Moscow ( or /ˈmɒskəʊ/ in
English, ; see also other
names) is the capital and
the largest city of Russia
. It
is also the largest
metropolitan area in
Europe, and ranks among the largest urban areas in the world.
Moscow is
a major political, economic, cultural, religious, financial,
educational, and transportation centre of Russia and the
world, a global city. It is also
the seventh largest
city proper in the world, a
megacity.
The population of Moscow (as of 1 June 2009) is 10,524,400.
It is located on the
Moskva River in
the
Central Federal
District, in the
European part of
Russia. Moscow sits on the junction of three geological
platforms.
Historically, it was the capital of the
former Soviet
Union
, Tsardom of Russia
and the Grand
Duchy of Moscow. It is the site of the Moscow Kremlin
, one of the World
Heritage Sites in the city, which serves as the residence of
the President of Russia.
The Russian parliament (the
State Duma
and the
Federation
Council) and the
Government of
Russia also sit in Moscow.
Moscow is a major economic centre and is home to one of the largest
numbers of
billionaires in the world; in
2008 Moscow was named the
world's
most expensive city for foreign employees for the third year in
a row.
However, in 2009, Moscow moved to third after
Tokyo
and Osaka came in first and
second, respectively.
It is home to many scientific and educational institutions, as well
as numerous sport facilities. It possesses a complex transport
system, that includes 3 international airports, 9 railroad
terminals, and the world's second busiest (after
Tokyo)
metro system
which is famous for its architecture and artwork. Its metro is the
busiest single-operator subway in the world.
Over time, the city has earned a variety of nicknames, most
referring to its pre-eminent status in the nation: The Third Rome
(Третий Рим), Whitestone (Белокаменная), The First Throne
(Первопрестольная), The Forty Forties (Сорок Сороков.)
A person from Moscow is called a Muscovite in English,
Moskvich in Russian.
History
The city is named after the river (old , literally "the city by the
Moskva River"). The origin of the name is unknown, although several
theories exist. One theory suggests that the source of the name is
an ancient
Finnic language,
in which it means “dark” and “turbid”.
The first Russian
reference to Moscow dates from 1147 when Yuri Dolgoruki called upon the prince of the
Novgorod-Severski
to “come to me, brother, to Moscow.”
Nine years
later, in 1156, Prince Yuri Dolgoruki
of Rostov
ordered the
construction of a wooden wall, which had to be rebuilt multiple
times, to surround the emerging city. After the sacking of
1237–1238, when the
Mongols burned the
city to the ground and killed its inhabitants, Moscow recovered and
became the capital of the independent
Vladimir-Suzdal principality in 1327. Its favourable position
on the headwaters of the
Volga River
contributed to steady expansion. Moscow developed into a stable and
prosperous principality, known as
Grand Duchy of Moscow, for many years
and attracted a large number of refugees from across Russia.
Under
Ivan I the city replaced Tver
as a
political centre of Vladimir-Suzdal
and became the sole collector of taxes for the Mongol-Tatar rulers. By
paying high tribute, Ivan won an important concession from the
Khan. Unlike other principalities,
Moscow was not divided among his sons but was passed intact to his
eldest. However, Moscow's opposition against foreign domination
grew.
In
1380, prince Dmitry Donskoy of Moscow
led a united Russian army to an important victory over the Tatars in the Battle of Kulikovo
which was not decisive, though. Only two
years later Moscow was sacked by khan
Tokhtamysh. In 1480,
Ivan III had
finally broken the Russians
free from Tatar control, allowing Moscow to become the centre
of power in Russia. Under Ivan III the city became the capital of
an empire that would eventually encompass all of present-day Russia
and other lands.
In 1571,
the Crimean Tatars attacked and
sacked Moscow, burning everything but the Kremlin.
In 1609,
the Swedish
army led by Count Jacob De la Gardie and Evert Horn started their march from Veliky
Novgorod
toward
Moscow to help Tsar Vasili Shuiski, entered Moscow in 1610
and suppressed the rebellion against the Tsar, but left it early in
1611, following which the Polish-Lithuanian
army invaded. During the Polish–Muscovite
War hetman Stanisław
Żółkiewski entered Moscow after defeated Russians in the
Battle of
Klushino
. The 17th century was rich in popular
risings, such as the
liberation of
Moscow from the Polish-Lithuanian invaders (1612), the
Salt Riot (1648), the
Copper Riot (1662), and the
Moscow Uprising of 1682.
The
plague of 1654–1656 killed half the
population of Moscow.
The city ceased to be Russia’s capital in
1712, after the founding of Saint Petersburg
by Peter the Great
near the Baltic
coast
in 1703. The
Plague of 1771 was the last
massive outbreak of plague in central Russia, claiming up to
100,000 lives in Moscow alone. During the
French invasion of Russia in 1812,
the Muscovites
burned the city
and evacuated, as
Napoleon’s
forces were approaching on 14 September. Napoleon’s army, plagued
by hunger, cold and poor supply lines, was forced to retreat and
was nearly annihilated by the devastating Russian winter and
sporadic attacks by Russian military forces.
In January 1905, the institution of the City Governor, or
Mayor, was officially introduced in
Moscow, and Alexander Adrianov became Moscow’s first official
mayor.
Following the Russian Revolution of 1917, on 12
March 1918, Moscow became the capital of the Russian Soviet
Federative Socialist Republic and of the Soviet Union less than five years later. During
World War II (known in Russia as the
Great Patriotic War), after the
German invasion of the USSR, the Soviet
State Defense Committee and
the General Staff of the
Red Army was
located in Moscow.
In 1941, sixteen divisions of the national volunteers (more than
160,000 people), twenty-five battalions (18,500 people) and four
engineering regiments were formed among the Muscovites.
That
November, the German Army Group
Centre was stopped at the outskirts of the city and then driven
off in the Battle of
Moscow
. Many factories were evacuated, together
with much of the government, and from 20 October the city was
declared to be under
siege. Its remaining
inhabitants built and manned
antitank defences, while the city was
bombarded from the air.
Joseph Stalin
refused to leave the city, meaning the general staff and the
council of people's commissars remained in the city as well.
Despite the siege and the bombings, the construction of
Moscow's metro system continued through the
war, and by the end of the war several new metro lines were opened.
On 1 May 1944, a medal
For the defence of Moscow and in
1947 another medal
In memory of the 800th anniversary of
Moscow were instituted. In commemoration of the 20th
anniversary of the
victory over Nazi
Germany, on 8 May 1965, Moscow became one of twelve Soviet
cities awarded the title of
Hero
City.
In 1980,
it hosted the Summer Olympic
Games, which was boycotted by the United States
and several other Western countries due to the
Soviet Union's involvement in Afghanistan
in late 1979. In 1991, Moscow was the scene
of the
failed coup
attempt by the government members opposed to the reforms of
Mikhail Gorbachev. When the USSR
was dissolved in the same year, Moscow continued to be the capital
of Russia.
Since then, the emergence of a
market
economy in Moscow has produced an explosion of Western-style
retailing, services,
architecture, and
lifestyles. In 1998, it hosted the first
World Youth Games.
