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Plymouth (historically known as Plimouth and Plimoth) is a town in Plymouth Countymarker, Massachusettsmarker, United States. It is the largest municipality in Massachusetts by area. The population was 51,701 at the 2000 census, with an estimated 2009 population of 58,681. Plymouth is one of two county seats of Plymouth Countymarker, the other being Brocktonmarker. It is named after Plymouthmarker, Devonmarker, United Kingdommarker, which is, in turn, named after its location at mouth of the River Plymmarker.

Plymouth is best known for being the site of the colony established by the Pilgrims, passengers of the Mayflower. Founded in 1620, Plymouth is the oldest municipality in New Englandmarker and one of the oldest in the United States. It also is the oldest continually inhabited English settlement in the modern United States. The town has served as the location of several prominent events, the most notable being the First Thanksgiving feast. Plymouth served as the capital of Plymouth Colony from its founding in 1620 until the colony's dissolution in 1691.

Plymouth is located approximately south of Bostonmarker in a region of Massachusetts known as the South Shoremarker. Throughout the 19th century, the town thrived as a center of ropemaking, fishing, and shipping, and once held the world's largest ropemaking company, the Plymouth Cordage Company. While it continues to be an active port, today the major industry of Plymouth is tourism. Plymouth is served by Plymouth Municipal Airportmarker, and contains Pilgrim Hall Museummarker, the oldest continually operating museum in the United States.

As one of the country's first settlements, Plymouth is well-known in the United States for its historical value. The events surrounding the history of Plymouth have become part of the mythology of the United States, particularly those relating to Plymouth Rockmarker, the Pilgrims and the First Thanksgiving.

History

Pre-colonial era

Prior to the arrival of the Pilgrims, the location of Plymouth was a village of 2,000 Wampanoag Native Americans called Patuxetmarker. This region that would become Plymouth was visited twice by European explorers prior to the establishment of Plymouth Colony. In 1605, Samuel de Champlain sailed to Plymouth Harbormarker, calling it Port St. Louis. In 1614, Captain John Smith, a leader of the Jamestown settlementmarker, explored parts of Cape Cod Bay; he is credited with naming the region which would become the future Plymouth Colony as "New Plimouth."

After these explorations, two plagues afflicted coastal New England in 1614 and 1617. Likely transmitted from British and French fishermen to natives on the shore, it killed between 90 and 95% of the local Wampanoag inhabitants. The near disappearance of the tribe from the site not only left their cornfields and other cleared areas for the soon-to-arrive Pilgrims to occupy, but also meant that the Indians were in no condition to resist the arrival of the colonists.

Colonial era

Plymouth has played an important role in American colonial history. It was the final landing site of the first voyage of the Mayflower, and the location of the original settlement of the Plymouth Colony. Plymouth was established in 1620 by Anglicans and English separatists who had broken away from the Church of England, believing that the Church had not completed the work of the Protestant Reformation. Today, these settlers are much better known as "Pilgrims," a term coined by William Bradford.

The Mayflower first anchored in what would become the harbor of Provincetown, Massachusettsmarker on November 11, 1620. The ship was headed for Virginiamarker, but eventually reached New Englandmarker. There are varying theories as to how this happened. They include: violent storms threw the ship off course; a navigation error; the Dutch bribed the captain to sail north so the Pilgrims would not settle near New Amsterdam; and the Pilgrims on the Mayflower, who comprised only 35 of the 102 settlers aboard the Mayflower, hijacked the ship to land far from Anglican control. The Pilgrim settlers, realizing that the party did not have a patent to settle in the region, subsequently signed the Mayflower Compact. The Pilgrims went on to explore various parts of Cape Codmarker, but soon a storm and violent skirmishes with local Native Americans forced the migrants to sail westward into Cape Cod Baymarker. The Pilgrims eventually came across the sheltered waters of Plymouth Harbormarker on December 17. The appealing protected bay led to a site in the present-day Harbor District being chosen for the new settlement after three days of surveying. The settlers officially disembarked on December 21, 1620. It is traditionally said that the Pilgrims first set foot in America at the site of Plymouth Rockmarker, though no historical evidence can prove this claim. The settlers named their settlement "Plimouth" (also historically known as "Plimoth", an old English spelling of the name) after the major port citymarker in Devon, Englandmarker from which the Mayflower sailed.

