284-6.
- Brando, Anna Kashfi and E.P. Stein. Brando for Breakfast. New
York: Crown Publishers, 1979. ISBN
0-517-53686-2.
- Brando, Marlon and Donald Cammell. Fan-Tan. New York:
Knopf, 2005. ISBN 1-40004-471-5.
- Brando, Marlon and Robert Lindsey. Brando: Songs My Mother Taught
Me. New York: Random House, 1994. ISBN 0-67941-013-9.
- Pierpont, Claudia Roth.
Method Man. New
Yorker, October 27, 2008.
- Porter, Darwin. Brando
Unzipped. New York: Blood Moon, 2006. ISBN 0-9748-1182-3.
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