Geography, time and climate
Location
Moscow is situated on the banks of the
Moskva River, which flows for just over
500 km through the
East
European Plain in central Russia.
49 bridges span the river and its
canals within the city's limits.
Elevation of
Moscow in VVC
, where situated head Moscow weather station, is
156 m (512 ft). The highest point is
Teplostanskaya highland with 255 m (837 ft).. Width of
Moscow city (not limiting
MKAD) from west to
east is 39.7 km (24.7 mi), length from north to south –
51.7 km (32.1 mi).
Moscow's
road system is centered roughly around the Kremlin at the heart of the city. From there, roads
generally radiate outwards to intersect with a sequence of circular
roads (“rings”).
The first and innermost major ring, Bulvarnoye Koltso (
Boulevard Ring), was built at the former
location of the sixteenth century city wall around that used to be
called
Bely Gorod (White Town).
The
Bulvarnoye Koltso is technically not a ring; it does not form a
complete circle, but instead a horseshoe-like arc that goes from the Cathedral of
Christ the Saviour
to the Yauza
River. In addition, the Boulevard Ring changes street
names numerous times throughout its journey across the city.
The second primary ring, located outside the bell end Boulevard
Ring, is the Sadovoye Koltso (
Garden
Ring). Like the Boulevard Ring, the Garden Ring follows the
path of a sixteenth century wall that used to encompass part of the
city. The third ring, the Third Transport Ring, was completed in
2003 as a high-speed
freeway.
The Fourth Transport Ring, another freeway, is under construction
to further reduce traffic congestion. The outermost ring within
Moscow is the
Moscow Automobile Ring Road
(often called the
MKAD from the Russian
Московская
Кольцевая Автомобильная Дорога), which forms the approximate
boundary of the city. Outside the city, some of the roads
encompassing the city continue to follow this circular pattern seen
inside city limits.
Time
The city
recognizes a unique time schedule which is used for Moscow and most
of western Russia, including Saint Petersburg. During winter the areas operate in what is
referred to as
Moscow Standard Time (MSK, МСК) which is 3
hours ahead of
UTC, or
UTC+3. During the summer, Moscow Time shifts forward
an additional hour ahead of Moscow Standard Time to become
Moscow Summer Time (MSD), making it
UTC+4.
Climate
Moscow has a
humid continental
climate (
Köppen
climate classification Dfb) with warm, somewhat humid
summers and long, cold winters. Typical high temperatures in the
warm months of June, July and August are around , but during heat
waves (which can occur between May and September), daytime high
temperatures often top - sometimes for a week or a two at a time.
In the winter, temperatures normally drop to approximately , though
there can be periods of warmth with temperatures rising above . The
highest temperature ever recorded was in August 1936, and the
lowest ever recorded was in January 1940. During the past few
years, many monthly and daily high temperature records have been
set.
Snow cover (present for 3–5 months a year) typically begins at the
end of November and melts by mid-March, but in recent years, snow
cover has persisted for shorter periods than the long-term
average.
Monthly rainfall totals vary minimally throughout the year,
although the
precipitation levels tend to be
higher during the summer than during the winter. Due to the
significant variation in temperature between the winter and summer
months as well as the limited fluctuation in precipitation levels
during the summer, Moscow is considered to be within a
continental climate zone.
The average annual temperature in Moscow is , but for the last two
years (2007-2008) the annual temperature has averaged above . In
contrast, during the first half of the 20th century, Moscow
experienced light frost during the late summer months.
On average Moscow has 1731 hours of sunshine per year, varying
between a low of 8% in December to 52% in May–August. In 2004–2008,
the average was between 1800 and 2000 hours
Administrative divisions and Government
[[File:Msk all districts abc eng.svg|thumb|
Administrative okrugs of
Moscow:1 City of Zelenograd,2 Northern,3 North-Eastern,4
North-Western,5 Central,6 Eastern,7 Southern,8 South-Eastern,9
South-Western,10 Western]]
Government
Moscow is the seat of power for the Russian Federation.
At the
centre of the city, in Central Administrative Okrug,
is the Moscow
Kremlin, which houses the home of the President of Russia as well as many of
the facilities for the national government. This includes
numerous
military
headquarters and the headquarters of the
Moscow Military District. Moscow,
like with any national
capital,
is also the host of all the foreign
embassies and
diplomats representing a multitude of nations in Russia.
Moscow is
designated as one of only two Federal cities of Russia (the other
one being Saint
Petersburg). Among the 83
federal subjects of Russia,
Moscow represents the most populated one and the smallest one in
terms of area. Lastly, Moscow is located within the
central economic region, one of
twelve regions within
Russia with similar economic goals.
Administrative divisions
The entire city of Moscow is headed by one
mayor (
Yury
Luzhkov). It is divided into ten administrative okrugs and
123 districts. Nine of the ten administrative districts,
except the City of Zelenograd (number 1 on the map), are
located within City of Moscow main boundaries.
All administrative okrugs and districts have their own
coats of arms and flags, some districts also
have elected head officials. Additionally, most districts have
their own cable television, computer network, and official
newspaper.
In addition to the districts, there are Territorial Units with
Special Status, or territories.
These usually include areas with small or no
permanent populations, such as the case with the All-Russia
Exhibition Centre, the Botanical Garden
, large parks, and industrial zones. In
recent years, some territories have been merged with different
districts. There are no ethnic-specific regions in Moscow, as in
the
Chinatowns that exist in some
North American and
East
Asian cities. And although districts are not designated by
income, as with most cities, those areas that are closer to the
city centre,
metro stations or green
zones are considered more prestigious.
Moscow
also hosts some of the government bodies of Moscow Oblast
, although the city itself is administratively
separate from the oblast.
Architecture
"Alye Parusa" residential development,
Shchukino
Vorobyevy Gory residential development
in Moscow
Moscow’s architecture is world-renowned.
Moscow is also well
known as the site of Saint Basil’s Cathedral
, with its elegant onion
domes, as well as the Cathedral of
Christ the Saviour and the Seven Sisters
.
For a long time, the view of the city was dominated by numerous
Orthodox churches. The look of the city changed drastically during
Soviet times, mostly due to
Joseph
Stalin, who oversaw a large-scale effort to modernise the city.
He introduced broad avenues and roadways, some of them over ten
lanes wide, but he also destroyed a great number of historically
significant architectural works.
The Sukharev Tower
, as well as numerous mansions and stores lining the
major streets, and various works of religious architecture, such as
the Kazan
Cathedral
and the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, were all
destroyed during Stalin’s rule. During the 1990s, however,
both the latter were rebuilt amid criticism due to the high costs
and lack of historical perspective.
Architect
Vladimir Shukhov was
responsible for building several of Moscow’s landmarks during early
Soviet Russia.
The Shukhov Tower
, just one of many hyperboloid towers designed by
Shukhov, was built between 1919 and 1922 as a transmission tower
for a Russian broadcasting
company. Shukhov also left a lasting legacy to the
Constructivist architecture of early
Soviet Russia.
He designed spacious elongated shop
galleries, most notably the Upper Trade Rows 
on Red
Square
, bridged with innovative metal-and-glass
vaults.
Stalin,
however, is also credited with building the The Seven
Sisters, comprising seven, cathedral-like
structures. A defining feature of Moscow’s skyline,
their imposing form was allegedly inspired by the Manhattan
Municipal Building
in New York
City
, and their style with intricate exteriors and a
large central spire has been described as Stalinist Gothic architecture.
All seven
towers can be seen from most elevations in the city; they are among
the tallest constructions in central Moscow apart from the Ostankino
Tower
which, when it was completed in 1967, was the
tallest free-standing land structure in the world and today remains
the world’s third-tallest after the Burj Dubai
in Dubai and the CN Tower
in Toronto.
The Soviet policy of providing mandatory housing for every citizen
and his or her family, and the rapid growth of the Muscovite
population in Soviet times, also led to the construction of large,
monotonous housing blocks, which can often be differentiated by
age, sturdiness of construction, or ‘style’ according to the
neighbourhood and the materials used. Most of these date from the
post-Stalin era and the styles are often named after the leader
then in power (Brezhnev, Khrushchev, etc) and they are usually
ill-maintained.The Stalinist-era constructions, usually in the
central city, are massive and usually ornamented with
Socialist realism motifs that imitate
classical themes. However,
small churches almost always
Eastern
Orthodox found across the city provide glimpses of its past.
The Old
Arbat
Street
, a popular tourist street that was once the heart
of a bohemian area, preserves most of its buildings from prior to
the twentieth century. Many buildings found off the main streets of
the inner city (behind the Stalinist facades
of Tverskaya
Street
, for example) are also examples of bourgeois architecture typical of Tsarist times. Ostankino Palace
, Kuskovo
, Uzkoye
and other
large estates just outside Moscow originally belong to nobles from
the Tsarist era, and some convents and monasteries,
both inside and outside the city, are open to Muscovites and
tourists.
Attempts are being made to restore many of the city’s best-kept
examples of pre-Soviet architecture. These revamped structures are
easily spotted by their bright new colours and spotless facades.
There are a few examples of notable, early Soviet
avant-garde work too, such as the house of the
architect
Konstantin Melnikov in
the Arbat area. Many of these restorations were criticized for
their disrespect of historical authenticity.
Facadism is also widely practiced. Later examples
of interesting Soviet architecture are usually marked by their
impressive size and the semi-
Modernist
styles employed, such as with the
Novy
Arbat project, familiarly known as “false teeth of Moscow” and
notorious for the wide-scale disruption of a historic area in
central Moscow involved in the project.
Plaques on house exteriors will inform passers-by that a well-known
personality once lived there. Frequently, the plaques are dedicated
to Soviet celebrities not well-known outside of Russia. There are
also many "house-museums" of famous Russian writers, composers, and
artists in the city.
Moscow's skyline is quickly modernizing with several new towers
under construction.
In recent years, the city administration has been widely criticized
for heavy destruction that has affected many historical buildings.
As much as a third of historic Moscow has been destroyed in the
past few years to make space for luxury apartments and hotels.Other
historical buildings, including such landmarks as the 1930 Moskva
hotel and the 1913 department store Voyentorg, have been razed and
reconstructed anew,with the inevitable loss of every historical
value.Critics also blame the government for not applying the
conservation laws:in the last 12 years more than 50 buildings with
monument status were torn down, several of those dating back to the
seventeenth century.
Some critics also wonder if the money used
for the reconstruction of razed buildings could not be used for the
renovation of decaying structures, that include many works by
architect Konstantin Melnikov
and Mayakovskaya
metro station.
Some organisations, such as
Moscow Architecture Preservation Society and
Save Europe's Heritage, are trying to draw the
international public attention to these problems.
Culture
Overview
One of
the most notable art museums in Moscow is the Tretyakov
Gallery
, which was founded by Pavel Tretyakov, a wealthy patron of the
arts who donated a large private collection to the city. The
Tretyakov Gallery is split into two buildings.
The Old Tretyakov
gallery, the original gallery in the Tretyakovskaya
area on the south bank of the Moskva River, houses the works of the classic
Russian tradition. The works of famous pre-
Revolutionary painters, such as
Ilya Repin, as well as the works of early Russian
icon painters can be found in the Old
Tretyakov Gallery. Visitors can even see rare originals by
early-fifteenth century
iconographer
Andrei Rublev. The New Tretyakov
gallery, created in Soviet times, mainly contains the works of
Soviet artists, as well as of a few contemporary artists, but there
is some overlap with the Old Tretyakov Gallery for early twentieth
century art. The new gallery includes a small reconstruction of
Vladimir Tatlin's famous
Monument to the Third
International and a mixture of other
avant-garde works by artists like
Kazimir Malevich and
Wassily Kandinsky.
Socialist realism features can also be
found within the halls of the New Tretyakov Gallery.
Another
art museum in the city of Moscow is the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts
, which was founded by, among others, Marina Tsvetaeva's father.
The
Pushkin Museum is similar to the British Museum
in London
in that its
halls are a cross-section of world civilisations, with many plaster
casts of ancient sculptures. However, it also hosts famous
paintings from every major Western era of art; works by
Claude Monet,
Paul
Cézanne, and
Pablo Picasso are all
sampled there.
The
State
Historical Museum
of Russia (Государственный Исторический музей) is a
museum of Russian history located between Red Square and Manege
Square
in Moscow. Its exhibitions range from relics
of the prehistoric tribes inhabiting present-day Russia, through
priceless artworks acquired by members of the Romanov dynasty. The
total number of objects in the museum's collection numbers in the
millions.
The Polytechnical Museum
, founded in 1872 is the largest technical museum in
Russia, offering a wide array of historical inventions and
technological achievements, including humanoid automata of the 18th
century and the first Soviet computers. Its collection
contains more than 160,000 items. The Borodino Panorama museum
located on Kutuzov Avenue provides an opportunity for visitors to
experience being on a battlefield with a 360°
diorama. It is a part of the large historical
memorial commemorating the victory in the Patriotic War of 1812
over Napoleon’s army, that includes also the Triumphal arch erected
in 1827. There is also a military history museum not to be missed,
it includes statues, military hardware, along with powerful tales
of that time.
Moscow is also the heart of Russian performing arts, including
ballet and film. There are
ninety-three theatres, 132 cinemas and twenty-four concert-halls in
Moscow.
Among Moscow’s many theatres and ballet
studios is the Bolshoi
Theatre
and the Malyi Theatre as well as Vakhtangov Theatre and Moscow Art
Theatre
. The repertories in a typical Moscow season
are exhaustive and modern interpretations of classic works, whether
operatic or theatrical, are quite common.
State Central Concert
Hall Rossia, famous for ballet and estrade performances, is the
place of frequent concerts of pop and rock stars and is situated in
the soon to be demolished building of Hotel Rossiya
, the largest hotel in Europe.
Moscow
International Performance Arts Centre, opened in 2003, also known
as Moscow International House of
Music
, is known for its performances in classical
music. It also has the largest
organ in Russia installed in Svetlanov
Hall.
