Sindh (Sindhi: سنڌ),(urdu: سندھ),(Arabic: السند) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and historically is home to the Sindhis. Different cultural and ethnic groups also reside in Sindh including Urdu-speaking Muslim refugees who migrated to Pakistan from India upon independence as well as the people migrated from other provinces after independence. The neighbouring regions of Sindh are Balochistan to the west and north, Punjab to the north, Gujarat and Rajasthan to the southeast and east, and the Arabian Sea to the south. The main language is Sindhi. The name is derived from Sanskrit, and was known to the Assyrians (as early as the seventh century BCE) as Sinda, the Persians as Abisind, the Greeks as Sinthus, the Romans as Sindus, the Chinese as Sintow, while the Arabs dubbed it Al-Sind.

Origin of the name

The province of Sindh and the people inhabiting the region had been designated after the river known in Ancient times as the Sindhus River, now also known by Indus River. In Sanskrit, síndhu means "river, stream". However, the importance of the river and close phonetical resemblance in nomenclature would make one consider síndhu as the probable origin of the name of Sindh. The Greeks who conquered Sindh in 325 BC under the command of Alexander the Great rendered it as Indós, hence the modern Indus, when the British conquered South Asia, they expanded the term and applied the name to the entire region of South Asia and called it India.

Prehistoric period

The Indus Valley civilization is the farthest visible outpost of archaeology in the abyss of prehistoric times. The prehistoric site of Kot Diji in Sindh has furnished information of high significance for the reconstruction of a connected story which pushes back the history of South Asia by at least another 300 years, from about 2500 BC. Evidence of a new element of pre-Harappan culture has been traced here. When the primitive village communities in Balochistan were still struggling against a difficult highland environment, a highly cultured people were trying to assert themselves at Kot Diji one of the most developed urban civilization of the ancient world that flourished between the year 25th century BC and 1500 BC in the Indus valley sites of Moenjodaro and Harappa. The people were endowed with a high standard of art and craftsmanship and well-developed system of quasi-pictographic writing which despite ceaseless efforts still remains un-deciphered. The remarkable ruins of the beautifully planned Moenjodaro and Harappa towns, the brick buildings of the common people, roads, public-baths and the covered drainage system envisage the life of a community living happily in an organized manner.

This civilisation is now identified as a possible pre-Aryan civilisation and most probably an indigenous civilization which was met its downfall around the year 1700BC. The downfall of the Indus Valley Civilization is still a hotly debated topic, and was probably caused by a massive earthquake, which dried up the Ghaggar River.

Sindh is mention in Mahabharata as Sindhudesh and its ruler was Jayadratha. He was married with Duryodhana sister Dushala. He was killed by Arjun during war as the revenge of the death of Abhimanyu.

Geography

Sindh is located on the western corner of South Asia, bordering the Iranian plateau in the west. Geographically it is the third largest province of Pakistan, stretching about 579 km from north to south and 442 km (extreme) or 281 km (average) from east to west, with an area of of Pakistani territory. Sindh is bounded by the Thar Desert to the east, the Kirthar Mountains to the west, and the Arabian Sea in the south. In the centre is a fertile plain around the Indus river.

Climate

A subtropical region, Sindh is hot in the summer and cold in winter. Temperatures frequently rise above between May and August, and the minimum average temperature of occurs during December and January. The annual rainfall averages about seven inches, falling mainly during July and August. The southwest monsoon wind begins to blow in mid-February and continues until the end of September, whereas the cool northerly wind blows during the winter months from October to January.

• Highest and lowest temperatures

The highest temperature throughout Pakistan are usually recorded in - Shaheed Benazeerabad District (Previously called Nawabshah District) and Sibbi from May to August each year which rises to above 48 °C.The climate is dry and hot but sometimes falls to 0 degrees Celsius and falls to lower than minus seven in December or January once in a quarter of the century.

Sindh lies between the two monsoons - the southwest monsoon from the Indian Ocean and the northeast or retreating monsoon, deflected towards it by Himalayan mountains — and escapes the influence of both. The average rainfall in Sindh is only 15 to 18 cm per year, but the loss during the two seasons is compensated by the Indus, in the form of inundation, caused twice a year by the spring and summer melting of Himalayan snow and by rainfall in the monsoon season. These natural patterns have changed somewhat with the construction of dams and barrages on the Indus.

Climatically, Sindh is divided in three sections - Siro (upper section centred on Jacobabad), Wicholo (middle section centred on Hyderabad), and Lar (lower section centred on Karachi). In Upper Sindh, the thermal equator passes through Sindh. The highest temperature ever recorded was in 1919. The air is generally very dry. In winter frost is common.

In Central Sindh, average monsoon wind speed is 18 km/hour in June. The temperature is lower than Upper Sindh but higher than Lower Sindh. Dry hot days and cool nights are summer characteristics. Maximum temperature reaches . Lower Sindh has a damper and humid maritime climate affected by the south-western winds in summer and north-eastern winds in winter and with lower rainfall than Central Sindh. The maximum temperature reaches about . In the Kirthar range at 1,800 m and higher on the Gorakh Hill and other peaks in Dadu District, temperatures near freezing have been recorded and brief snow fall is received in winters.

Demographics and society

Sindh Demographic Indicators
Indicator	Statistic
Urban population	55.00%
Rural population	45.00%
Population growth rate	2.80%
Gender ratio (male per 100 female)	112.24
Economically active population	22.75%

Historical populations
Census	Population	Urban
1951	6,047,748	29.23%
1961	8,367,065	37.85%
1972	14,155,909	40.44%
1981	19,028,666	43.31%
1998	30,439,893	48.75%
2009	35,470,648

The 1998 Census of Pakistan indicated a population 30.4 million, the current population in 2009 is 51,337,129 million using a compound growth in the range of 2% to 2.8% since then. With just under half being urban dwellers, mainly found in Karachi, Hyderabad, Sukkur, Mirpurkhas, Nawabshah District, Umerkot and Larkana. Sindhi is the sole official language of Sindh since the 19th century. Going just by language, Sindhi speakers make up 48.73%; Urdu speakers make up 36.05%; Punjabi 2.99%; Pashto 5.19%; Gujarati/Memon 3.0%; Baluchi 2.09 ; Seraiki 1.00% and others (2.31%). Other languages include Kutchi (both dialects of Sindhi), Khowar, Thari, Persian/Dari and Brahui

Sindh's population is mainly Muslim (91.32%), but Sindh is also home to nearly all (93%) of Pakistan's Hindus forming 7.5% of the province's population. A large number of the Sindhi Hindus migrated to India at the time of the independence. Smaller groups of Christians (0.97%), Ahmadi (0.14%); Parsis or Zoroastrians, Armenian, Sikh and a Jewish community can also be found in the province.

The Sindhis as a whole are composed of original descendants of an ancient population known as Sammaat, various sub-groups related to the Seraiki or Baloch origin are found in interior Sindh. Sindhis of Balochi origin make up about 60% of the total population of Sindh, while Urdu-speaking Muhajirs make up more than 20% of the total population of the province. Also found in the province is a small group claiming descent from early Muslim settlers including Arabs, and Persian.

History

Ancient history

The first known village settlements date as far back as 7000 BCE. Permanent settlements at Mehrgarh to the west expanded into Sindh. This culture blossomed over several millennia and gave rise to the Indus Valley Civilization around 3000 BCE. The Indus Valley Civilization rivalled the contemporary civilizations of Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia in both size and scope numbering nearly half a million inhabitants at its height with well-planned grid cities and sewer systems.Sindh was conquered by the Persian Achaemenid Empire in the sixth century BCE.In the late 300s BCE, Sindh was conquered by a mixed army led by Macedonian Greeks under Alexander the Great. The region remained under control of Greek satraps only for a few decades. After Alexander's death, there was a brief period of Seleucid rule, before Sindh was traded to the Mauryan Empire led by Chandragupta in 305 BCE. During the rule of the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka, the Buddhist religion spread to Sindh.

Mauryan rule ended in 185 BCE with the overthrow of the last king by the Sunga Dynasty. In the disorders that followed, Greek rule returned when Demetrius I of Bactria led a Greco-Bactrian invasion of India and annexed most of northwestern lands, including Sindh. Demetrius was later defeated and killed by a usurper, but his descendants continued to rule Sindh and other lands as the Indo-Greek Kingdom. Under the reign of Menander I many Indo-Greeks followed his example and converted to Buddhism.

In the late 100s BCE, Scythian tribes shattered the Greco-Bactrian empire and invaded the Indo-Greek lands. Unable to take the Punjab region, they seized Sistan and invaded India by coming through Sindh, where they became known as Indo-Scythians (later Western Satraps). Subsequently, the Tocharian Kushan Empire annexed Sindh by the first century CE. Though the Kushans were Zoroastrian, they were tolerant of the local Buddhist tradition and sponsored many building projects for local beliefs.

The Kushan Empire were defeated in the mid 200s CE by the Sassanid Empire of Persia, who installed vassals known as the Kushanshahs. These rulers were defeated by the Kidarites in the late 300s. By the late 400s, attacks by Hephthalite tribes known as the Indo-Hephthalites or Hunas (Huns) broke through the Gupta Empire's North-Western borders and overran much of Northern and Western India. During these upheavals, Sindh became independent under the Rai Dynasty around 478 AD. The Rais were overthrown by Chachar of Alor around 632.

Arrival of Islam

In the year 711 Sindh was conquered by Umayyad Arabs from Damascus, led by the young Muhammad bin Qasim .Sindh became the easternmost province of the Umayyad Caliphate Referred to as Al-Sindh on Arab maps with lands further east known as Hind".Muslim geographers, historians and travellers such as al-Masudi, al-Tabari, Baladhuri, al-Biruni and Ibn Battutah wrote about or visited the region and also sometimes used the name "Sindh" for the entire area from the Arabian Sea to the Hindu Kush.

By the twelfth century Sindhi sailors from the port city of Debal voyaged to Basra, Bushehr, Musqat, Aden, Kilwa, Sofala, Malabar, Sri Lanka and Java.

Soomro Period

The Soomro Dynasty was established by the Soomra tribe of Sindh. The Soomra ruled Sindh from 1026-1351. The early Soomra rulers were Fatimid Shia Ismailis who owed allegiance to Fatmid Khalifas of Cairo.

Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni, an Orthodox Sunni Muslim, conquered the Soomro capital of Mansura in his campaign to defeat the heterodox Shia Ismaili sect. The Soomra shifted their capital to Tharri, nearly 14 km eastwards of Matli on the Puran. Puran was later abandoned due to changes in the course of Puran river. Then Thatta was the capital for about 95 years until the end of their rule in 1351 AD. The Sindhi Swarankar Community and other Hindus who had not converted to Islam under the Ghaznavids moved from Sindh to Vegh Kot (Kutch) around 1028 A.D., to avoid sectarian violence and live under a Hindu ruler. During this period, Kutch was ruled by the Samma Dynasty, who enjoyed good relations with the Soomras in Sindh.

Direct Arab rule ended with the ascension of the local Soomro dynasty, and they were the first local Sindhi Muslims to translate the Quran into the Sindhi language. The Soomros controlled Sindh directly as vassals the Abbasids from 1058 to 1249.

Sindh was also ruled by Muhammad Ibn Tughluq, his descendants and various other figures until the year 1524.

Samma period

Though a part of larger empires Sindh enjoyed a certain autonomy as a Muslim domain.

In 1339 Jam Unar founded a Sindhi Muslim Samma Dynasty title of Sultan Of Sindh, which reached its peak during the reign of Jam Nizamuddin II Nindo (reigned 1461-1509) he greatly expanded the new capitol Thatta and its Makli hills which replaced Debal he patronized Sindhi art, arcitecture and culture. Important court figures such as Sardar Darya Khan, Moltus Khan, Makhdoom Bilwal and Kazi Kazan. But the capitol Thatta was a port city, unlike garrisons it could not mobilize large armies against the Arghun Mongol invaders who killed many regional Sindhi Mirs and Amirs loyal to the Samma.

The ruthless Arghuns and the Tarkhans sacked Thatta during the rule of Jam Ferozudin and established their own dynasties in the year 1519.

The Samma had left behind a popular legacy they were highly influenced by the Lodis and introduced Pashto Alphabets in Sindh some of which are still used in the Malay language of Southeast Asia.

Mughal period

In the year 1524 the few remaining Sindhi Amirs welcomed the Mughal Empire and helped Babur defeat his Arghun enemies, since then Sindh had become a region loyal to the Mughals.

In 1540 a deadly mutiny by Sher Shah Suri forced the Mughal Emperor Humayun to withdraw to Sindh where he joined the Sindhi Amir Hussein and in 1541 Humayun married Hamida Bano Begum She gave birth to the infant Akbar at Umarkot in the year 1542.

In 1556 the Ottoman Admiral Seydi Ali Reis visited Humayun and mentions various regions of the subcontinent including Sindh (Makran coast and the Mehran delta) in his adventurious book Mirat ul Memalik.

During the reign of Akbar the Mughal chronicler Abu'l-Fazl (1551-1602) was a descendant of a Sindhi Shaikh family from Rel, Siwistan in Sindh. He was the author of the famous Akbarnama and the Ain-i-Akbari.

In the year 1603 Shah Jahan visited the provence of Sindh and at Thatta he was generously welcomed by the locals after the death of his father Jahangir. Shah Jahan ordered the construction of the Shahjahan Mosque, which was completed during the early years of his rule.

After the death of Aurangzeb, the Mughal Empire and its institutions began to decline. Various warring Nawabs took control of vast territories and ruled independently from the Mughal Emperor.

But Sindh faced many threats, Mian Yar Mouhammed Kalhoro challenged the invader Nadir Shah but failed according to legend: to avenge the massacre of his allies he sent a small force to assassinate Nadir Shah and turn events in favour of the Mughal Emperor during the Battle of Karnal in 1739 but failed again.

British period

The British East India Company made its first contacts in the Sindhi port city of Thatta which according to a report was: "a city as large as London containing 50,000 houses which were made of stone and mortar with large verandahs some three or four stories high the textiles of Sind were the flower of the whole produce of the East, the international commerce of Sind gave it a place among that of Nations, Thatta has 400 schools and 4000 ships at its docks, the city is guarded by well armed Sepoys..."

British and Bengal Presidency forces under General Charles James Napier arrived in Sindh in the nineteenth century and conquered Sindh in 1843.

After defeating the Sindhi coalition led by Talpurs and Kalhoras under command of the Sindhi general Mir Nasir Khan Talpur in the fierce Battle of Miani during which 50,000 Sindhis were killed shortly after the defeat Mir Sher Muhammad Talpur commanded another army which fought at the Battle of Dubbo where the young Sindhi general Hoshu Sheedi and 5,000 Sindhis were killed. The first Agha Khan helped the British in their conquest of Sindh and as result he was granted a lifetime pension



Within weeks Charles Napier and his forces occupied Sindh.After 1853, the British divided Sindh into districts, in each district the they assigned a ruthless Wadera to collect taxes for the British authorities. Wealthy businesses owned by Sindhi Muslim merchants were handed over to the minority Hindu Brahmans leading the province to further unrest and a severe economic depression.

In a highly controversial move, Sindh was later made part of British India's Bombay Presidency much to the surprise of the local population, who found the decision offensive and a powerful unrest followed after which Twelve Martial Laws were imposed by the British authorities. Shortly afterwards, the decision was reversed and Sindh became a separate province in 1935.

Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi pioneered the Hur Freedom Movement against British colonialists. He was hanged by the British rulers on 20 March 1943 in the Central Jail Hyderabad, Sindh. His burial place is not known and is still a mystery. The people of Sindh have been demanding the British government to disclose his burial place; however, so far this demand has not received any attention.

Pakistan Resolution in the Sindh Assembly

The Sindh assembly was the first British Indian legislature to pass the resolution in favour of Pakistan.

The Sindh assembly was the first British Indian legislature to pass the resolution in favour of Pakistan. G. M. Syed, an influential Sindhi activist, revolutionary and Sufi and one of the important leaders to the forefront of the provincial autonomy movement joined the Muslim League in 1938 and presented the Pakistan resolution in the Sindh Assembly. G. M. Syed can rightly be considered as the founder of Sindhi nationalism.

In 1890 Sindh got representation for the first time in the Bombay Legislative Assembly. Four members represented Sindh at that time. After some struggle, and with the support of the Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Sindh gained independence from the Bombay Presidency. H.H. Sir Agha Khan, G.M. Syed, Sir Abdul Qayyum Khan and other Indian Muslim leaders played an important role in ensuring separation of Sindh from the Bombay Presidency, which finally took place on 1 April 1936.

The newly created province, Sindh, secured a Legislative Assembly of its own, elected on the basis of communal and minorities’ representation. Sir Lancelot Graham was appointed as the first Governor of Sindh by the British Government on 1 April 1936. He was also the Head of the Council, which comprised 25 Members, including two advisors from the Bombay Council to administer the affairs of Sindh until 1937.The British ruled the area for a century. According to Richard Burton Sindh was one of the most restive provinces during the British Raj and was home to many prominent Muslim leaders such as Muhammad Ali Jinnah who strove for greater Muslim autonomy.

Modern history after independence of Pakistan

On 14 August 1947 Pakistan gained independence from colonial British colonial rule. The province Sindh attained self rule, the first time since the defeat of Sindhi Talpur Amirs in the Battle of Miani on 17 February 1843. The first challenge faced by the Government of Sindh was the settlement of Muslim refugees. Nearly 7 million Muslims from India migrated to Pakistan while nearly equal number of Hindus and Sikhs from Pakistan migrated to India. The Muslim refugees known as Muhajirs from India settled in most urban areas of Sindh. Sindh at the time of partition was home to a large number of Hindus who accounted for 23% of the total population of the province. They were more concentrated in the urban centres of the province and had a strong hold on the province's economy and business. Although the relations between the local Muslims and Hindus were good but with the arrival of Muslim refugees in the urban centres of the province, Hindus started to feel unsafe. Many of Sindh's Hindu community where further enticed by their co-relgionists in India to depart with all their belongings and financial capital to further cripple the new nation.

Sindh did not witness any massive level genocide as other parts of the Subcontinent (especially Punjab region) did, comparatively there were few incidents of riots in Karachi and Hyderabad but over all situation remained peaceful mainly due to the efforts of the Muslim Chief Minister of Sindh Mr. Ayub Khuhro. According to 1998 census, there were 2.3 million Hindus in Sindh forming around 7% of the total population of the province. Sindhi Hindus in Pakistan (i.e caste Hindus accounting for 86% of the total Hindu population of Pakistan as of 1998 census) are mainly into small to medium sized businesses. They are mainly traders, retailer/wholesalers, builders as well as into the fields of medical, engineering, law and financial services. However, the scheduled caste Hindus (Dalits) are in a poorer state with most of them as bonded labour in the rural areas of the province. Most of the Muslim refugees are settled in urban areas of Sindh especially in Karachi and Hyderabad.

Since Pakistan's Independence in 1947, Sindh has been the destination of a continuous stream of migration from South Asian countries like Bangladesh, Burma, and Afghanistan as well as Pashtun and Punjabi immigrants from the North West Frontier Province and the Punjab Province of Pakistan to Karachi. This is due to the fact that Karachi is the economic magnet of Pakistan attracting people from all over Pakistan. Many native Sindhis resent this influx. Nonetheless, traditional Sindhi families remain prominent in Pakistani politics, especially the Bhutto, Zardari and Soomro dynasties. Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the Founder of Pakistan, was from Karachi, of Gujarati descent.

Provincial government

The Provincial Assembly of Sindh is unicameral and consists of 168 seats of which 5% are reserved for non-Muslims and 17% for women. The provincial capital of Sindh is Karachi.

Politics

Most of the Sindhi Tribes in this Province are involved in the Politics of Pakistan. Sindh is a strong hold of Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP). The PPP is the largest political party of Sindh. And Sindh is known as PPP's home.

Districts

There are 23 districts in Sindh, Pakistan.

1. Karachi
2. Jamshoro
3. Thatta
4. Badin
5. Tharparkar
6. Umerkot
7. Mirpur Khas
8. Tando Allahyar
9. Matiari
10. Tando Muhammad Khan
11. Hyderabad
12. Sanghar
13. Khairpur
14. Nawabshah
15. Dadu
16. Qambar Shahdadkot
17. Larkana
18. Naushahro Feroze
19. Ghotki
20. Shikarpur
21. Jacobabad
22. Sukkur
23. Kashmore

Major cities

• Badin
• Dadu
• Daharki
• Diplo
• Ghotki
• Ghambat
• Hala
• Hyderabad
• Jacobabad
• Jamshoro
• Karachi
• Kashmore
• Khairpur
• Larkana
• Matli
• Mirpurkhas
• Mithi
• Nasarpur
• Nawabshah
• Raharki
• Ranipur
• Ratodero
• Sanghar
• Sekhat
• Shikarpur
• Sobhodero
• Rohri
• Sukkur
• Tando Jam
• Tando Muhammad Khan
• Thatta
• Ubaro
• Umarkot
• Moro
• Kotri

Economy

Sindh has the 2nd largest economy in Pakistan. Historically, Sindh's contribution to Pakistan's GDP has been between 30% to 32.7%. Its share in the Service sector has ranged from 21% to 27.8% and in the Agriculture sector from 21.4% to 27.7%. Performance wise, its best sector, is the Manufacturing sector, where its share has ranged from 36.7% to 46.5%.

Endowed with coastal access, Sindh is a major centre of economic activity in Pakistan and has a highly diversified economy ranging from heavy industry and finance centred in and around Karachi to a substantial agricultural base along the Indus. Manufacturing includes machine products, cement, plastics, and various other goods.

Agriculture is very important in Sindh with cotton, rice, wheat, sugar cane, bananas, and mangoes as the most important crops. Sindh is the richest province in natural resources of gas, petrol, and coal.

Population

The great majority of the inhabitants of Sindh are of Hindu descent, converted to Islam. They speak a language of their own, which is akin to that of the Punjab, though retaining many archaic peculiarities. Mahommedans, who form more than three-fourths of the total, may be divided into Sindis proper and naturalized Sindis. The Sindhi proper is a descendant of the original Hindu. In sect he is a Sunni, though the Talpur mirs adopted the Shiah persuasion. There is, as a rule, no distinction of caste, except that followers of certain vocations - such as weavers, leather-workers, sweepers, huntsmen - are considered low and vile. The six different classes of naturalized Sindis are - the four families of the Saiyids (the Bokhari, Mathari, Shirazi and Laghari); the Afghans; the Baluchis; the slaves or Sidis - originally Africans; the Memans; and the Khwajas. More than half of the Hindus are Lohanas, originally traders, who have almost monopolised government service and the professions. Brahmans are few and uninfluential. Sikhs are numerous.

Flora and fauna

Provincial symbols of Sindh

Provincial emblem	Coat of arms of Sindh
Provincial flag	Flag of Sindh
Provincial language	سنڌي (unofficial)
Provincial animal	Sindh Ibex
Provincial bird	Sind Sparrow
Provincial tree	Capparis decidua
Provincial flower	Water Hyacinth

The province is mostly arid with scant vegetation except for the irrigated Indus Valley. The dwarf palm, Acacia Rupestris (kher), and Tecomella undulata (lohirro) trees are typical of the western hill region. In the Indus valley, the Acacia nilotica (babul) (babbur) is the most dominant and occurs in thick forests along the Indus banks. The Azadirachta indica (neem) (nim), Zizyphys vulgaris (bir) (ber), Tamarix orientalis (jujuba lai) and Capparis aphylla (kirir) are among the more common trees.

Mango, date palms, and the more recently introduced banana, guava, orange, and chiku are the typical fruit-bearing trees. The coastal strip and the creeks abound in semi-aquatic and aquatic plants, and the inshore Indus delta islands have forests of Avicennia tomentosa (timmer) and Ceriops candolleana (chaunir) trees. Water lilies grow in abundance in the numerous lake and ponds, particularly in the lower Sindh region.

Among the wild animals, the Sindh ibex (sareh), wild sheep (urial or gadh) and black bear are found in the western rocky range, where the leopard is now rare. The pirrang (large tiger cat or fishing cat) of the eastern desert region is also disappearing. Deer occur in the lower rocky plains and in the eastern region, as do the striped hyena (charakh), jackal, fox, porcupine, common gray mongoose, and hedgehog. The Sindhi phekari, ped lynx or Caracal cat, is found in some areas. In the Kirthar national park of sind, there is a project to introduce tigers and Asian elephants.

Phartho (hog deer) and wild bear occur particularly in the central inundation belt. There are a variety of bats, lizards, and reptiles, including the cobra, lundi (viper), and the mysterious Sindh krait of the Thar region, which is supposed to suck the victim's breath in his sleep. Crocodiles are rare and inhabit only the backwaters of the Indus and the eastern Nara channel. Besides a large variety of marine fish, the plumbeous dolphin, the beaked dolphin, rorqual or blue whale, and a variety of skates frequent the seas along the Sind coast. The pallo (sable fish), a marine fish, ascends the Indus annually from February to April to spawn.

Education

Year	Literacy rate
1972	30.2%
1981	31.5%
1998	45.29%
2008	57.7%

Sources:

This is a chart of the education market of Sindh estimated by the government in 1998.

Qualification	Urban	Rural	Total	Enrollment ratio (%)
—	14,839,862	15,600,031	30,439,893	—
Below Primary	1,984,089	3,332,166	5,316,255	100.00
Primary	3,503,691	5,687,771	9,191,462	82.53
Middle	3,073,335	2,369,644	5,442,979	52.33
Matriculation	2,847,769	2,227,684	5,075,453	34.45
Intermediate	1,473,598	1,018,682	2,492,280	17.78
BA, BSc... degrees	106,847	53,040	159,887	9.59
MA, MSc... degrees	1,320,747	552,241	1,872,988	9.07
Diploma, Certificate...	440,743	280,800	721,543	2.91
Other qualifications	89,043	78,003	167,046	0.54

Major public and private institutes includes:

• Adamjee Government Science College
• Aga Khan University
• APIIT
• Applied Economics Research Centre
• Bahria University
• College of Digital Sciences
• College of Physicians & Surgeons Pakistan
• COMMECS Institute of Business and Emerging Sciences
• D. J. Science College
• Dawood College of Engineering and Technology
• Defence Authority Degree College for Men
• Dow International Medical College
• Dow University of Health Sciences
• Fatima Jinnah Dental College
• Federal Urdu University
• Government College for Men Nazimabad
• Government College of Commerce & Economics
• Government College of Technology, Karachi
• Government Dehli College
• Government National College
• Greenwich University
• Hamdard University
• Hussain Ebrahim Jamal Research Institute of Chemistry
• Indus Valley Institute of Art and Architecture
• Institute of Business Administration, Karachi
• Institute of Industrial Electronics Engineering
• Institute of Sindhology
• Iqra University
• Islamia Science College
• Isra University
• Jinnah Medical & Dental College
• Jinnah Polytechnic Institute
• Jinnah Post Graduate Medical Centre
• Jinnah University for Women
• KANUPP Institute of Nuclear Power Engineering
• Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences
• Mehran University of Engineering and Technology
• Mumtaz College
• Mohammad Ali Jinnah University
• National Academy of Performing Arts
• National University of Sciences and Technology
• NED University of Engineering and Technology
• Ojha Institute of Chest Diseases
• PAF Institute of Aviation Technology
• Pakistan Navy Engineering College
• Pakistan Shipowners' College
• Pakistan Steel Cadet College
• Peoples Medical Girls College Nawabshah
• Provincial Institute of Teachers Education Nawabshah
• Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Sciences and Technology, Nawabshah
• Rana Liaquat Ali Khan Government College of Home Economics
• Rehan College of Education
• Saint Patrick's College, Karachi
• Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai University
• Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology
• Sindh Agriculture University
• Sindh Medical College
• Superior College of Science Hyderabad
• Sindh Muslim Law College
• Sir Syed Government Girls College
• Sir Syed University of Engineering and Technology
• St. Joseph's College
• Textile Institute Of Pakistan
• University of Karachi
• University of Sindh
• Usman Institute of Technology
• Ziauddin Medical University

Image:429068485 5f192dcf9f o.jpg|Sindh Madarsat-ul-Islam, 1893Image:University.JPG|Sindh Agriculture UniversityImage:Sindh universityold.jpg|Sindh_university old CampusImage:Daru uloom karachi.jpg|Dar-Ul-Uloom Karachi There are six Cadet Colleges also. Admission to state run educational institutions in Pakistan is based on the provincial level. The other three provinces have a merit-based intraprovincial admission policy. Sindh is an exception to this general rule, where admissions are allowed on district domiciles of the candidates and their parents. This arrangement discriminates against meritorious students of Sindhi ethnic background, denying them admission to educational institutes and courses of their choice. Currently there is a lot of resentment of this admission policy. Sindhis are demanding intraprovincial merit-based admissions to state run educational institutes, similar to the one existing in other provinces. This will provide equal opportunities to all students of Sindh. Furthermore, the armed forces have also entered the education sector. They are funded by government and operate like private costly education providers.

Arts and crafts

The skill of the Sindhi craftsman continues to exhibit the 5000-year-old artistic tradition. The long span of time, punctuated by fresh and incessant waves of invaders and settlers, provided various exotic modes of arts which, with the passage of time, got naturalized on the soil. The perfected surface decorations of objects of everyday use - clay, metal, wood, stone or fabrics, with the floral and geometrical designs - can be traced back to the Muslim influence.

Though chiefly an agricultural and pastoral province, Sindh has a reputation for Ajrak, pottery, leatherwork, carpets, textiles, and silk cloth which, in design and finish, are matchless. The chief articles produced are blankets, coarse cotton cloth (soosi) camel fittings, metalwork, lacquered work, enamel, gold and silver embroidery. Hala is famous for pottery and tiles; Boobak for carpets; Nasirpur, Gambat and Thatta for cotton lungees and Khes. The earthenware of Johi, metal vessels of Shikarpur, relli, embroidery, and leather articles of Tharparkar, and lacquered work of Kandhkot are some of the other popular crafts.

The pre-historic finds from different archaeological sites such as Mohenjo-daro, engravings in various graveyards, and the architectural designs of Makli and other tombs provide ample evidence of the people in their literary and musical traditions.

Modern painting and calligraphy have also developed in recent times and some young trained men have taken up commercial art collections.

Cultural heritage

Sindh has a rich heritage of traditional handicraft that has evolved over the centuries. Perhaps the most professed exposition of Sindhi culture is in the handicrafts of Hala, a town some 30 kilometres from Hyderabad. Hala’s artisans are manufacturing high quality and impressively priced wooden handicrafts, textiles, paintings, handmade paper products, blue pottery, etc. Lacquered wood works known as Jandi, painting on wood, tiles, and pottery known as Kashi, hand woven textiles including Khadi, Susi, and Ajrak are synonymous with Sindhi culture preserved in Hala’s handicraft.

The Small and Medium Enterprises Authority (SMEDA) is planning to set up an organization of artisans to empower the community. SMEDA is also publishing a directory of the artisans so that exporters can directly contact them. Hala is the home of a remarkable variety of traditional crafts and traditional handicrafts that carry with them centuries of skill that has woven magic into the motifs and designs used.

Sindh is known the world over for its various handicrafts and arts. The work of Sindhi artisans was sold in ancient markets of Armenia, Baghdad, Basra, Istanbul, Cairo and Samarkand. Referring to the lacquer work on wood locally known as Jandi, T. Posten an English traveller who visited Sindh in early 19th century said, the articles of Hala could be compared with exquisite specimens of China. Technological improvements were gradually introduced such as the spinning wheel charkha and treadle pai-chah in the weavers’ loom, to increase refinement in designing, dyeing and printing by block. Painting process amounted for a much higher volume of output. The refined, lightweight, colourful, washable fabrics from Hala became a luxury for people used to only woollens and linens of the age.

Ajrak has been in Sindh since the birth of its civilization. Blue colour is dominantly used in Ajrak. Also, Sindh was traditionally a large producer of indigo and cotton cloth and both used to be exported to the Middle East. Ajrak is a mark of respect when it is given to an honoured quest, friend or woman. In Sindh, it is most commonly given as a gift at Eid, at weddings, or on other special occasions - like homecoming. Along with Ajrak the Rilli or patchwork sheet, is another Sindhi icon and part of the heritage and culture. Every Sindhi home will have set of Rillis - one for each member of the family and few spare for guests. Rilli is made with different small pieces of different geometrical shapes of cloths sewn together to create intricate designs.

Rilhi is also given as a gift to friends and visitors. It is used as a bedspread as well as a blanket. A beautifully sewn Rilli can also become part of a bride or grooms gifts. Rural women in Sindh are skilful in producing Sindhi caps. Sindhi caps are manufactured commercially on a small scale at New Saeedabad and Hala New. These are in demand with visitors from Karachi and other places and these manufacturing units have very limited production due to lack of marketing facilities.

Sindhi topi (urdu) سندھی ٹويی : Sindh has one distinctive cap, which stands out for its colorful embroidery and glasswork; the Sindhi Topi. It is round in shape except that a portion in front is cut out to expose the forehead for the same reasons as explained earlier which represents the Islamic culture of Minbar and Mihrab. It comes in two varieties - hard and soft. The hard variety will keep its shape when not worn but the soft variety can be folded and even put into one’s picket. Most Sindhis, rich or poor, own a Sindhi cap. Image:Bhitai.gif| