Megaproject: Map

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A megaproject (sometimes also called "major program") is an extremely large-scale investment project. Megaprojects are typically defined as costing more than US$1 billion and attracting a lot of public attention because of substantial impacts on communities, environment, and budgets. Megaprojects can also be defined as "initiatives that are physical, very expensive, and public." Care in the project development process may be needed to reduce any possible optimism bias and strategic misrepresentation.

Megaprojects include bridges, tunnels, highways, railways, airports, seaports, power plants, dams, wastewater projects, Special Economic Zones (SEZ), oil and natural gas extraction projects, public buildings, information technology systems, aerospace projects, and weapons systems.

Examples

Some examples of megaprojects are:

Aerospace projects

Airbus A380 (2007)
B-2 Spirit (1997)
Boeing 747 (1970)
Eurofighter Typhoon (2003)
F-22 Raptor (2005)
Joint Strike Fighter (In progress)
KH-11 reconnaissance satellite (1976-1990)

Airport projects

International Sports infrastructure projects

IT projects

Enabling Grids for E-sciencE: Multi-science Grid infrastructure for the European Research Area. Already largest multi-science Grid infrastructure in the world and expected to greatly expand once the LHC is completed.
National Programme for IT for England 's National Health Service
Navy/Marine Corps Intranet
IBM 360
The National Broadband Network, a FTTP network under construction in Australia, proposing to reach 90% of homes.

Oil and Gas projects

Gorgon gas project
Southstream pipeline
Athabasca Oil Sands
Corrib Gas Project
Hibernia
Nord Stream
Sakhalin-I
Trans-Alaska Pipeline System
Peregrino
Jamnagar Refinery World's Largest Greenfield Refinery, India

Port projects

Punta Colonet in Baja California, Mexico
Port of Rotterdam
Yangshan port.
Port of Sines , Portugal

Rail and rapid transit projects

Beijing Subway, Beijing, People's Republic of China
Athens Metro, Athens , Greece
Bay Area Rapid Transit System, San Francisco Bay Area , California , USA
Extension of Line 1 Lima Metro
Canada Line in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada
Crossrail, London , UK
North West Metro between the CBD and Northwestern suburbs of Sydney, Australia
Channel tunnel between France and the UK
Delhi Metro, New Delhi , India
Dubai Metro in Dubai
Gautrain in Gauteng , South Africa between Johannesburg and Pretoria
Gotthard Base Tunnel in Switzerland.
Great Belt Fixed Link , Denmark
Mumbai Metro ,India
High Speed 1, Ebbsfleet International , London , UK
High-speed railway to Jerusalem, (Israel Railways), Israel
London Underground
Namma Metro ,[India]]
Marmaray in Istanbul , Turkey , an express railway system connecting Europe and Asia under waters of Bosphorus .
Qingzang railway in Qinghai and Tibet, China
Seattle Light Rail, Seattle , USA
Second Avenue Subway, New York City , USA
Seikan Tunnel in Japan
Shanghai Metro, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
Jakarta Mass Rapid Transportation Project, Jakarta , Indonesia
Transcontinental railroads
Washington Metro , Washington, D.C., USA
Kolkata Metro, India
Transit City, Toronto , Canada
Taiwan High Speed Rail, Taiwan , ROC

Road traffic projects

Bang Na Expressway , Thailand , Bang Na Expressway- World's longest bridge by one reading (most of it isn't a bridge.)
Sunda Strait Bridge, Indonesia , Southeast-asian longest oversea bridge
Rio-Antirio Bridge , Greece , Europe's largest cable-stayed bridge
Rio-Niterói Bridge , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
Egnatia Odos, Greece
A1 between Zagreb and Split , with extension being built to Dubrovnik , Croatia
A3 motorway between Braşov and Oradea
A4 motorway between Iaşi and Târgu Mureş
Bundesautobahn 20, Germany
Central Artery/Tunnel Project, more popularly known as the "Big Dig "), Boston , Massachusetts , USA
National Highways Development Project, India
Port Tunnel Dublin , Republic of Ireland
Expressway Network of the People's Republic of China
Fehmarn Belt bridge and its connections on land, linking Denmark and Germany
Interstate Highway System, United States of America
Millau Viaduct , France
Oresund Bridge and its connections on land, like the City Tunnel, Malmö.
Roman road system of antiquity
Vasco da Gama Bridge, Portugal , Europe's largest bridge
Karakoram Highway , Pakistan , Highest paved international road in the world

Science projects

International Space Station, multinational space station in low Earth orbit (1998-2016)
ITER International nuclear fusion project, in France (Est. 2018)
Large Hadron Collider 14 TeV particle accelerator, in Switzerland and France (2008)
Superconducting Super Collider , canceled 40 TeV particle accelerator, in Texas (1991-1993)
Manhattan Project, in the United States (1945)
Project Apollo (1960-1975)
Soviet Moonshot, canceled moon landing program (1962-1969)
Project Constellation, planned moon landing spacecraft and space shuttle replacement (Ongoing)
Space Shuttle program (1972-2010)
Buran program, canceled space shuttle program (1980-1993)
Human Genome Project, investigation to determine human genetic code (Ongoing)

Urban projects

HafenCity in Hamburg , Germany
Brasília in Brazil
Jakarta Waterfront City, in Jakarta , Indonesia
Satrio International Tourism and Shopping belt, in Jakarta , Indonesia
Ciudad Universitaria in Mexico City , Mexico
Dubailand in Dubai
Esplanada City Center, Bucharest , Romania
Expo 98/Park of the Nations in Lisbon , Portugal
Iskandar Development Region in Johor , Malaysia
Putrajaya , Malaysia
King Abdullah Economic City , Saudi Arabia
La Défense in Paris , France
Liverpool One , Liverpool , England
Lusail City , Doha , Qatar
Moscow-City in Moscow , Russia
New Songdo City in Incheon , South Korea
Okhta Center in Saint Petersburg , Russia
Pagcor City in Metro Manila , The Philippines
Palm Islands, The World and Dubai Waterfront in Dubai
Potsdamer Platz in Berlin , Germany
Project CityCenter in Las Vegas , USA
Dublin Docklands in Dublin , Republic of Ireland

Water infrastructure projects

Chicago River reversing its course, Chicago
Deep Tunnel Project, Chicago
Delta Works , Netherlands
East Bay Municipal Utility District in Oakland, California , USA
Great Manmade River , Libya
G-Cans project , Saitama, Japan
HaMovil HaArtzi (National Water Carrier), Israel
MOSE Project, Venice , Italy
Zuiderzee Works, Netherlands
New York City Water Tunnel No. 3, New York, New York
Stormwater Management and Road Tunnel , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
Snowy Mountains Scheme in New South Wales /Victoria , Australia
South-North Water Transfer Project, China
State Water Project, California
Thames Tideway Scheme, London , United Kingdom
Thames Barrier , London , United Kingdom

Climate and environmental change projects

The Megaproject Paradox

The megaproject paradox was first identified by Oxford professor Bent Flyvbjerg, in his book with Nils Bruzelius and Werner Rothengatter, Megaprojects and Risk.

The paradox consists in the fact that more and bigger megaprojects are being planned and built despite their poor performance record in terms of cost overruns, schedule delays, and benefit shortfalls. For the majority of megaprojects, performance is significantly and consistently below what could be called "best" – or "good" – practice, when measured in these terms. This has been the case for decades and existing data show no immediate end to this state of affairs.

References

External links

What is a megaproject?
Borovoye-Biocity — megaproject of Bionic City for Kazakhstan — S. Rastorguev, M. Kudryashov, 2008

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