There are
also two large circuses in Moscow: Moscow State
Circus
and Moscow
Circus on Tsvetnoy Boulevard
named after Yuri
Nikulin.
Soviet films are integral to film history and the
Mosfilm studio was at the heart of many Soviet
classic films as it is responsible for both artistic and mainstream
productions. However, despite the continued presence and reputation
of internationally renowned Russian filmmakers, the once prolific
native studios are much quieter. Rare and historical films may be
seen in the Salut cinema, where films from the
Museum of Cinema collection are shown
regularly.
Parks and landmarks
There are 96 parks and 18 gardens in Moscow, including 4 botanical
gardens. There are also of green zones besides of forests. Moscow
is a very green city if compared to other cities of comparable size
in Western Europe and America.
There are on average 27 square meters
(290 sq ft) of parks per
person in Moscow compared with 6 for Paris
, 7.5 in
London and 8.6 in
New
York.
The
Central Park
of Culture and Rest
, named after Maxim
Gorky, was founded in 1928.The main part (689,000 square
metres 170
acres) along the Moskva river
contains
estrades,
children's attractions (including the
Observation
Wheelwater ponds with boats and water bicycles), dancing,
tennis courts and other sports facilities. It borders the
Neskuchniy Garden(408,000 square metres
101 acres), the oldest park in Moscow and a former Emperor's
residence, created as a result of integration of three estates of
XVIII century. The Garden features the Green Theatre, one of the
largest open amphitheatres in Europe and able to hold up to 15
thousand people.
Izmaylovsky
Park
created in 1931 is one of the largest urban parks
in the world along with Richmond Park
in London.Its area of is six times greater than that
of Central
Park
in New
York.
Sokolniki
Park
, named after the falcon
hunting that occurred there in the past, is one of the oldest parks
in Moscow and has an area of .From a central circle with a
large fountain radiate birch, maple and elm tree alleys. A
labyrinth composed of green paths lies beyond the park's deer
ponds.
Losiny
Ostrov National Park
("Elk Island" National Park), with a total area of
more than , borders Sokolniki Park and was Russia's first national
park.It is also known as the "city taiga", where elk can be
seen.
Entrance to the Moscow Zoo.
It also
contains a rosarium with 20 thousand rose bushes, a dendrarium, and
an oak forest with average age of trees exceeding 100 years as well
as a greenhouse on more than 5000 square meters.
Lilac Park, founded in 1958, is known for its permanent
sculpture exposition and a large rosarium.
Moscow has always been a popular destination for tourists.
Some of
the better known attractions include the city's UNESCO
World Heritage Site, Moscow Kremlin and Red
Square, which was built between the 14th and 17th
centuries.The Church of the
Ascension at Kolomenskoye
, which dates from 1532, is also a UNESCO World
Heritage Site and another popular attraction.
Other
popular attractions include the Moscow Zoo
, home to nearly a thousands species and more than
6,500 specimens.Each year, the zoo attracts more than 1.2
million visitors. The long days will also afford one more time to
cover the immense wealth of historical, cultural or simply popular
sites in Moscow.
Sports
Moscow possesses a large number of various sport facilities and
over 500 Olympic champions lived in the city by 2005.
Moscow is home to
sixty-three stadia (besides eight football and eleven light
athletics maneges), of which Luzhniki Stadium
is the largest and the 4th biggest in Europe (it
hosted the 1998–99 UEFA Cup
and 2007–08 UEFA
Champions League finals).Forty other sport complexes are
located within the city, including twenty-four with artificial ice.
The
Olympic
Stadium
was the world's 1st indoor arena for bandy and hosted the Bandy World Championships
twice.Moscow will again be the host of the competition in
2010.
There are also seven horse racing tracks in Moscow, of which
Central
Moscow Hippodrome
, founded in 1834, is the largest.
Moscow
was the host city of the 1980
Summer Olympics, although the yachting
events were held at Tallinn
, in present-day Estonia
.Large athletic facilities and the main
international airport, Sheremetyevo Terminal 2, were built in
preparation for the 1980 Summer Olympics. Moscow had also made a
bid for the
2012 Summer
Olympics. However, when final voting commenced on 6 July 2005,
Moscow was the first city to be eliminated from further rounds. The
Games were finally awarded to
London.
The most
titled ice hockey team in the Soviet Union and in the world, HC CSKA
Moscow comes from Moscow.Other big ice hockey clubs from Moscow
are HC Dynamo Moscow, which was the
second most titled team in the Soviet Union, PHC Krylya
Sovetov, and HC Spartak
Moscow.
The most
titled Soviet, Russian, and one of
the most titled Euroleague clubs, is the
Basketball club from Moscow PBC CSKA Moscow.Another strong
Basketballclub from Moskow is
MBC Dynamo Moscow.
Moscow had more winners at the
USSRand
Russian Chess Championshipthan
any other city. Some of them were the best players in the
world.
The most
titled Volleyball team in the Soviet Union and in Europe (CEV Champions League) is VC CSKA Moscow.
Central Moscow Hippodrome
facade.
was the first Russian football team to win an
UEFAtitle.
FC Lokomotiv
Moscow,
FC Dynamo Moscowand
FC Moscoware the other professional
football teams based in Moscow.
Because of Moscow's cold local climate,
winter sportshave a large following as well.
Many of Moscow's large parks offer marked trails for skiers and
frozen ponds for skaters.
Moscow also hosts the annual
Kremlin
Cup, a popular
tennistournament on both
the
WTAand
ATPtours. It is regarded
as a very prestigious tournament and is one of the ten Tier-I
events on the women's tour and a host of Russian players feature
every year.
Slava Moscow are a professional
rugby
unionclub, competing in the national
Professional Rugby League.
Moscow
recently became home to the offices of the Rugby Union of Russia, formerly
located in Krasnoyarsk
, Siberia
.
Moscow is the home of one club in the
Russian Championshipof
rugby league,
RC Lokomotiv Moscow. They often
participate in the
Challenge Cupthe
most prestigious knockout competition in rugby league.
In
Bandyone of the most successful clubs in
the world is
Dynamo
Moscow.
One of the best
Futsalclubs in
Europe, is the club
MFK
Dinamo Moskva.
Night life
There is a vibrant night life in Moscow.
The major and one of
the most popular nightlife areas is around Tverskaya
Street.
The
southern part of Tverskaya Street near the Manege Square and the Red Square area is known as an area with many expensive,
luxurious bars and restaurants, and is considered to be a
playground for New Russians and
celebrities.
Tverskaya Street is also one of the busiest shopping streets in
Moscow.
The
adjoining Tretyakovsky Proyezd
, also south of Tverskaya Street, in Kitai-gorod
, is host to upscale boutique stores such as
Bulgari, Tiffany & Co., Armani, Prada and Bentley.Nightlife in Moscow has moved on
since Soviet times and have today many of the worlds largest
nightclubs.
Education and science
There are 1696 high schools in Moscow, as well as 91 colleges.
