McDonald's Corporation ( ) is the world's largest
chain of hamburger
fast food
restaurants, serving nearly 47 million customers daily. At one
time it was the largest global restaurant chain, but it has since
been surpassed by multi-brand operator
Yum! Brands (
KFC,
Taco Bell and others) and
sandwich chain
Subway.
In addition to its signature restaurant chain, McDonald’s
Corporation held a minority interest in
Pret A Manger until
2008,
and owned the
Chipotle Mexican
Grill until 2006 and the restaurant chain
Boston Market until 2007. The company has also
expanded the McDonald's menu in recent decades to include
alternative meal options, such as salads and snack wraps, in order
to capitalize on growing consumer interest in health and
wellness.
Each McDonald's restaurant is operated by a franchisee, an
affiliate, or the corporation itself. The corporations' revenues
come from the rent, royalties and fees paid by the franchisees, as
well as sales in company-operated restaurants. McDonald's revenues
grew 27% over the three years ending in 2007 to $22.8 billion, and
9% growth in operating income to $3.9 billion.
McDonald's primarily sells
hamburgers,
cheeseburgers,
chicken products,
french fries,
breakfast items,
soft
drinks,
milkshakes, and
desserts. In response to obesity trends in western
nations and in the face of criticism over the healthiness of its
products, the company has modified its menu to include such
healthier alternatives as
salads,
wraps and fruit.
History

"Speedee"
The
business began in 1940, with a restaurant
opened by brothers Dick and Mac
McDonald in San Bernardino
, California
. Their introduction of the "Speedee Service
System" in 1948 established the principles of the modern
fast-food restaurant. The original mascot
of McDonald's was a man with a chef's hat on top of a hamburger
shaped head whose name was "Speedee." Speedee was eventually
replaced with
Ronald McDonald in
1963.
The first
McDonald's restaurants opened in the United States
, Canada
, Costa Rica
, Japan
, the
Netherlands
, Germany
, Australia, France
, El Salvador
and Sweden
in order of
openings.
The
present corporation dates its founding to the opening of a franchised restaurant by Ray
Kroc, in Des Plaines
, Illinois
on April 15, 1955, the ninth McDonald's
restaurant overall. Kroc later purchased the McDonald brothers'
equity in the company and led its worldwide expansion and the
company became listed on the public stock markets in 1965.
Kroc was also noted for
aggressive business practices, compelling the McDonald brothers
to leave the fast food industry. The McDonald brothers and Kroc
feuded over control of the business, as documented in both Kroc's
autobiography and in the McDonald brothers' autobiography. The site
of the McDonald brothers' original restaurant is now a
monument.
With the expansion of McDonald's into many international markets,
the company has become a symbol of
globalization and the spread of the
American way of life. Its prominence has also
made it a frequent topic of public debates about
obesity,
corporate
ethics and
consumer responsibility.
Corporate overview
Facts and figures
McDonald's restaurants are found in 119 countries and territories
around the world and serve nearly 47 million customers each day.
McDonald's operates over 31,000 restaurants worldwide, employing
more than 1.5 million people. The company also operates other
restaurant
brands, such as Piles Café.
Focusing on its core brand, McDonald's began
divesting itself of other chains it had acquired
during the 1990s. The company owned a majority stake in
Chipotle Mexican Grill until October
2006, when McDonald's fully divested from Chipotle through a stock
exchange. Until December 2003, it also owned
Donatos Pizza. On August 27, 2007, McDonald's
sold
Boston Market to
Sun Capital Partners.
Types of restaurants
Most standalone McDonald's restaurants offer both
counter service and
drive-through service, with indoor and
sometimes outdoor seating. Drive-Thru, Auto-Mac, Pay and Drive, or
McDrive as it is known in many countries, often has separate
stations for placing, paying for, and picking up orders, though the
latter two steps are frequently combined; it was first introduced
in Arizona in 1975, following the lead of other fast-food chains.
