The New York Post is the 13th-oldest newspaper published in the United States and is generally acknowledged as the oldest to have been published continuously as a daily, although – as is the case with most other papers – its publication has been periodically interrupted by labor actions. Since 1993, it has been owned by media mogul Rupert Murdoch's News Corporation, which had owned it previously from 1976 to 1988 before being forced to sell it because of government restrictions on the press. It is the sixth-largest newspaper in the U.S. by circulation. Its editorial offices are located at 1211 Avenue of the Americas, in New York City, New York.

Paper's history

The New York Post, established in 1801 as the New-York Evening Post, describes itself as the nation's oldest continuously published daily newspaper. The Hartford Courant, which describes itself as the nation's oldest continuously published newspaper, was founded in 1764 as a semi-weekly paper; it did not begin publishing daily until 1836. The New Hampshire Gazette, which has trademarked its claim of being The Nation's Oldest Newspaper, was founded in 1756, also as a weekly. Moreover, since the 1890s it has been published only for weekends.

The Post was founded by Alexander Hamilton with about US$10,000 from a group of investors in the autumn of 1801 as the New-York Evening Post, a broadsheet. Hamilton's co-investors included other New York members of the Federalist Party, such as Robert Troup and Oliver Wolcott, who were dismayed by the election of Thomas Jefferson as U.S. President and the rise in popularity of the Democratic-Republican Party.Emery & Emery, page 74. The meeting at which Hamilton first recruited investors for the new paper took place in then-country weekend villa that is now Gracie Mansion. Hamilton chose William Coleman as his first editor, but the most-famous 19th-century New-York Evening Post editor was the poet and abolitionist William Cullen Bryant. So well respected was the New-York Evening Post under Bryant's editorship, it received praise from the English philosopher John Stuart Mill, in 1864.

In 1881 Henry Villard took control of the New-York Evening Post, which in 1897 passed to the management of his son, Oswald Garrison Villard, a founding member of both the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People and the American Civil Liberties Union. Villard sold the paper in 1918, after widespread allegations of pro-German sympathies during World War I hurt its circulation. The buyer was Thomas Lamont, a senior partner in the Wall Street firm of J.P. Morgan & Co.. Unable to stem the paper's financial losses, he sold it to a consortium of 34 financial and reform political leaders, headed by Edwin F. Gay, dean of the Harvard Business School, whose members included Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Conservative Cyrus H. K. Curtis—publisher of the Ladies Home Journal—purchased the New-York Evening Post in 1924 and briefly turned it into a non-sensational tabloid in 1933. J. David Stern purchased the paper in 1934, changed its name to the New York Post, and restored its broadsheet size and liberal perspective.

Dorothy Schiff purchased the paper in 1939; her husband, George Backer, was named editor and publisher. Her second editor (and third husband) Ted Thackrey became co-publisher and co-editor with Schiff in 1942, and recast the newspaper into its current tabloid format. James Wechsler became editor of the paper in 1949, running both the news and the editorial pages; in 1961, he turned over the news section to Paul Sann and remained as editorial-page editor until 1980. Under Schiff's tenure the Post was devoted to liberalism, supporting trade unions and social welfare, and featured some of the most-popular columnists of the time, such as Drew Pearson, Eleanor Roosevelt, Max Lerner, Murray Kempton, Pete Hamill, and Eric Sevareid, in addition to theatre critic Richard Watts, Jr. and Broadway columnist Earl Wilson. In 1976 the Post was bought by Rupert Murdoch for US$30 million. The Post at this point was the only surviving afternoon daily in New York City, but its circulation under Schiff had grown by two-thirds.

The Murdoch years

Murdoch imported the sensationalist "tabloid journalism" style of many of his Australian and British newspapers, such as The Sun (the highest selling daily newspaper in the UK). This style was typified by the Post's famous April 15, 1983, headline: HEADLESS BODY IN TOPLESS BAR. In its 35th-anniversary edition, New York listed this as one of the greatest headlines ever. The New York Magazine also has five other post headlines in its "Greatest Tabloid Headlines" list.

Because of the institution of federal regulations limiting media cross-ownership after Murdoch's purchase of WNYW-TV to launch the Fox Broadcasting Company, Murdoch was forced to sell the paper for US$37.6 million in 1988 to Peter S. Kalikow, a real-estate magnate with no news experience. When Kalikow declared bankruptcy in 1993, the paper was temporarily managed by Steven Hoffenberg, a financier who later pled guilty to securities fraud; and, for two weeks, by Abe Hirschfeld, who made his fortune building parking garages.After a staff revolt against the Hoffenberg-Hirschfeld partnership -- which included publication of an issue whose front page featured the iconic masthead photo of Alexander Hamilton with a single tear drop running down his cheek--The Post was repurchased in 1993 by Murdoch's News Corporation. This came about after numerous political officials, including Democratic governor of New York Mario Cuomo, persuaded the Federal Communications Commission to grant Murdoch a permanent waiver from the cross-ownership rules that had forced him to sell the paper five years earlier. Without that FCC ruling, the paper would have shut down. Under Murdoch's renewed direction, the paper continued its conservative editorial viewpoint.

Website

In 1996, the Post launched an internet version of the paper nypost.com. The original site included color photos and sections broken down into News, Sports, Editorial, Gossip, Entertainment and Business. It also had an archive for the past 7 days. Since then, it has been redesigned a number of times — with the latest incarnation launched on September 28, 2006. In 2005 the website implemented a registration requirement but removed it in July 2006.

The current website also features continually updated breaking news; entertainment, business, and sports blogs; links to Page Six Magazine; photo and video galleries; original Post videos; user-submitted photos and comments; and streaming video for live events.

Highlights

The paper is well known for its sports section, which has been praised for its comprehensiveness; it begins on the back page, and among other coverage, contains columns about sports in the media by Phil Mushnick.

The Post is also well known for its gossip columnists Liz Smith and Cindy Adams.

The best-known gossip section is "Page Six", created by the late James Brady and currently edited by Richard Johnson. February 2006 saw the debut of Page Six Magazine, distributed free inside the paper. In September 2007 it started to be distributed weekly in the Sunday edition of the paper. In January 2009, circulation for Page Six Magazine was cut to four times a year.

Sales

The daily circulation of the Post decreased in the final years of the Schiff era from 700,000 in the late 1960s to approximately 418,000. A resurgence during the 21st century increased circulation to 724,748 in April 2007, achieved partly by lowering the price from 50 cents to 25 cents. During October 2006 the Post for the first time passed its rival, the Daily News, in circulation. The Daily News has since regained the lead over the Post. Since then, the Post has fallen to about 500,000 in daily circulation.

One commentator has suggested that the Post cannot become profitable as long as the competing Daily News survives, and that Murdoch may be trying to force the Daily News to fold or sell out.

The Post's website also has high traffic. According to recent Nielson net ratings, the site ranks 8th in number of unique visitors to online newspapers.

Recent headquarters

From 1926, the newspaper's main office was at 75 West Street. In 1967, Schiff bought 210 South Street, the former headquarters of the New York Journal American, which closed a year earlier. The building became an instantly recognizable symbol for the Post. In 1995, then-owner Rupert Murdoch relocated the Post to its present Midtown headquarters at 1211 Avenue of the Americas (Sixth Avenue).

Criticism

The Post has been criticized since the beginning of Murdoch's ownership for what many consider its lurid headlines, sensationalism, blatant advocacy and conservative bias. In 1980, the Columbia Journalism Review asserted that "the New York Post is no longer merely a journalistic problem. It is a social problem – a force for evil."

Perhaps the most serious allegation against the Post is that it is willing to contort its news coverage to suit the business needs of Murdoch, in particular that the paper has avoided reporting anything that is unflattering to the government of the People's Republic of China. Murdoch has invested heavily in satellite television in China and wants to maintain the favor of local media regulators.

Ian Spiegelman, a former reporter for the paper's Page Six gossip column who had been fired by the paper in 2004, said in a statement for a law suit against the paper that in 2001 he was ordered to kill an item on Page Six about a Chinese diplomat and a strip club because it would have "angered the Communist regime and endangered Murdoch’s broadcast privileges."

Critics say that the Post allows its editorial positions to shape its story selection and news coverage. But as the Post executive editor, Steven D. Cuozzo, sees it, it was the Post that "broke the elitist media stranglehold on the national agenda."

According to a survey conducted by Pace University in 2004, the Post was rated the least-credible major news outlet in New York, and the only news outlet to receive more responses calling it "not credible" than credible (44% not credible to 39% credible).

The Public Enemy song "A Letter to the New York Post" from their album Apocalypse '91...The Enemy Strikes Black is a complaint about what they believed to be negative and inaccurate coverage African-Americans received from the paper.

There have been numerous controversies surrounding the Post:

• In 1997 a national news story concerning Rebecca Sealfon's victory in the Scripps National Spelling Bee circulated. Sealfon was sponsored by the Daily News. The Post published a picture of her but altered the photograph to remove the name of the Daily News as printed on a placard she was wearing.
• On November 8, 2000, the Post printed "BUSH WINS!" in a huge headline, although the presidential election remained in doubt because of the recount needed in Florida. Like the Post, many other newspapers around the country published a similar headline after the four major TV networks called the election for Bush.
• On March 10, 2004, the Post re-ran as a full-color page one photograph, a photograph that had already been run three days earlier in black and white on page 9, showing the 24-story suicide plunge of a New York University student, who had since been identified as 19-year-old Diana Chien, daughter of a prominent Silicon Valley, California, businessman. Among criticisms levelled at the Post was their having added a tightly cropped inset photograph of Chien, a former high-school track athlete, depicting her in mid-jump from an athletic meet, giving the false impression that it was taken during her fatal act, despite the fact that she had fallen face up.
• On July 4, 2004, the Post ran an article claiming to have learned exclusively that Senator John Kerry, the Democratic Party's Presidential nominee-in-waiting, had selected former House Minority Leader Dick Gephardt to be the Party's Vice Presidential nominee. The article, under the headline "KERRY'S CHOICE," ran without a byline. The next day, the Post had to print a new story, "KERRY'S REAL CHOICE", reporting Kerry's actual selection of Senator John Edwards of North Carolina as his running mate.
• On April 21, 2006, several Asian-American advocacy groups protested the use of the headline "Wok This Way" for a Post article about President Bush's meeting with the president of the People's Republic of China.
• On September 27, 2006, the Post published an article called "Powder Puff Spooks Keith" that made fun of Countdown host Keith Olbermann receiving an anthrax threat from an unknown terrorist.
• On December 7, 2006, the Post doctored a front-page photograph to depict the co-chairmen of the Iraq Study Group, James Baker and Lee Hamilton, in primate fur, under the headline "SURRENDER MONKEYS", inspired by a once-used line from The Simpsons. In defense of the "Surrender Monkeys" headline, media contributor Simon Dumenco wrote an Ad Age article about his love for the Post.
• On April 23, 2008, the Post ran a "Page Six" story stating that there was a sex tape about to surface featuring actor/stuntman Bam Margera and Lindsey Hughes, fiancée of radio personality Gregg "Opie" Hughes, co-host of the Opie and Anthony Show. It also stated that Hughes was planning on taking legal action to prevent the tape from running on the internet. Hughes himself said adamantly that there was no sex tape and he had never planned on taking any legal action against the phantom tape from surfacing. Also, on April 24, 2008, Margera confirmed during a phone-in to the Opie and Anthony Show that there was no sex tape and he had never met Opie's fiancée in his life. The Post printed a full retraction on May 5, 2008, after it was revealed that Chaunce Hayden of Steppin' Out magazine had supplied false information about the existence of the tape.
• On February 18, 2009, the Post ran a cartoon by Sean Delonas that depicted a white police officer saying to another white police officer who has just shot a chimpanzee on the street: "They'll have to find someone else to write the next stimulus bill." The cartoon referred the recent rampage of Travis, a former chimpanzee actor and was criticized to be in bad taste primarily by making a reference to the racist stereotype of African-Americans being portrayed as non-human apes.The cartoon has been interpreted by some to compare President Barack Obama to a violent chimpanzee who promoted a stimulus bill that was unpopular with many Republicans. Rights activist Al Sharpton called the cartoon "troubling at best given the historic racist attacks of African-Americans as being synonymous with monkeys." The Post has defended itself by stating that the cartoon was deliberately misinterpreted by its critics.

The Post and the Daily News often take potshots at each other's work and accuracy, particularly in their respective gossip-page items.

In certain editions of the February 14, 2007, newspaper, an article referring to then-Senator Hillary Clinton's support base for her 2008 presidential run referred to then-Senator Obama as "Osama" (Bin Laden), the paper realized its error and corrected it for the later editions and the website. The Post noted the error and apologized in the February 15, 2007, edition. Earlier, on January 20, 2007, the Post received some criticism for running a potentially misleading headline, "'Osama' Mud Flies at Obama", for a story that discussed rumors that then-Senator Obama had been raised as a Muslim and concealed it.

Fictional references

• During his time on Saturday Night Live in the early 1980s, Tim Kazurinsky often spoofed the Post's outrageous headlines on "Weekend Update." For example, after Yuri Andropov died, Kazurinsky displayed several front page mock-ups with headlines that the Post might have carried. One such headline was "ANDRO-POOF!"
• In the 2009 series "Royal Pains", Boris makes a reference to Page Six after Hank saves a girl's life, saying; "I don't need a Page Six sensation."
• In the Spider-Man films, the Daily Bugle (whose offices are represented by the real-life Flatiron Building in New York City for exteriors and the Pacific Electricity Building in Los Angeles, California, for interiors) appears to be based on the Post.
• The Post explicitly takes the place of the Bugle in the Daredevil film.
• In the 2006 film The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda Priestly (played by Meryl Streep) makes a reference to the Post by telling her assistant Andie Sachs (played by Anne Hathaway) that Murdoch should cut her a check for all the papers she sells for him. She later says "Another Divorce splashed across Page Six" in reference to the "Page Six" gossip column.
• A fictional paper, the New York Ledger, clearly modeled on the Post, with similar layout and loud tabloid style often appears on the television show Law & Order.
• In the spy farce film Top Secret!, one of the villain's henchmen is introduced as "Klaus . . . a moron, who knows only what he reads in the New York Post." Actor John Carney, a large man with a blank, rather unintelligent-looking expression on his face, is seen holding a copy of the Post bearing the headline "MANIAC STALKS OLIVIA NEWTON-JOHN."
• Throughout the animated television series The Critic there is a running joke where most headlines of the Post are connected, in some way, to severed heads.
• The Post has also appeared in such films as The Manchurian Candidate (the original version with Frank Sinatra), Men in Black and Working Girl.
• In the 1988 film Married to the Mob, an FBI agent played by Oliver Platt holds up a newspaper to his partner, played by Matthew Modine. Although the paper is called the New York News, it is otherwise a perfect match for the Post. The headline, "HAMBURGER HOMICIDE", discusses a mob shootout at a fictional fast-food chain called Burger World, in which a boss played by Dean Stockwell not only survived an attempted hit which killed his driver, but also killed the opposing hitmen, including the drive-thru attendant wearing the chain's mascot clown uniform and makeup, leading to the line, "Some clown just tried to kill me!"
• In October 1984, a parody called "The Post New York Post" was published, ostensibly the issue from the day after the start of World War III. The front-page headline was "KABOOM!" The subhead read, "Michael Jackson, 80 million others dead."
• In the television series Entourage, there have been numerous occasions of the Post being seen.
• In the Jay McInerney novel Bright Lights, Big City and the film of the same name the main character (played by Michael J. Fox in the film) reads the Post and becomes obsessed with an ongoing story about a baby in a coma.
• In the 2003 film Phone Booth, Stu Shepard (played by Colin Farrell), makes reference to "Page Six", a gossip column in the Post.
• In the television series Gossip Girl, "Page Six" is referenced a number of times. Characters Lily Van der Woodson and Rufus Humphrey's new relationship is chronicled in a "Page Six" article. Character Serena Van der Woodson is also seen about town in the pages of "Page Six".
• In a 2009 episode of Rescue Me, a character expresses concern over the safety of her son as a new firefighter after an incident where a fire engine is taken on a brief joyride by a boy suffering from cancer; the story appears on the cover of the Post with the headline "Cancer Boy Smokes Bravest." The lead character played by Denis Leary dismisses the publicity, saying, "It's the New York Post, all right?"
• At the beginning of the 1990 film "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles," numerous New Yorkers are seen reading the New York Post, which has a headline on the sudden surge of crime in New York City.
• In a 2006 episode of the NBC sitcom 30 Rock, it is briefly shown that reading the Post is regarded as a "con" in a pros and cons list written by Liz Lemon, the show's protagonist, about her ex-boyfriend.

See also

• Richard Johnson
• Knickerbocker Village
• Media of New York City
• Robert Perrino
• Albert Embarrato
• Salvatore Vitale
• Joseph D'Amico
• Richard Cantarella
• tabloid journalism

References

1. Michael & Edwin Emery, The Press and America, 7th edition, Simon & Schuster, 1992, page 74
2. http://www.burrellesluce.com/top100/2009_Top_100List.pdf
3. Allan Nevins, The Evening Post: Century of Journalism, Boni and Liveright, 1922, page 17.
4. Nevins, page 14.
5. Nevins, pages 17–18.
6. Emery & Emery, page 90.
7. Nevins, page 341.
8. Nevins, page 438.
9. Webster's Biographical Dictionary, G. & C. Miriam Co., 1964, page 1522.
10. Christopher Robert Reed, The Chicago NAACP and the Rise of Black Professional Leadership, 1910–1966, Indiana University Press, 1997, page 10.
11. Emery & Emery, page 257.
12. Emery & Emery, page 292.
13. Deborah G. Felder & Diana L. Rosen, Fifty Jewish Women Who Changed the World, Citadel Press, 2003, page 164.
14. Emery & Emery, page 556.
15. Bob Fenster, Duh! The Stupid History of the Human Race, McMeel, 2000, page 13.
16. Hickey, "Moment of Truth".
17. Associated Press, "Newspaper circulation off 2.6%; some count Web readers", November 5, 2007. Accessed June 5, 2008.
18. Columbia Journalism Review, volume 18, number 5 (Jan/Feb 1980), pages 22–23.
19. The New York Times[1]July 17, 2004. Retrieved August 25, 2008
20. David Nolan, "New York Post Blasted for running suicide shot on cover", Media Ethics, Texas State University-San Marcos, School of Journalism & Mass Communication. Accessed June 5, 2008.
21. "From The 'If It Bleeds It Leads Department' — Death Jump Photo Ran Because That's What We Do", Plastic(.com). Accessed June 5, 2008.
22. "Post Tabs Wrong Horse", thesmokinggun.com. Accessed June 5, 2008.
23. "Powder Puff Spooks Keith", New York Post, September 27, 2006. Accessed June 5, 2008.
24. Roland S. Martin, Commentary: NY Post cartoon is racist and careless, CNN, February 18, 2009, Accessed February 19, 2009.
25. "CORRECTION", New York Post, February 15, 2007. Accessed June 5, 2008. "Due to an editing mistake, a small number of copies of yesterday's Post carried a headline referring to 'Osama' over a story about Sen. Barack Obama on Page 2. The Post regrets the error."
26. Susan Heller Anderson and Maurice Carroll, "NEW YORK DAY BY DAY; Extra! Extra!", The New York Times, October 30, 1984. Accessed June 5, 2008.

Further reading

• Crittle, Simon. The Last Godfather: The Rise and Fall of Joey Massino. New York: Berkley, 2006. ISBN 0425209393.

• Felix, Antonia, and the editors of the New York Post. The Post's New York: Celebrating 200 Years of New York City As Seen Through the Pages and Pictures of the New York Post. New York: HarperResource, 2001. ISBN 0066211352.

• Flood, John, and Jim McGough. "People v. Newspaper and Mail Deliverers' Union of New York and Vicinity". Organized Crime & Political Corruption. Accessed June 5, 2008.

• Nardoza, Robert. "Long Time Bonanno Organized Crime Family Soldiers Baldassare Amato and Stephen Locurto, and Bonanno Crime Family Associate Anthony Basile, Convicted of Racketeering Conspiracy". The United State's Attorney's Office: Eastern District of New York press release. July 12, 2006. Accessed June 5, 2008.
• "The PEOPLE of the State of New York,v. Richard Cantarella, Frank Cantarella, Anthony Michele, Vincent DiSario, Corey Ellenthal, Michael Fago, Gerard Bilboa, Anthony Turzio". Penal Law: A Web. Accessed June 5, 2008.

• Robbins, Tom. "The Newspaper Racket: Tough Guys and Wiseguys in the Truck Drivers Union". The Village Voice, March 7–13, 2001. Accessed June 5, 2008.

External links

• New York Post Online—official site
• New York Post Circulation & Readership