Besides
these, there are 222 institutions offering higher education in
Moscow, including 60 state universities and the Lomonosov
Moscow State University
, which was founded in 1755.The university main
building located in Vorobyovy Gory (Sparrow Hills
) is tall and when completed, was the tallest
building outside the United States.The university has over
30,000
undergraduateand
7,000
postgraduatestudents,
who have a choice of twenty-nine faculties and 450 departments for
study. Additionally, approximately 10,000 high school students take
courses at the university, while over two thousand researchers
work. The Moscow State University library contains over nine
million books, making it one of the largest libraries in all of
Russia. Its acclaim throughout the international academic community
has meant that over 11,000 international students have graduated
from the university, with many coming to Moscow to learn the
Russian language.
Moscow is
a financial center of Russian Federation
and CIS countries and well-known
for its business schools, among the best are Finance Academy under
the Government of RF; Plekhanov Russian Academy
of Economics; New Economic
School; The State University of
Management
, and State University -
Higher School of Economics.They offer undegraduate
degrees in management, finance, accounting, marketing, real estate
and economic theory as well Masters programs and
MBAwith varied concentrations. Most of them have
branches in other regions of Russia and countries around the
world.
Bauman
Moscow State Technical University
, founded in 1830, is located in the centre of
Moscow and provides more than 18,000 undergraduate and 1,000
postgraduate students with an education in science and engineering
offering a wide range of technical degrees.Since it opened
enrolment to students from outside Russia in 1991, Bauman Moscow
State Technical University has increased its international
enrolment to up to two hundred.
The
Moscow
Conservatory
, founded in 1866 is a prominent music school in
Russia, whose graduates included Sergey Rachmaninoff, Alexander Scriabin, Aram Khachaturian, Mstislav Rostropovich, and Alfred Schnittke.
The
Gerasimov
All-Russian State Institute of Cinematography, abbreviated as
VGIK, is the world's oldest educational institution in
Cinematography, founded by
Vladimir Gardinin 1919.
Sergei Eisenstein,
Vsevolod Pudovkin, and
Aleksey Batalovwere among its most
distinguished professors and
Mikhail
Vartanov,
Sergei Parajanov,
Andrei Tarkovsky,
Nikita Mikhalkov,
Eldar Ryazanov,
Alexander Sokurov,
Yuriy Norshteyn,
Aleksandr Petrov,
Vasily Shukshin,
Konrad Wolfamong graduates.
Moscow State Institute of International
Relations
, founded in 1944, remains Russia's best known
school of international relations and diplomacy, with six different
schools focused on international relations.Approximately
4,500 students make up the university's student body and over
700,000 Russian and foreign-language books — of which 20,000
are considered rare — can be found in the library of the
Moscow State Institute of International Relations.
Among
other prominent institutions are the Moscow Institute of Physics and
Technology
, also known as Phystech
, Moscow Aviation Institute
, Moscow Motorroad Institute (State Technical
University), and the Moscow
Engineering Physics Institute
.Moscow Institute of Physics and
Technology has taught numerous Nobel
Prize winners, including Pyotr
Kapitsa, Nikolay Semyonov,
Lev Landau and Alexander Prokhorov, while the Moscow
Engineering Physics Institute is known for its research in nuclear physics.The highest Russian
military school is the
Combined
Arms Academy of the Armed Forces of the Russian
Federation.
Although Moscow has a number of famous Soviet-era higher
educational institutions, most of which are more oriented towards
engineeringor the fundamental science,
in recent years Moscow has seen a significant growth in the number
of commercial and private institutions that offer classes in
businessand
management. Many state institutions have expanded
their education scope and increased their student enrolments.
Institutions in Moscow, as well as the rest of post-Soviet Russia,
have begun to offer new international certificates and
postgraduatedegrees, including the
Master of Business
Administration.
Student
exchange programswith different (especially,
European) countries also have become widespread in
Moscow's universities, while many schools within the Russian
capital will also offer seminars, lectures, and courses for
corporate employees and businessmen.
Moscow is known as one of the most important science centres in
Russia.
The headquarters of the Russian
Academy of Sciences
are located in Moscow as well as numerous research
and applied science institutions.The Kurchatov
Institute
, Russia's leading research and development
institution in the field of nuclear energy, where the first
nuclear reactor in Europe was built,
Landau
Institute for Theoretical Physics, Institute for Theoretical and Experimental
Physics
, Kapitza
Institute for Physical Problems and Steklov
Institute of Mathematics
are all situated in Moscow.
There are 452 libraries in the city, including 168 for children.
The
Russian
State Library
, founded in 1862 is the national library of
Russia.The Russian State Library is home to over 275
kilometres of shelves and forty-two million items, including over
seventeen million books and serial volumes, thirteen million
journals, 350,000 music scores and sound records, and 150,000 maps,
making it the largest library in Russia and one of the largest in
the world. Items in 247 different languages comprise approximately
twenty-nine percent of the collection.
The State Public Historical Library, founded in 1863, is the
largest library, specialising in
Russian
history. Its collection contains four million items in 112
languages (including 47 languages of the former USSR), mostly on
Russian and world history,
heraldry,
numismatics, and the
history of science.
Transport
Air
Airport Vnukovo underground Railway
Station
, Domodedovo International
Airport
, Bykovo
Airport
, Ostafyevo International
Airport
and Vnukovo International Airport
.Sheremetyevo International Airport is the
most common entry point for foreign passengers, handling sixty
percent of all international flights.
Domodedovo
International Airport is the leading airport in Russia in terms of
passenger throughput, and is the primary gateway to long-haul
domestic and CIS destinations and its international traffic rivals
Sheremetyevo's.The three other airports particularly offer
flights within Russia and to and from states from the former
Soviet
Union.Moscow's airports vary in distances from
MKADbeltway: Bykovo is the farthest, at 35
kilometres (21 mi); Domodedovo is next at 22 kilometres
(13.7 mi); Vnukovo is 11 kilometres (6.8 mi);
Sheremetyevo is 10 kilometres (6.25 mi); and Ostafievo, the
nearest, is about from MKAD.
There are
also several smaller airports near Moscow, such as Myachkovo
Airport
, intended for private aircraft, helicopters and charters.
Water
Moscow
also has two passenger terminals, (South River Terminal
and North River Terminal
or Rechnoy vokzal), on the river and regular ship
routes and cruises along Moskva and
Oka rivers, which are used mostly for
entertainment.The North River Terminal, built in 1937, is
also the main hub for long-range river routes. There are also three
freight ports serving Moscow.
Railway
Moscow employs several train stations to serve the city. Moscow's
nine rail terminals (or
vokzals) are:
They are located close to the city centre, but each handles trains
from different parts of Europe and Asia. There are also many
smaller railway stations in Moscow.
As train tickets are relatively cheap,
they are the mode of preference for travelling Russians, especially
when departing to Saint Petersburg, Russia's second-largest city.Moscow is also the
western terminus of the Trans-Siberian Railway, which
traverses nearly of Russian territory to Vladivostok
on the Pacific
coast.
Suburbs and satellite cities are also connected by commuter
elektrichka(electric rail) network.
Elektrichkas depart from each of these terminals to the nearby (up
to ) large railway stations.