Plymouth faced many difficulties during its first winter, the most notable being the risk of starvation and the lack of suitable shelter. From the beginning, the assistance of Indians was vital. One colonist's journal reports:
We marched to the place we called Cornhill, where we had found the corn before.
At another place we had seen before, we dug and found some more corn, two or three baskets full, and a bag of beans....In all we had about ten bushels, which will be enough for seed.
It is with God's help that we found this corn, for how else could we have done it, without meeting some Indians who might trouble us.
Along with ransacking the food stores of Indians, the colonists also raided the houses of the few Indians who had survived the plague, as well as robbing Indian graves. Even greater assistance came from Samoset and Tisquantum (better known as Squanto), an Indian sent by Wampanoag Tribe Chief Massasoit, as an ambassador and technical adviser. Squanto had been kidnapped in 1614 by an English slave raider and sold in Malagamarker, Spain. Having learned English, he escaped slavery and returned home in 1619. Teaching the colonists how to farm corn, where and how to catch fish, and how to make other necessary items, he was instrumental in the survival of the settlement for the first two years. Squanto and another guide sent by Massasoit in 1621, Hobomok, helped the colonists set up trading posts for furs and pay off the cost of establishing the colony. Chief Massasoit later formed a Peace Treaty with the Pilgrims. Upon growing a plentiful harvest in the fall of 1621, the Pilgrims gathered with Squanto, Samoset, Massasoit, and ninety other Wampanoag men in a celebration of food and feasting. This celebration is known today as the First Thanksgiving, and is still commemorated annually in downtown Plymouth with a parade and a reenactment. Since 1941, Thanksgiving has been observed as a federal holiday in the United States.

Plymouth served as the capital of Plymouth Colony (which consisted of modern-day Barnstablemarker, Bristolmarker, and Plymouthmarker Counties) from its founding in 1620 until 1691, when the colony was annexed by the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Plymouth holds the unique distinction of being the first permanent settlement in New England, and one of the oldest settlements in the United States.

19th century

Cordage Commerce Center, North Plymouth
In the 1800s, Plymouth remained a relatively isolated seacoast town whose livelihood depended on fishing and shipping. The town eventually became a regional center of shipbuilding and fishing. Its principal industry was the Plymouth Cordage Company, which became the world's largest manufacturer of rope and cordage products. The company was founded in 1824. At one point, the longest ropewalk in the world, a quarter-mile (0.4 km) in length, was found on the Cordage Company's site on the North Plymouthmarker waterfront. It thrived into the 1960s, but was forced out of business in 1964 due to competition from synthetic-fiber ropes. The refurbished factory, known as Cordage Commerce Center, is home to numerous offices, restaurants and stores.

Modern history

In the last 30 years, Plymouth has experienced rapid growth and development. As in many South Shoremarker towns, Plymouth became more accessible to Bostonmarker in the early 1970s with improved railroads, highways, and bus routes. Furthermore, the town's inexpensive land costs and low tax rates were factors in the town's significant population rise. Plymouth's population grew from 18,606 residents in 1970 to 45,608 residents in 1990, a 145% increase in 20 years. The population has continued to expand in recent years. While Plymouth has already surpassed several Massachusetts cities in population, the town is still officially regarded as a town, as it has not been re-chartered as a city. Plymouth has emerged as a major economic and tourist center of the South Shore.

Geography

The latitude of Plymouth is 41.95833 and its longitude is -70.66778. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of : of it is land, and of it (28%) is water.

With the largest land area of any municipality in Massachusettsmarker, Plymouth consists of several neighborhoods and geographical sections. Larger localities in the town include Plymouth Centermarker, Northmarker, West and South Plymouth, Manometmarker, Cedarville, and Saquish Neck.