In some countries "McDrive" locations near
highways offer no counter service or seating. In
contrast, locations in high-density city neighborhoods often omit
drive-through service. There are also
a few locations, located mostly in downtown districts, that offer
Walk-Thru service in place of Drive-Thru.
Specially themed restaurants also exist, such as the "Solid Gold
McDonald's," a 1950s rock-and-roll themed restaurant.
In Victoria
, British
Columbia
, there is
also a McDonald's with a 24 carat (100%) gold chandelier and similar light
fixtures.
To accommodate the current trend for high quality coffee and the
popularity of coffee shops in general, McDonald's introduced
McCafé, a
café-style accompaniment to McDonald's restaurants
in the style of
Starbucks. McCafé is a
concept created by McDonald's
Australia,
starting with Melbourne in 1993. Today, most McDonald's in
Australia have McCafés located within the existing McDonald's
restaurant.
In Tasmania
there are McCafés in every store, with the rest of
the states quickly following suit. After upgrading to the
new McCafe look and feel, some Australian stores have noticed up to
a 60% increase in sales. As of the end of 2003 there were over 600
McCafés worldwide.
Some locations are connected to
gas
stations/
convenience stores,
while others called
McExpress have limited seating
and/or menu or may be located in a
shopping mall.
Other McDonald's are located in Wal-Mart
stores. McStop is a
location targeted at truckers and travelers which may have services
found at
truck stops.
Playgrounds
Some McDonald's in suburban areas and certain cities feature large
indoor or outdoor
playgrounds. The first
PlayPlace with the familiar crawl-tube design with ball pits and
slides was introduced in 1987 in the USA, with many more being
constructed soon after. Some PlayPlace playgrounds have been
renovated into "R Gym" areas.
"R Gyms" are in-restaurant play area that features interactive game
zones designed for children aged 4 to 11. They are equipped with
stationary bicycles attached to video games, dance pads, basketball
hoops, monkey bars, an obstacle course, and other games which
emphasize physical activity.
The "R Gym" features the Toddler Zone, an active play environment
with age appropriate games that develop physical coordination and
social skills; the Active Zone, designed for children aged
four-to-eight that promotes physical fitness through fun play; the
Sports Zone which features a series of sport oriented activities to
promote aerobic exercise for children aged 9-to-11; the Parent Zone
which features seating and provides a monitoring area for their
children; and the Dining Area which allows families to eat.
Redesign
In 2006, McDonald's introduced its "Forever Young" brand by
redesigning all of their restaurants, the first major redesign
since the 1970s.
The design includes the traditional McDonald's yellow and red
colors, but the red is muted to terra cotta, the yellow was turned
golden for a more "sunny" look, and olive and sage green were also
added. To warm up their look, the restaurants have less plastic and
more brick and wood, with modern hanging lights to produce a softer
glow. Contemporary art or framed photographs hang on the
walls.
The exterior has golden awnings and a "swish brow" instead of the
traditional double-slanted
mansard
roof.
The restaurants feature areas:
- The "linger" zone offers armchairs, sofas, and Wi-Fi connections.
- The "grab and go" zone features tall counters with bar stools
for customers who eat alone; Plasma TVs
offer them news and weather reports.
- The "flexible" zone is targeted toward families and have booths
featuring fabric cushions with colorful patterns and flexible
seating.
- Different music targeted to each zone.
Branches
in the United
Kingdom
have an even more contemporary look and feel to the
stores, replacing the red with a deep British racing green and
overall making the stores look more casual, similar to a Starbucks branch. Branches in Germany have
also been redesigned to have a more contemporary style and green
exterior. Additionally, in Germany, the traditional "golden arches"
over red sign is being changed to "golden arches" over green.
Business model
McDonald's Corporation earns revenue as an investor in properties,
a franchiser of restaurants, and an operator of restaurants.