Metro
Local transport includes the
Moscow
Metro, a
metrosystem famous for
its art,
murals,
mosaics, and ornate
chandeliers. When it first opened in 1935, the
system had just one line. Today, the Moscow Metro contains twelve
lines, mostly underground with a total of 177 stations.
The Metro
is one of the deepest subway systems in the world; for instance the
Park
Pobedy
station, completed in 2003, at underground, has the
longest escalators in Europe.The
Moscow Metro is
one of world's
busiestmetro systems, serving more than nine million passengers
daily. Facing serious transportation problems, Moscow has wide
plans of expansion of Moscow Metro.
Monorail
There is
also a short monorail line
, operated by the Moscow Metro
company.The line connects station near Timiryazevskaya
Metro station and station near tram depot at
Sergeya Eyzenshteyna str.,
close to AREC.The line opened in
2004
Bus & Trolleybus
As Metro stations outside the city centre are far apart in
comparison to other cities, up to , an extensive bus network
radiates from each station to the surrounding residential zones.
Also
Moscow has a bus terminal for long-range and intercity passenger
buses (Central Bus Terminal
) with daily turnover of about 25 thousand
passengers serving about 40% of long-range bus routes in
Moscow.
Every large street in the city is served by at least one bus route.
Many of these routes are doubled by a
trolleybusroutes. Also every large street of
Moscow has trolley wires over it.
Tram
Moscow has an extensive tram system which first opened in
1899. Its daily usage by Muscovites is low (approx. 5%)
although it still remains vital in some districts for those who
need to get to the nearby Metro station.
Taxi
In Russia and Moscow, the difference between hailing a cab and
simply hitchhiking is blurry. It's an old Russian tradition for
drivers to offer rides to strangers, for a fee. Generally, wherever
you are, at any time of day or night, you can get a 'cab' in a
matter of minutes or seconds by holding out your hand. Commercial
taxi services are also available. Besides this
route taxiis also wide spread.
Roads
There are over 2.6 million cars in the city on a daily basis.
Recent years have seen the growth in the number of cars, which have
caused traffic jams and the lack of parking space to become major
problems.
The
MKAD, along with the
Third Transport Ringand the future
Fourth Transport Ring, is one of only three
freewaysthat run within Moscow city limits. However,
as one can easily observe from a map of Moscow area, there are
several other roadway systems that form
concentric circlesaround the city.
Economy
Overview
Moscow is one of largest city economies in Europe and it comprises
approximately 20% of Russian GDP. As of 2007 Moscow economy reached
6.73 trl roubles ($263 bln or $426bln PPP adjusted ).
In 2006, Mercer Human Resources Consulting named Moscow the world's
most
expensive city for expatriate employees, ahead of perennial
winner Tokyo, due to the stable
Russian
rubleas well as increasing housing prices within the city.
Moscow also ranked first in the 2007 edition and 2008 edition of
the survey. However, Tokyo has overtaken Moscow as the most
expensive city in the world, placing Moscow at third and behind
Osaka at second.
A significant portion of Russia's profits and development is
concentrated in Moscow as many multi-national corporations have
branches and offices in the city. The plush offices and the
lifestyles of the typical corporate employee in Moscow are often
indistinguishable from any
Western
Europeancity, although the average salary for the Muscovite is
a bit lower. Since the
1998 Russian financial crisis,
various business sectors in Moscow have shown exponential rates of
growth. Many new business centres and office buildings have been
built in recent years, but Moscow still experiences shortages in
office space. As a result, many former industrial and research
facilities are being reconstructed to become suitable for office
use.
However, while the overall stability has improved in the recent
years, crime and corruption continue to remain a problem hindering
business development.
Lermontovskaya Square
, Turkey
, Azerbaijan
and India
).It is administratively divided into twelve
parts and covers a wide sector of the city.It is closed from 1st of
July 2009.
In 2008, Moscow had 74 billionaires with average wealth of $5.9
billion, which placed it above New York's 71 billionaires. However,
in 2009, there are only 27 billionaires in Moscow compared with New
York's 55 billionaires. Overall, Russia lost 52 billionaires during
the recession
List of Russian
billionaires by net worth. Topping the list of Russia's
billionaires in 2009 is
Mikhail
Prokhorovwith $9,5 billion, ahead of the more famous
Roman Abramovichwith $8.5 billion, in
2nd place. Prokhorov's holding company, "ОНЭКСИМ" group, owns
huge assets in hidrogenium energy, nanotechnology, traditional
energy, precious metals sector, while Abramovich, since selling his
oil company Sibneft to Russian state-controlled gas giant Gazprom
in 2005, has bought up steel and mining assets. He also owns
Chelsea F.C.. Russia's richest woman
remains
Yelena Baturina, the
45-year-old second wife of Moscow Mayor Yuri Luzhkov.
Oleg Deripaska, the 1st of this list in 2008
with $28 billion, in 2009 is only 10th with
$3.5 billion.
The
nouveau riche, also called the
"New Russians", often pejoratively, have a reputation for flaunting
their wealth; the avenues for doing so, and subtly, have also
increased in recent times — a sense of fashion and
self-consciousness has instilled itself through the many
haute coutureand
haute cuisinespots in Moscow.
Industry
Primary
industriesin Moscow include the
chemical,
metallurgy,
food,
textile,
furniture,
energy production,
software developmentand
machineryindustries.
The
Mil Moscow Helicopter
Plantis one of the leading producers of military and civil
helicopters in the world.
Khrunichev
State Research and Production Space Centerproduces various
space equipment, including modules for space stations
Mir,
Salyutand the
ISSas well as
Proton launch
vehiclesand military
ICBMs.
Sukhoi,
Ilyushin,
Mikoyan,
Tupolevand
Yakovlevaircraft design bureaus also situated in
Moscow. Automobile plants
ZiLand
AZLK, as well as the Voitovich Rail Vehicle plant, are
situated in Moscow and
Metrovagonmashmetro wagon plant is located
just outside the city limits. The
Poljot Moscow
watch factoryproduces reliable military, professional and sport
watches well known in Russia and abroad.
Yuri Gagarinin his trip into space used
"Shturmanskie", produced by this factory. The Electrozavod factory
was the first transformer factory in Russia. The Kristall
distillery is the oldest distillery in Russia producing various
vodkatypes, including "
Stolichnaya" while a wide assortment of wines
are produced at several Moscow wine plants, including Moscow
Interrepublican Vinery. The Moscow Jewelry Factory and the
Jewellerprom are important producers of jewellery in Russia;
Jewellerprom used to produce the famous and exclusive
Order of Victory, awarded to those aiding
the Soviet Union's
Red Armyduring
World War II.
There are also many other industries
located just outside the city of Moscow, as well as many
microelectronic industries in Zelenograd
.
Gazprom, the largest extractor of
natural gasin the world and the largest
Russian company, has head office also in
Moscow, as well as many other oil, gas and electricity
companies.
Moscow also hosts headquarters of various software development
companies, including such as:
- 1C Company – business software and
games producer
- ABBYY software house – developer of text
recognition and translation software,
- Akella – game developer company
- Kaspersky Lab – worldwide-known
producer of anti-virus software,
Despite the economic growth experienced in Moscow since the dawn of
the twenty-first century, many industries have undergone various
crises in recent years. Some of them have been sold to foreign
investors, such as
OTISand
British
American Tobacco, and others have been closed down to make room
for new buildings constructed as business centres.
