Pomors or Pomory ( ) are Russian settlers and their descendants on the White Sea coast. It is also term of self-identification for the descendants of Russian, primarily Novgorod, settlers of Pomorje (Pomorie, Pomor'e, Russian North), living on the White Sea coasts and the territory whose southern border lies on a watershed which separates the White Sea river basin from the basins of rivers that flow south.

History

As early as the 12th century, explorers from Novgorod entered the White Sea through the Northern Dvina and Onega estuaries and founded settlements along the sea coasts of Bjarmaland. Their chief town used to be Kholmogory, until the rise of Arkhangelsk in the late 16th century. From their base at Kola, they explored the Barents Region and the Kola peninsula, Spitsbergen, and Novaya Zemlya.

Later in history, the Pomors discovered and maintained the Northern Sea Route between Arkhangelsk and Siberia. With their ships (koches), the Pomors penetrated to the trans-Ural areas of Northern Siberia, where they founded the settlement of Mangazeya east of the Yamal Peninsula in the early 16th century.

Some authors speculate that it was Pomors who settled, supposedly in the early 17th century, the isolated village of Russkoye Ustye in the delta of the Indigirka, in north-eastern Yakutia.

Their name is derived from the Pomorsky (literally, "maritime") coast of the White Sea (between Onega and Kem), having the root of more ( , meaning "sea"; derived from an Indo-European root). The same root is evident in the toponym Pomerania, Polish Pomorze, German Pommern. The most famous Pomors are Mikhail Lomonosov, Fedot Shubin (both born near Kholmogory), Semyon Dezhnev, and Yerofey Khabarov (both born in Veliky Ustyug). Thus the term Pomor which originally, in the 10th-12th centuries, meant a person who lived near sea gradually extended into one that referred to the population living relatively far away from the sea. And finally in the 15th century it became disconnected from the sea. The sea was not a major part of economy of this region. However, a territory of practically the whole European Russian North, including Murmansk region, Arkhangelsk and Vologda regions, Karelia and Komi republics, started to be called Pomor'e .

The traditional livelihoods of the Pomors based on the sea included animal hunting, whaling and fishing; in tundra regions they practiced the reindeer herding. Sea trading in corn and fish with Northern Norway was important for them. This trade was so intensive that a kind of Russian-Norwegian pidgin language Moja på tvoja (or Russenorsk) was created and used on the North Norwegian coast in 1750–1920.

In the 12-15th centuries Pomor'e was an extensive colony of Great Novgorod. By the early 16th century the annexation of Pomor'e by Moscow was completed. In the 17th century, in 22 Pomor'e districts the great bulk of the population consisted of free peasants. A portion of the land belonged to monasteries and the Stroganov merchants. There were no landowners in Pomor'e. The population of Pomor'e districts was engaged in fishing, mica and salt production (Sol'-Kamskay, Sol'- Vychegodskay, Tot'ma, etc.) and other enterprises.

Although some people now identify themselves as Pomor or of Pomor origin, this is a new phenomenon. Russian Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron, in its 1890-1907 edition, clearly classified Pomors as Great Russians or referred to them as Russian traders and trappers of the North. In fact no encyclopedia or encyclopedic dictionary refers to Pomors as a separate ethnic group.

During the 2002 Census, it was possible for respondents to identify themselves as "Pomors", this group being tabulated by the census as a subgroup of the Russian ethnicity. However, merely 6,571 persons did so, almost all of them in Arkhangelsk Oblast (6,295) and Murmansk Oblast (127).

Like most other Great Russians, Pomors are traditionally Orthodox Christians; prior to 1917 a large percentage of Russians from Pomorje (or Pomors) were practicing Old Believers.

Present day use of the name

It should be noted that one of the three universities of Arkhangelsk is named the Pomor State University. In line with the current Russian trend towards amalgamating the least populated and/or poorest federal subjects into larger entities, a merger of Arkhangelsk and Murmansk Oblasts, the Komi Republic, and the Nenets Autonomous Okrug has been proposed, one of the possible names of this new territory being the Pomor Krai.

The Pomortsy

The Pomors should not be confused with the Pomortsy: members of an Old Believer group which arose in the late 17th century in the northern Russia, and have since been represented by small communities throughout Russia and adjacent countries.

See also

• Pomor dialects
• Boris Shergin
• Laughter and Grief by the White Sea, a film celebrating the Pomors' culture.
• Pomor trade

References

Pomorje, Pomorskii Krai, land of the Pomors, Pomor Land - Russian, German, English

Pomors, definition, Efremova Academic Dictionary, Russian

Pomors, definition, Большой Энциклопедический Словарь, Great Encyclopedic Dictionary, Russian

Pomors, definition, Ushakov's Encyclopedic Dictionary, Russian

Brockhaus & Efron, Encyclopedia, 1890-1907, Russian

Pomor State University at Archangel / Arkhangelsk, Russian

Pomor Patriot - a Pomorje information portal, Russian

Tatiana Shrader Across the Borders: the Pomor Trade, English

Pomormuseet i Vardø -Pomor Museum in Vardø, Norwegian and Russian

Pomorje and Pomors, different types within Russian nation, the origins, in Russian