Approximately 15% of McDonald's restaurants are owned and operated
by McDonald's Corporation directly. The remainder are operated by
others through a variety of franchise agreements and joint
ventures.The McDonald's Corporation's
business model is slightly different from
that of most other fast-food chains. In addition to ordinary
franchise fees and marketing fees, which
are calculated as a percentage of sales, McDonald's may also
collect
rent, which may also be calculated
on the basis of sales. As a condition of many franchise agreements,
which vary by contract, age, country, and location, the Corporation
may own or lease the properties on which McDonald's franchises are
located. In most, if not all cases, the franchisee does not own the
location of its restaurants.
The UK business model is different, in that fewer than 30% of
restaurants are franchised, with the majority under the ownership
of the company.
McDonald's trains its franchisees and others
at Hamburger
University
in Oak Brook
, Illinois
.
In other countries, McDonald's restaurants are operated by joint
ventures of McDonald's Corporation and other, local entities or
governments.
As a matter of policy, McDonald's does not make direct sales of
food or materials to franchisees, instead organizing the supply of
food and materials to restaurants through approved third party
logistics operators.
According
to Fast Food Nation by
Eric Schlosser (2001), nearly one in
eight workers in the U.S.
have at some
time been employed by McDonald's. (According to a news piece
on Fox News this figure is one in ten). The book also states that
McDonald's is the largest private operator of playgrounds in the
U.S., as well as the single largest purchaser of
beef,
pork,
potatoes, and
apples. The
selection of meats McDonald's uses varies with the culture of the
host country.
Shareholder Dividends
McDonald's has increased shareholder dividends for 25 consecutive
years making it one of the S&P 500 Dividend Aristocrats with
the highest annual dividends of publicly traded companies in the
fast food industry
Controversies
As a prominent example of the rapid globalization of American
fast food industry, McDonald's is often
the target of criticism for its menu, its expansion, and its
business practices.
The McLibel Trial, also known as
McDonald's
Restaurants v Morris & Steel, is an example of this
criticism. In 1990, activists from a small group known as
London Greenpeace (no connection to the
international pressure group
Greenpeace)
distributed leaflets entitled
What's wrong with
McDonald's?, criticizing its environmental, health, and labor
record. The corporation wrote to the group demanding they desist
and apologize, and, when two of the activists refused to back down,
sued them for
libel in one of the longest
cases in British civil law. A documentary
film of the McLibel Trial has been shown in
several countries.
The term "McJob" was added to
Merriam-Webster's
Collegiate Dictionary in
2003, over
the objections of McDonald's. In an open letter to Merriam-Webster,
Jim Cantalupo, former
CEO of McDonald's, denounced the
definition as a "slap in the face" to all restaurant employees, and
stated that "a more appropriate definition of a 'McJob' might be
'teaches responsibility.'" Merriam-Webster responded that "we stand
by the accuracy and appropriateness of our definition." McJob is
defined by Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary as "a low-paying job
that requires little skill and provides little opportunity for
advancement".
In 1999, French
anti-globalisation activist
José Bové vandalized a half-built
McDonald's to protest against the introduction of fast food in the
region.
In 2001,
Eric Schlosser's book
Fast Food Nation included
criticism of the business practices of McDonald's. Among the
critiques were allegations that McDonald's (along with other
companies within the fast food industry) uses its political
influence to increase its profits at the expense of people's health
and the social conditions of its workers. The book also brought
into question McDonald's advertisement techniques in which it
targets children. While the book did mention other fast-food
chains, it focused primarily on McDonald's.
In 2002, vegetarian groups, largely
Hindu,
successfully sued McDonald's for misrepresenting their French fries
as vegetarian.
Morgan Spurlock's 2004
documentary film Super Size Me said that McDonald's food
was contributing to the epidemic of
obesity
in society, and that the company was failing to provide nutritional
information about its food for its customers. Six weeks after the
film premiered, McDonald's announced that it was eliminating the
super size option, and was creating the adult
happy meal.
The
soya that is fed to McDonald’s chickens is
supplied by agricultural giant
Cargill and
comes directly from Brazil.