Plymouth makes up the entire western shore of Cape Cod Baymarker. Landwise, it is bordered by Bournemarker to the southeast, Warehammarker to the southwest, Carvermarker to the west, and Kingstonmarker to the north. It also shares a small border with Duxburymarker at the land entrance of Saquish Neck. Plymouth's border with Bourne makes up most of the line between Plymouthmarker and Barnstablemarker counties. The town is located roughly southeast of Bostonmarker (it is almost exactly from Plymouth Rockmarker to the Massachusetts State Housemarker) and equidistantly east of Providencemarker, Rhode Islandmarker.

Plymouth has many distinct geographical features. The town's Atlantic coast is characterized by low plains, while its western sections are extremely hilly and forested. Plymouth contains several small ponds scattered throughout its western quadrant, the largest being the Great Herring Pondmarker (which is partly in the town of Bourne). A major feature of the town is the Myles Standish State Forestmarker, which is in the southwestern region. Cachalot Scout Reservationmarker, operated by the Cachalot District of the Narragansett Council of the Boy Scouts of America, lies adjacent to the state forest lands. There is also a smaller town forest, as well as several parks, recreation areas and beaches.

Plymouth has nine public beaches, the largest being Plymouth Beachmarker. Plymouth Beach guards Plymouth Harbormarker and mostly consists of a three-mile (5 km) long, ecologically significant barrier beach. Clark's Islandmarker, a small island in Plymouth Baymarker, is the only island in Plymouth. It is off the coast of Saquish Neck and has nine summer houses but no year-round inhabitants.

Climate

Plymouth's climate is humid continental, which is the predominant climate for Massachusetts and New England. Due to its location on the Atlantic Oceanmarker, humidity levels can be very high year-round. Plymouth's coastal location causes it to experience warmer temperatures than many inland locations in New England. Summers are typically hot and humid, while winters are cold, windy and often snowy.

Plymouth's warmest month is July, with an average high temperature of and an average low of . The coldest month is January, with an average high temperature of and an average low of .

Much like the rest of the Northeastern seaboard, Plymouth receives ample amounts of precipitation year-round. On average, summer months receive slightly less precipitation than winter months. Plymouth averages about of rainfall a year. Plymouth, like other coastal Massachusetts towns, is very vulnerable to Nor'easter weather systems. The town is sometimes vulnerable to Atlantic hurricanes and tropical storm, which infrequently threaten the Cape Cod region during the early autumn months.



Demographics





As of the census of 2000, there were 51,701 people, 18,423 households, and 13,264 families residing in the town; by population it is the second–largest town in Massachusetts, after Framinghammarker. It is also the 21st–largest municipality in the state. The population density was . There are 21,250 housing units, at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 94.82% White, 1.91% Black or African American, 0.25% Native American, 0.57% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.93% from other races, and 1.48% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.68% of the population.

There are 18,423 households out of which 36.0% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.4% were married couples living together, 10.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.0% were non-families. 21.7% of all households are made up of individuals, and 8.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.67 and the average family size is 3.16.

In the town the population is spread out with 25.8% under the age of 18, 7.1% from 18 to 24, 32.0% from 25 to 44, 23.9% from 45 to 64, and 11.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females there were 98.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.4 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $54,677 as of the 2000 census, and the median income for a family was $63,266. Males had a median income of $44,983 versus $31,565 for females. The per capita income for the town was $23,732. About 4.4% of families and 5.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.1% of those under age 18 and 6.9% of those age 65 or over.

Government

Plymouth is represented in the Massachusetts House of Representatives as a part of the First and Twelfth Plymouth Districts. The town is represented in the Massachusetts Senate as a part of the Plymouth and Barnstable district, which also includes Bournemarker, Falmouthmarker, Kingstonmarker, Pembrokemarker, Plymptonmarker, Sandwichmarker, and part of Barnstablemarker. On the state level, primary but shared patrolling responsibility of the town's limited access highways falls upon the Seventh (Bourne) Barracks of Troop D of the Massachusetts State Police.