Additionally, some industry is now being transferred out of Moscow
to improve the ecological state of the city. Nevertheless, the city
of Moscow remains one of Russia's major industrial centres.
Living costs
Modern architecture of Moscow
Residential buildings under
construction
of apartments was limited until the 1990s, when people
were permitted to secure property rights to the places they
inhabited. Since the Soviet era, estate owners have had to pay the
service charge for their residences, a fixed amount based on
persons per living area.
Due to the current economic situation, the price of
real estatein Moscow continues to rise. Today,
one could expect to pay US$4000 in average per square meter
(11 sq ft) in the outskirts of the city or
US$6,500–$8,000 per square meter in a prestigious district. The
price sometimes may exceed US$40,000 per square meter in a flat. It
costs about US$2500 per month to rent a 1-bedroom apartment and
about US$1500 per month for a studio in the center of Moscow.
A typical one-bedroom apartment is about thirty square meters
(323 sq ft), a typical two-bedroom apartment is
forty-five square meters (485 sq ft), and a typical
three-bedroom apartment is seventy square meters
(753 sq ft). Many cannot move out of their apartments,
especially if a family lives in a two-room apartment originally
granted by the state during the Soviet era. Some city residents
have attempted to cope with the cost of living by renting their
apartments while staying in
dachas(country
houses) outside the city.
In 2008, Moscow ranked top on the
list of most expensive
citiesfor the third year in a row.
As of 2006, there are 8.47 million Muscovites able to work. 1.73
million are employed by the state, 4.42 million are employed by
private companies, and 1.99 million are employed by small
businesses. There are 74,400 officially registered unemployed
working age, of which 34,400 are eligible for unemployment
benefits.
Future development
The
"Moscow International Business Center" (Moscow-City
) is a projected new part of central
Moscow.Geographically situated in
Presnensky District, located at the
Third Ring, the Moscow-City
area is under intense development.
.JPG/180px-Third_Ring_Road_(Moscow).JPG)
ridht
The goal of MIBC "Moscow-City" is to create a zone, the first in
Russia, and in all of Eastern Europe, that will combine business
activity, living space and entertainment. It will be a city within
a city. The project was conceived by the Moscow government in
1992.
The construction of MIBC "Moscow-City" takes place on the
Krasnopresnenskaya embankment. The whole project takes up 1 square
kilometer (247 acres). This area is the only spot in downtown
Moscow that can accommodate a project of this magnitude. Today,
most of the buildings there are old factories and industrial
complexes.
The
Federation Tower
, now being built is to be completed in 2009, will
become the tallest building in Europe when completed.
At
overall completion the plan is to have one of the tallest buildings
in the world; the Russia Tower
is planned to be completed by 2012 at a height of
612,2 meters (2009 ft), second only to the Burj Dubai.Also to be included in the project are a
waterpark and other recreational
facilities; trade and entertainment complexes, numerous prestigious
office and residential buildings, the transport node and the
new site
of the Moscow government
.The construction of four new metro stations
in the territory has already been completed, of which two have
already opened and two others are reserved for future metro lines
crossing MIBC, some additional stations were planned.
A rail shuttle
service, directly connecting MIBC with the Sheremetyevo International
Airport is also planned.
A Fourth Ring freeway (in addition to
Moscow
Automobile Ring Road,
Garden Ringand
the
Third Ring) has been
designed and is being built around Moscow. It is to be completed by
2012 and will have total length of .
In March 2009 the Russian business newspaper "Kommersant" reported
that because of the Worldwide Economic Crisis, which started in
2008 and spread globally, many of the construction projects in
Moscow (especially in the "Moscow International Business Center")
are frozen and may be cancelled altogether—like the ambitious
"Russia Tower" in "Moscow-city". Many of yesterday's monstrous
development groups is now in near-bankrupt state like—Mirax-group
or AFI Development.
Demographics
Population
Population of (1350—2009)
According to the
2002
Censusthe population of the city was 10,382,754, however, this
figure only takes into account legal residents. Latest
estimate—10,524,400 (1 June 2009).
Population of Moscow with Moscow
region is 17,001,292 (as of the
2002 Census).
For
centuries Moscow has been the largest city in Russia and/or the
Soviet
Union, however the collapse of the latter has led to a
decline in Siberian as well as many other Russian cities, so that
Moscow's growth and dominance over Saint Petersburg and the rest of the nation has become even more
pronounced.
Due to a
low birth
rate and high mortality rate, the population of Russia has been
declining by approximately 700,000 persons per year since the fall
of the Soviet
Union.In 2003, the number of deaths exceeded the
number of births by approximately 49,400. Whilst the birth rate has
risen in more recent years, the average age of Moscow's population
continues to increase.
Substantial numbers of internal migrants mean that Moscow's
population is still increasing, whereas the population of many
other Russian cities is in decline. Migrants are attracted by
Moscow's strong economy which contrasts sharply with the stagnation
in many other parts of Russia. In order to help regulate population
growth, Moscow has an
internal
passportsystem that prohibits non-residents from staying in the
capital for more than ninety days without registration.
Religion
Christianity is the predominant religion in the city, of which the
Russian Orthodox Churchis
the most popular by virtue of being the country’s traditional
religion and is deemed a part of Russia's "historical heritage" in
a law passed in 1997. Moscow is also Russia's capital of Orthodox
Christianity.
The Patriarch of
Moscow serves as the head of the church and resides in the
Danilov
Monastery
.Moscow was called "city of 1600 churches"
(ru:
"город сорока сороков церквей"—
city of forty
forties churches) prior to 1917. In 1918 Russia became secular
state and religion lost its position in society.
After disintegration
of Soviet
Union in 1991 many of the destroyed churches have been
restored and traditional religions are gaining
popularity.
In Moscow there are other religious societies besides Orthodoxy:
Muslims(Moscow is home to 1.5
million people of Muslim backgrounds, many from countries
previously a part of the Soviet Union), Protestants, Old-believers,
Single-believers, Judaism and various cult buildings of those
religions.
The
New Agemovement has also led to
emergence of some "non-traditional" religions in large cities of
Russia.
Polls indicate that around 1% of population
of Moscow and St.
Petersburg
self-identify as Buddhists.Many of these are Slavic and have
no ethnic connection to Buddhism.
Crime
Moscow
and Saint
Petersburg have often served as the capital for auto theft in Russia, this
crime in particular dramatically increased
during the early 1990’s.Pick-pocketing is frequent in
Moscow, as well as
burglaryfrom vehicles.
Organized crime in Moscow and Russia in general,
have often been involved with drug
trafficking, cyber crime, prostitution, and financial crimes.Robbers in the city
tend to pose as
policeofficers, it is
recommended to not travel alone and to use caution outside of
Metro stations. Moscow has
historically had a high
murder
rateper capita.
For the year of
1998, Moscow had a murder rate of 18.1 killings per 100,000
residents and was the most dangerous European city; other cities
that followed closely behind were Helsinki
and Lisbon
..A new
studysays
Nearly 60% of
blackand
African peopleliving in Russia's capital
Moscow have been physically assaulted in racially motivated attacks
..
Media
Moscow is the headquarters of nearly all Russian nationwide
television networks,
radio stations,
newspapersand
magazines.
Newspapers
English-language media include The Moscow Times and Moscow News which are, respectively, the
largest and oldest English-language weekly newspapers in all of
Russia.Expert,
Kommersant, and are Russian-language media
headquartered in Moscow.
Expertand
Kommersantare
among the country's leading and oldest Russian-language business
newspapers.
TV and radio
Other notable media of Moscow include the
Echo of Moscow, the first Soviet and
Russian private news radio and information agency, and
NTV, one of the first privately owned Russian
television stations.
Moscow television networks (Russian-language):
Moscow radio stations:
International relations
Twin towns — Sister cities
Moscow has many
twin cities. In order
to find source on the cities, it is found on the sister city's
page.
- Algiers
, Algeria
- Almaty
, Kazakhstan
- Amman
, Jordan
- Ankara
, Turkey
- Astana
, Kazakhstan
- Athens
, Greece
- Baku
,
Azerbaijan
- Bangkok
, Thailand
- Banja Luka
, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Beijing, China
- Beirut
, Lebanon
- Belgrade
, Serbia
- Berlin
, Germany
- Brussels
, Belgium
- Bucharest
, Romania
- Cairo
, Egypt
- Chicago
, Illinois
, United
States
- Cusco
, Peru
- Delhi
, India
- Donetsk
, Ukraine
- Dubai
, United Arab Emirates
- Dushanbe
, Tajikistan
- Düsseldorf
, Germany
- Ganja
, Azerbaijan
- Hanoi
, Vietnam
- Havana
, Cuba
- Ho Chi Minh City
, Vietnam
- Ingolstadt
, Germany
- Jelgava
, Latvia
- Kharkiv
, Ukraine
- Kolomna
, Russia
- Kraków
, Poland
- Limoges
, France
- Ljubljana
, Slovenia
- London, England
, United Kingdom
- Madrid
, Spain
- Manila
, Philippines
- Naryan-Mar
, Russia
- Nicosia
, Cyprus
- Paris,
France
- Podgorica
, Montenegro
- Prague
, Czech Republic
- Pyongyang
, North Korea
- Rasht
, Iran
- Reykjavík
, Iceland
- Riga
,
Latvia
- Seoul
, South Korea
- Tallinn, Estonia
- Tel Aviv
, Israel
- Tehran
, Iran
See also
References
Bibliography
- Caroline Brooke. Moscow: A Cultural History. 2006 (Oxford University Press)
- Karel Neubert. "Portrait of Moscow". 1964
- Albert J. Schmidt. "The Architecture and Planning of Classical
Moscow: A Cultural History". 1989
- Kathleen Berton. "Moscow: An Architectural History". St.
Martin's, 1991
- Marcel Girard. "Splendours of Moscow and Its Surroundings",
trans. from French. 1967
- John Bushnell. "Moscow Graffiti: Language and Subculture".
Unwin Hyman, 1990
- S.S. Hromov et al. (eds.). "History of Moscow: An Outline",
trans. from Russian. 1981
- Galina Dutkina. "Moscow Days: Life and Hard Times in the New
Russia". Trans. Catherine Fitzpatrick. Kodansha America, 1995.
Notes
- Thomas Brinkoff, Principal Agglomerations of the World, accessed on
2009-03-12. Data for 2009-01-01.
- Mercer's 2008 Cost of Living survey
highlights
- http://www.mercer.com/costoflivingpr#Top_50
- In old Russian the word "Сорок" (Forty) also meant a church
administrative district, which consisted of about forty
churches.
- Russian: On the origins of Moskva
- Moscow — Historical background
- Genesis of the Anti-Plague System: The Tsarist
Period
- According to Article 24 of the Charter
of Moscow Oblast, the government bodies of the oblast are
located in the city of Moscow and throughout the territory of
Moscow Oblast. However, Moscow is not officially named to be the
administrative center of the oblast.
- blackwell-synergy.com
- See also: The Official Site of the Tretyakov Gallery
Retrieved on 2006-07-08.
- See also: The Official Site of the Polytechnical Museum
Retrieved on 2006-07-23. ( English version)
- See also: The official site of Borodino Panorama museum
- See also: The Official Site of the State Central Concert Hall
"Rossia". Retrieved on 2006-07-17.
- See also: The
Official Site of the Moscow International Performance Arts
Centre. Retrieved on 2006-08-09.
- See also: The Official Site of the Moscow Nikulun Circus.
Retrieved on 2006-07-17.
- See also: The
Official Site of the Museum of Cinema. Retrieved on
2006-07-22.
- Green dress of Moscow
- Neskuchniy Garden
- The Official Site
of the Main Moscow Botanical Garden. Retrieved on
2006-07-18.
- UNESCO considers the
Moscow
Kremlin and Red
Square to be part of a single World Heritage Site. See also
UNESCO's profile on this site.
- BBC Sport: The mood in Moscow
- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cwttEMCM-Y8
- http://www.internationalbandy.com/viewNews.do?NewsID=0030
- See also: The
Official Site of the Central Moscow Hippodrome
- See also: The
Official Site of the Moscow Conservatory. Retrieved on
2006-07-17.
- {{cite web
|url=http://www.mgimo.ru/showcontent.asp?UID={7F81DBB2-6EEE-4796-B2DF-7230433C5C41}"
|title=Facts and Figures |publisher=MGIMO (Moscow State Institute
of International Relations) |accessdate=2006-07-06}}
- See also: The official homepage of the Russian State
Library
- Official site of the State Public Historical
Library
- Airport Myachkovo changed the owners
- See also: [1] Realty news. Retrieved on 2006-07-22.
- See also: The
Official Site of the Moscow Cristall distillery. Retrieved on
2006-07-08.
- See also: The
Official Site of the Moscow Interrepublican Vinery. Retrieved
on 2006-07-07.
- See also: The
Official Site of the Moscow Jewelry Factory. Retrieved on
2006-07-07.
- See also: The Official Site of the Experimental Moscow Jewelry
Atelier Jewellerprom. Retrieved on 2006-07-07
- US$4,500 for a Square Meter of Apartment Space. The
Moscow Times
- The absolute record of realty cost is broken
- Costs of realty in Moscow (2006)
- World's most expensive cities - Buy a House: MLS
Listings & Home Buying Tips - MSN Real Estate
- Russia Tower www.emporis.com Retrieved 6
January 2007.
- http://www.gazeta.ru/auto/2006/02/27_a_551381.shtml
- http://www.prime-realty.ru/cmi/c5/5.146..htm
- Plan of the Fourth Transport Road
- Almaty official site
- Moscow and Rejkjavik sister cities. . Retrieved
on 2008-03-11
- Twinning Cities: International Relations. Municipality of
Tirana. www.tirana.gov.al. Retrieved on 2008-01-25.
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