Greenpeace alleges
that not only is soya destroying the Amazon rain forest in Brazil
, but soya
farmers are guilty of further crimes including
slavery and the invasion of indigenous
peoples’ lands. The allegation is that McDonald's, as a
client of Cargill's, is complicit in these activities.
Arguments in defense of McDonald's
In response to public pressure, McDonald's has sought to include
more healthy choices in its menu and has introduced a new slogan to
its recruitment posters: "Not bad for a
McJob". (The word McJob, first attested in the
mid-1980s and later popularized by Canadian novelist
Douglas Coupland in his book
Generation
X, has become a buzz word for low-paid, unskilled work
with few prospects or benefits and little security.) McDonald's
disputes the idea that its restaurant jobs have no prospects,
noting that its CEO,
Jim Skinner,
started working at the company as a regular restaurant employee,
and that 20 of its top 50 managers began work as regular crew
members.
In 2007, the company launched an advertising
campaign with the slogan "Would you like a career with that?" on
Irish
television, outlining that their jobs have many
prospects.
In a bid to tap into growing consumer interest in the
provenance of food, the fast-food chain recently
switched its
supplier of both
coffee beans and
milk. UK chief
executive Steve Easterbrook said: "British consumers are
increasingly interested in the quality, sourcing and
ethics of the food and drink they buy".
McDonald's coffee is now brewed from beans taken from stocks that
have been certified by the
Rainforest Alliance, a
conservation group.
Similarly, milk supplies used for its hot drinks and milkshakes
have been switched to
organic sources
which could account for 5% of the UK's organic milk output.
McDonald's announced on May 22, 2008 that, in the U.S. and Canada,
it will be introducing cooking oil for its
french fries that contains no
trans fats. The company will use canola-based oil
with corn and soy oils by year's end for its baked items, pies and
cookies.
Environmental record

Discarded fast food packaging
contributes to the urban litter problem in cities worldwide
In April
2008, McDonald's announced that 11 of its Sheffield
restaurants have been using a biomass trial that
had cut its waste and carbon footprint by half in the area.
In this trial, waste from the restaurants were collected by
Veolia Environmental
Services and used to produce energy at a power plant.
McDonald's plans to expand this project, although the lack of
biomass power plants in the U.S. will prevent this plan from
becoming a national standard anytime soon. In addition, in
Europe, McDonald's has been recycling vegetable
grease by converting it to fuel for their diesel trucks.
Furthermore, McDonald's has been using a corn-based bioplastic to
produce containers for some of their products. Although industries
who use this product claim a carbon savings of 30% to 80%, a
Guardian study shows otherwise. The
results show that this type of plastic does not break down in
landfills as efficiently as other conventional plastics. The extra
energy it takes to recycle this plastic results in a higher output
of greenhouse gases. Also, the plastics can contaminate waste
streams, causing other recycled plastics to become
unsaleable.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has recognized McDonald's
continuous effort to reduce solid waste by designing more efficient
packaging and by promoting the use of recycled-content materials.
McDonald's reports that they are committed towards environmental
leadership by effectively managing electric energy, by conserving
natural resources through recycling and reusing materials, and by
addressing water management issues within the restaurant.
In an effort to reduce energy usage by 25% in its restaurants,
McDonald's opened a prototype restaurant in Chicago in 2009 with
the intention of using the model in its other restaurants
throughout the world. Building on past efforts, specifically a
restaurant it opened in Sweden in 2000 that was the first to
intentionally incorporate green ideas, McDonald's designed the
Chicago site to save energy by incorporating old and new ideas such
as managing storm water, using skylights for more natural lighting
and installing some partitions and tabletops made from recycled
goods.
When McDonald’s received criticism for its environmental policies
in the 1970s, it began to make substantial progress towards source
reductions efforts. For instance, an “average meal” in the 1970s—a
Big Mac, fries, and a drink—required 46 grams of packaging; today,
it requires only 25 grams, allowing a 46% reduction. In addition,
McDonald’s eliminated the need for intermediate containers for
cola by having a delivery system that pumps
syrup directly from the delivery truck into storage containers,
saving two million pounds of packaging annually. Overall, weight
reductions in packaging and products, as well as the increased
usage of bulk packaging ultimately decreased packaging by 24
million pounds annually.
Legal cases
McDonald's has been involved in a number of
lawsuits and other legal cases, most of which
involved
trademark disputes. The company
has threatened many food businesses with legal action unless they
drop the Mc or Mac from their trading name. In one noteworthy case,
McDonald's sued a Scottish café owner called McDonald, even though
the business in question dated back over a century (Sheriff Court
Glasgow and Strathkelvin, November 21, 1952).
It has also filed numerous
defamation
suits. For example, in the
McLibel
case, McDonald's sued two activists for distributing pamphlets
attacking its environmental, labor and health records. After the
longest trial in UK legal history, McDonald's won a technical
victory for showing that some allegations were untrue. But it was a
massive
public relations disaster,
since the judge also found that more than half of what was on the
pamphlet was truthful, or were simply the opinions of the activists
and therefore non-prosecutable.
McDonald's has defended itself in several cases involving
workers' rights. In 2001 the company was
fined £12,400 by British magistrates for illegally employing and
over-working
child labor in one of its
London restaurants. This is thought to be one of the largest fines
imposed on a company for breaking laws relating to child working
conditions (R v
2002 EWCA Crim 1094).
In April
2007 in Perth
, Western Australia
, McDonald's pleaded guilty to five charges relating
to the employment of children under 15 in one of its outlets and
was fined AU$8,000.
Possibly the most infamous legal case involving McDonald's was the
1994 decision in
The
McDonald's Coffee Case.
In a McDonald's
American Idol figurine
promotion, the figurine that represents "New Wave Nigel" wears
something that closely resembles
Devo’s
Energy Dome, which was featured on the
band's album cover,
Freedom of
Choice. In addition to the figurine's image, it also plays
a tune that appears to be an altered version of Devo's song
"
Doctor Detroit." Devo copyrighted
and trademarked the Energy Dome and is taking legal action against
McDonald's.
Products
McDonald's predominantly sells
hamburgers, various types of
chicken sandwiches and
products,
French fries,
soft drinks,
breakfast
items, and
desserts. In most markets,
McDonald's offers
salads and
vegetarian items,
wraps and other localized fare. Portugal is the
only country with McDonald's restaurants serving soup.
This local deviation
from the standard menu is a characteristic for which the chain is
particularly known, and one which is employed either to abide by
regional food taboos (such as the religious prohibition of beef
consumption in India
) or to make
available foods with which the regional market is more familiar
(such as the sale of McRice in Indonesia
).
Headquarters

McDonald's Plaza, the headquarters of
McDonald's
The
McDonald's headquarters complex, McDonald's Plaza, is located in
Oak Brook,
Illinois
. It sits on the site of the former
headquarters and stabling area of Paul Butler, the founder of Oak
Brook.
McDonald's moved into the Oak Brook facility
from an office within the Chicago Loop
in 1971.
Advertising
McDonald's has for decades maintained an extensive advertising
campaign. In addition to the usual media (television, radio, and
newspaper), the company makes significant use of billboards and
signage, sponsors sporting events ranging from
Little League to the
Olympic Games, and makes coolers of
orange drink with their logo available for
local events of all kinds. Nonetheless, television has always
played a central role in the company's advertising strategy.
To date,
McDonald's has used 23 different slogans in United States
advertising, as well as a few other slogans for
select countries and regions. At times, it has run into
trouble with its campaigns.
Children's advertising
Gallery
Image:Mcdonalds times sq.png|A McDonald's store front in
Times Square.Image:McDonalds Times
Square.JPG|Non-traditional storefront of the McDonald's in
Times Square.
Image:Mcdonalds stratford.jpg|A store in
Stratford-upon-Avon
, conforming to the historic ethos of Shakespeare's birthplaceImage:20070509 Rock
26 Roll McDonalds from 7th fl of Sports Authority.jpg|the Rock N Roll
McDonald's
in where the company celebrated its 50th
anniversary.Image:McDonalds Museum.jpg|The site of the
first McDonald's to be franchised by Ray Kroc is now a museum in Des Plaines
, Illinois
. The building is a replica of the original,
which was the ninth McDonald's restaurant.
image:Mcdonalds
Restaurant Riyadh.JPG|McDonald's in Riyadh
Image:McForeverYoung.jpg|A McDonald's in
Shenango Township,
Pennsylvania
just outside of New Castle
was rebuilt in 2007 with the new "Forever Young"
look.Image:McDonalds on Interstate
44.jpg|McDonald's over Interstate 44 in Vinita, Oklahoma
Image:Seminole_Park
Blvd_McDonalds.jpg|McDonald's in Seminole, Florida
on Park BlvdFile:Mcdonlds.jpg|McDonald's in Giza
, Egypt
in Arab League Street.Image:McDonalds_in_Moncton.jpg|McDonald's
Canada with a Playplace in Moncton
, New
Brunswick
, Canada
Image:McDonalds_Toronto.jpg|McDonald's
Canada in Toronto
, Ontario
, Canada
on Dundas
Street & Bathurst Street.Image:Mc donalds-toronto.jpg|McDonald's
Canada at a Wal-Mart Canada in
Toronto
, Ontario
, Canada
.Image:McDonalds_Kitchener.jpg|McDonald's
Canada in Kitchener
, Ontario
, Canada
Image:McDonald's Canada restaurant in Sault Ste.
Marie,
Ontario.jpg|McDonald's Canada with a Playplace in Sault Ste.
Marie
, Ontario
, Canada
.Image:McDonalds_Station_Mall.JPG|McDonald's
Canada at a Station
Mall
in Sault Ste.
Marie
, Ontario
, Canada
.Image:McCafe.jpg|The interior of a McCafé concept located in Dublin,
Ireland
.Image:British Refurbished Stand Alone
McDonalds.jpg|A refurbished stand-alone McDonald's in Portsmouth
, England
. Unlike international McDonald's, British
McDonald's are simply being refurbished rather than
rebuilt.Image:Mcdoanldsnewcastlenorthumberlandstreet.jpg|McDonald's
in Newcastle
upon Tyne
, another example of current McDonald's restaurants
being refurbished in Britain.Image:McDonald's Slovakia.JPG|McDonald's
in Bratislava
, Slovakia
.Image:McDonalds in Corfu at
night.PNG|McDonald's in Corfu
, Greece
.Image:Mcd riga.jpg|McDonald's in Riga
, Latvia
.Image:McDonald's Meknes.jpg|A McDonald's in
Meknes
, Morocco
.Image:McDonald's by F-9 Park in
Islamabad.jpg|Islamabad
, Pakistan
.Image:Mcdelivery.JPG|A McDonald's delivery
vehicle in Seoul
, South Korea
.Image:McDonald's Philippines.jpg|McDonald's
in Angeles
City
, Philippines
.Image:McDonald's, Karlshamn.jpg|McDonald's
in Karlshamn
, Sweden
.Image:McDonalds Bergen Norway 2009
1.JPG|McDonald's in Bergen
, Norway
.Image:McDonald's from Helsinki Finland,
Ruoholahti.jpg|McDonald's in Helsinki
, Finland
.
Global Operations

Countries with McDonald's stores
's has become emblematic of
globalization, sometimes referred to as the
"
McDonaldization" of society.
The Economist magazine uses
the "
Big Mac Index": the comparison of
a
Big Mac's cost in various world
currencies can be used to informally judge these
currencies'
purchasing power
parity. Scandinavian countries lead the
Big Mac Index with four of the five most
expensive Big Mac's.
Norway
has the
most expensive Big Mac in the world as of July 2008, whilst the
cheapest country is Malaysia
.
Thomas Friedman once said that no
country with a McDonald's had gone to war with another. However,
the "
Golden
Arches Theory of Conflict Prevention" is not strictly true.
Exceptions are the 1989
United States invasion of
Panama,
NATO's
bombing of Serbia in 1999, the
2006
Lebanon War, and the
2008
South Ossetia War.
Some observers have suggested that the company should be given
credit for increasing the standard of service in markets that it
enters.
A
group of anthropologists in a study entitled Golden Arches
East looked at the impact McDonald's had on East Asia, and Hong Kong
in particular. When it opened in Hong Kong
in 1975, McDonald's was the first restaurant to consistently offer
clean restrooms, driving customers to demand the same of other
restaurants and institutions. McDonald's have recently taken to
partnering up with
Sinopec, China's second
largest oil company, in the People's Republic of China, as it
begins to take advantage of China's growing use of personal
vehicles by opening numerous
drive-thru
restaurants.
McDonald's reached a deal with the French
fine arts museum, the Louvre
, to open a
McDonald's restaurant and McCafé on its premises,by their
underground entrance, in November 2009.
Global locations
See also
- Fast Food Nation, book
by Eric Schlosser
- MaDonal, a restaurant knock-off
operating in Northern Iraq .
- Maxime, McDuff & McDo,
documentary film about the unionizing of a McDonald's in Montreal
, Quebec
, Canada
.
- McDonaldization, term used by
sociologist George Ritzer to describe
the process by which a society takes on the characteristics of a
fast-food restaurant.
- McDonald's Video Game, a
satirical game placing the player in the role of McDonald's
management.
- Don Gorske, a McDonald's enthusiast,
has consumed over 20,000 Big Mac hamburgers. He appeared on
Super Size Me, is listed in the Guinness Book of World
Records, and has a movie called MacDaddy.
- Super Size Me, a documentary by
Morgan Spurlock.
Competitors
- Burger King - Second largest burger
chain
- Subway - Largest single
brand restaurant chain
- Yum! - Largest multi-brand restaurant
chain
References
- McDonaold's history from Route-66.com
- http://www.mcdonalds.ca/en/aboutus/faq.aspx, retrieved May 08,
2008
- Brand, Rachel. (2006-12-23) "Chipotle founder had big dreams" Rocky
Mountain News. retrieved on 2009-10-07.
- McDonald's raises cash dividend by 10%
Reuters.com, retrieved 9/28/2009
- Definition of S&P 500 Aristocrat at
Investopedia
- List of 2009 Dividend Aristocrats via Seeking
Alpha, retrieved 10/1/2009
- Comparison of Publicly
Traded Fast Food Company Dividends via Wikinvest
- " Merriam-Webster: 'McJob' is here to stay".
The Associated Press. November 11, 2003.
- "McDonald's hails success of waste-to-energy
trial" businessgreen.com. April 14, 2008. Accessed
April 22, 2008.
- "Local woman creates environmental-friendly Web
site" herald-dispatch.com. April 19, 2008. Accessed
April 22, 2008.
- "'Sustainable' bio-plastic can damage the
environment" guardian.co.uk. April 26, 2008. Accessed
May 6, 2008.
- Steele, Jeffrey. " OAK BROOK HISTORY IN CARING HANDS SOCIETY PRESIDENT
IS PART OF VILLAGE'S CHANGING HERITAGE." Chicago Tribune.
July 29, 1998. Page 88. Retrieved on September 17, 2009.
- Cross, Robert. " Inside Hamburger Central." Chicago Tribune.
January 9, 1972. G18. Retrieved on September 17, 2009.
- "The Lexus and the Olive Tree".
thomaslfriedman.com. Accessed June 4, 2007.
- Stanford University Press, 1998, edited by James L. Watson
External links
Multimedia
- CBC Archives CBC Television reports on the
opening of Moscow McDonald's (1990).