On the national level, Plymouth is a part of Massachusetts's 10th congressional district, and is currently represented by Bill Delahunt. The state's senior (Class II) member of the United States Senate, re-elected in 2008, is John Kerry. The state's current junior (Class I) Senator is Paul G. Kirk. On the local level, the town uses the representative town meeting form of government, led by a town manager and a board of selectmen. The current acting town manager of Plymouth is Melissa Arrighi.

Plymouth has a centralized municipal police force, the Plymouth Police Department. The town also has a professional fire department, with seven firehouses spread around the town. There are also seven post offices for the town's five ZIP codes, with one in the downtown area, one in North Plymouthmarker, one in Manometmarker, one in White Horse Beachmarker, one near the Plymouth Municipal Airportmarker, one in the South Pondmarker neighborhood, and one near the town forest in "The Village Green" shopping area of The Pinehills.

The town has a public library, with a branch location in Manomet. Both libraries are a part of the Old Colony Library Network, which services 28 libraries throughout the South Shoremarker. Additionally, as a seat of Plymouth County, there are several county facilities located in Plymouth. These include a County farm, the Registry of Deeds, two jails (the Massachusetts Correctional Institution - Plymouth and the Plymouth County Correctional Facility) and the County Courthouse..

Economy

Plymouth is an economic and tourism center of the South Shore. The major industry is tourism, with healthcare, technical and scientific research, real estate, and telecommunications also being primary industries. The largest employer in the town is Jordan Hospital.

Plymouth has experienced commercial and industrial success, with the downtown area and North Plymouthmarker each becoming commercial centers and an industrial park opening outside of the town center. A large commercial project titled Colony Place located near the Industrial Park was completed in late 2007. It consists of several large retail stores, various chain restaurants, and contains one of the largest outdoor designer outlet malls in the South Shore. Another large retail development that has recently finished construction off Route 3's exit 5 is The Shops at 5. The only nuclear power plant in Massachusetts, Pilgrim Nuclear Generating Stationmarker, is located in Plymouth.

Plymouth has also recently seen the development of several residential projects, among them The Pinehills, which consists of over 1,000 residential units, two golf courses, a country club, and a shopping village. When completed in 2010, it is expected to contain 2,877 homes.

Education

Plymouth operates a large school system, with an enrollment over 8,000 students. The Plymouth School District is one of the largest in the state, operating fourteen schools. This is higher than the Massachusetts average of eight schools. The school district operates 86 school buses under contract with First Student bus company.

The schools of Plymouth include the Mount Pleasant Preschool, eight elementary schools (Cold Spring, Federal Furnace, Hedge, Indian Brook, Manomet, Nathanial Morton, South and West Elementaries) which generally serve students from kindergarten to fifth grade, two middle schools (Plymouth Community Intermediate and Plymouth South Middle) which serve grades 5-8, and two high schools, Plymouth North and Plymouth South. Both high schools play in the Atlantic Coast League, and the two schools share a rivalry with each other. Students who decide to receive a technical education have the option of attending Plymouth South Technical School.

There is also a charter school in the town, Rising Tide Charter School, which serves middle school-aged children. Two special education schools, the Baird School and the Radius Pediatric School, are located in the town.

The town has two institutions of higher learning. Quincy Collegemarker has a campus located in Cordage Park. The Plymouth campus opened in 1991, and the college's main campus is in Quincymarker. Curry Collegemarker has a campus at the northern edge of Plymouth Center in the Citizens Bank building. The campus opened in 1994, and the main campus is located in Miltonmarker. While the University of Massachusetts Bostonmarker does not have a campus in Plymouth, it offers some courses at another location in Cordage Park.

Healthcare



Plymouth is home to Jordan Hospital, the largest hospital in the southern region of the South Shore. It is the only major healthcare provider in the town. The hospital is a community medical center serving twelve towns in Plymouth and Barnstable counties. It consists of more than 30 departments, with 150 patient beds. The hospital also offers a rehabilitation center in The Pinehills region.

While Jordan Hospital is the only hospital in Plymouth, South Shore Hospital operates several offices and physician labs in South Pondmarker. South Shore Hospital, in South Weymouthmarker, is the largest hospital in southeastern Massachusetts.

