and   (sometimes obakemono) are a class of yokai in Japanese folklore. Literally, the terms mean a thing that changes, referring to a state of transformation or shapeshifting.

These words are often translated as ghost, but primarily they refer to living things or supernatural beings who have taken on a temporary transformation, and these bakemono are distinct from the spirits of the dead. However, as a secondary usage, the term obake can be a synonym for yūrei, the ghost of a deceased human being.

A bakemono's true form may be an animal such as a fox (kitsune), a raccoon dog (tanuki), a badger (mujina), a transforming cat (bakeneko), the spirit of a plant — such as a kodama, or an inanimate object which may possess a soul in Shinto and other animistic traditions. Obake derived from household objects are often called tsukumogami.

A bakemono usually either disguises itself as a human or appears in a strange or terrifying form such as a hitotsume-kozō, an ōnyūdō, or a noppera-bō. In common usage, any bizarre apparition can be referred to as a bakemono or an obake whether or not it is believed to have some other form, making the terms roughly synonymous with yōkai.

In Hawaii

Due to the influence of a sizable Japanese immigrant population on the islands of Hawaii, the term obake has found its way into the pidgin vocabulary of the native Hawaiians. Some Japanese stories concerning these creatures have found their way into Hawaiian culture: numerous sightings of kappa have been reported on the islands, and the Japanese faceless ghosts called noppera-bō have also become well-known in Hawaii under the name mujina. This name confusion seems to have stemmed from a story by Lafcadio Hearn titled "Mujina", which first introduced the faceless ghost to the Western world.

Hawaiian folklorist Glen Grant was known for his "Obake Files", a series of reports he developed about supernatural incidents in Hawaii. The grand bulk of these incidents and reports were of Japanese origin or concerned obake.

Notes

References

Definitions from two major Japanese dictionaries:

External links

• "Japanese Ghosts" by Tim Screech in Mangajin no. 40
• "The Obakemono Project", a detailed and illustrated database of obakemono.
• Tales of Ghostly Japan