Transportation

Highways

Plymouth lies along the "Pilgrims Highway" portion of Route 3, which is the major route between Cape Cod and Boston. The town can be accessed from six exits on the highway, which is more than any other municipality along the Pilgrims Highway. Plymouth is also the eastern terminus of U.S. Route 44. The route has changed recently, as a new divided highway section has linked it to Route 3, before heading south and exiting at its old location before terminating at Route 3A, which more closely follows the shoreline and passes through Plymouth Center. Route 80's western terminus is at its intersection with old Route 44. Route 25 goes through a remote section of the town north of Buzzards Baymarker, but does not have an exit. Finally, the short Plimoth Plantation Highway allows easy access between Routes 3 and 3A, with an exit that allows direct entry to Plimoth Plantationmarker's parking area. The highway is north of Manomet and south of Plymouth Center.

Rail

Plymouth is one of two termini of the Kingston/Plymouth Old Colony Line of the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority's commuter rail, providing non-peak service to Braintreemarker and as far north as Boston's South Stationmarker. The Plymouth MBTA stationmarker is near Cordage Park in North Plymouthmarker, along Route 3A. (The other terminus is in Kingstonmarker and has more frequent train arrivals and departures. Its stationmarker is behind the Independence Mall.) No other railroad lines pass through the town.

Ferry

There is a seasonal ferry to Provincetownmarker and several other excursion lines that offer cruises of Plymouth Baymarker and Cape Cod Baymarker. The ferry is operated by Capt. John Boats and offers one round trip daily from June to September. The ferry leaves from the State Wharf in Plymouth Center. In addition to the ferry, Plymouth Harbormarker offers service for harbor excursions, whale watching tours, and deep sea fishing.

Bus

The Plymouth & Brockton Street Railway Company offers scheduled service to Logan Airport, downtown Boston, Hyannis, and Provincetown. Buses can be boarded at the commuter parking lot at exit 5 off Route 3, behind the McDonald's rest stop. The Greater Attleboro Taunton Regional Transit Authority (GATRA) operates public transportation buses known as the Plymouth Area Link (PAL) throughout much of Plymouth and Kingston.

Air

The town is home to the Plymouth Municipal Airportmarker, which lies on the border between Plymouth and Carvermarker. Founded in 1931, it offers scheduled service to the Cape Codmarker, Martha's Vineyardmarker and Nantucketmarker, as well as private service. The airport features a local restaurant and gift shop, but does not have an on-site traffic control tower.

Barnstable Municipal Airportmarker, in Hyannismarker, is the closest airport that features scheduled carrier operation. The airport offers scheduled flight services to Nantucket, Martha's Vineyard, Bostonmarker and New York Citymarker. It is approximately 30 miles (48 km) from Plymouth.

The nearest national and international airport is Logan International Airportmarker in Boston, roughly away. T.F.marker Green Airportmarker, a state airport located in Warwick, Rhode Islandmarker, is about 63 miles (101 km) away.

Points of interest

Promoted as America's Hometown, Plymouth is a tourist destination noted for its heritage. The town is home to several notable sites.

Plymouth Rock

Plymouth Rock is one of Plymouth's most famous attractions. Traditionally, the rock is said to be the disembarkation site of the Pilgrims. However, there is no historical evidence to support this theory. The first identification of Plymouth Rock as the actual landing site was made in 1741 by 94-year-old Thomas Faunce, whose father had arrived in Plymouth in 1623, three years after the arrival of the Mayflower. The rock is located roughly from where the initial settlement was thought to be built.

Plymouth Rock became very famous after its identification as the supposed landing site of the Pilgrims, and was subsequently moved to a location in Plymouth Center. During the process, the rock split in two. It was later moved to Pilgrim Hallmarker and then to a location under a granite Victorian Canopy, where it was easily accessible and subject to souvenir hunters. The rock was finally moved back to its original location along the town's waterfront in 1921. "Plymouth Rock", a large boulder, now sits under a granite canopy designed by famed astronomical illustrator Chesley Bonestell, who also designed the Chrysler Buildingmarker gargoyles and contributed to the design of the Golden Gate Bridgemarker. The rock is the centerpiece of Pilgrim Memorial State Park. The park is the smallest park in the Massachusetts state forest and park system, but is also the most heavily visited.

Plimoth Plantation

Plimoth Plantation
Plimoth Plantationmarker is a living history museum located south of Plymouth Center. It consists of a re-creation of the Plymouth settlement in 1627, as well as a replica of a 17th century Wampanoag homesite. The museum features role playing tour guides, as well as a large crafts center. The Nye Barn, a replica of a 1627 faming homestead in Plymouth, is also part of the museum. The farm features several animals that would have been found in Plymouth Colony, but are very rare in modern times.

The museum opened in 1947 under the guidance of Henry Hornblower II, a wealthy Boston stockbroker who grew up in Plymouth. The museum originally consisted of the Mayflower II and a "First House" exhibit in Plymouth Center, but was expanded into a large fortified town and a Native American village by 1960.

Mayflower II

The Mayflower II is a full-size replica of the Mayflower, the ship which brought the Pilgrims to Plymouth in 1620. It is located at the State Pier in Plymouth Center. The ship is open as a museum about the Pilgrims' historic voyage from Plymouthmarker, England, and is considered a faithful replica of the original Mayflower. It is officially a part of Plimoth Plantation.

The ship was built in Brixhammarker, England in 1956, and sailed to Plymouth across the Atlantic Oceanmarker in 1957 by famous mariner Alan Villiers. The ship is still seaworthy, and routinely takes voyages around Plymouth Harbor. In the year 2007, the Mayflower II celebrated the 50th anniversary of its arrival in Plymouth.

Other sites

In addition to the Plymouth Rock Memorial, several other monuments were constructed in celebration of Plymouth's tricentennial. These include statues of Massasoit and William Bradford, and a sarcophagus containing the bones of the 51 Pilgrims who died in the winter of 1620, which rests atop Cole's Hillmarker.

Pilgrim Hall Museummarker, founded in 1824, is the oldest public museum in the United States. It is located in Plymouth Center. Plymouth also features the National Monument to the Forefathersmarker, which was dedicated in 1889. Standing at tall, it is the tallest free-standing solid granite monument in the United States. Other notable historical sites include the Jenney Grist Mill, a working replica of an original mill built in 1636, as well as the 1640 Richard Sparrow House, the oldest house still standing in Plymouth. At the edge of the town on Route 80 is Parting Ways, a site that is notable for containing the remains of four former slaves who fought in the Revolutionary War and their families.

Myles Standish State Forestmarker, the Commonwealth's second largest state forest, is located in Plymouth. It is a camping and hiking destination, and contains 16 freshwater lakes and ponds. Ellisville Harbor State Parkmarker, located in the extreme southern portion of the town, contains a natural beach inside Cape Cod Baymarker. Plymouth is also home to 11 public and private golf courses, which include Squirrel Run, Pinehills, Plymouth Country Club, and Southers Marsh, a course that runs through a series of actively maintained cranberry bogs.

Plymouth Rock Studiosmarker is a film and television studio planned for the site of the former Waverly Oaks Golf Club. The $500million, development is scheduled to open in 2010.

Notable residents



Twin and sister cities

Since 2001, Plymouth has shared a twin-city status with: Plymouthmarker, Devonmarker, United Kingdom. In addition, since 1990, Plymouth has shared a sister-city status with Shichigahamamarker, Miyagi Prefecturemarker, Japan.

References

  1. James Loewen, Lies My Teacher Told Me, Simon & Schuster: New York, 1995, ISBN 0684818868, pp. 90-91
  2. Loewen, 1995, pp. 80-86
  3. Philbrick, Nathaniel (2006). Mayflower: A Story of Courage, Community, and War. New York: Penguin Group.
  4. Philbrick (2006) pp 41
  5. Johnson, Paul (1997). A History of the American People. New York: HarperCollins.
  6. Loewen, 1995, p. 91
  7. Loewen, 1995, pp. 92-93
  8. Philbrick (2006) pp 351-356


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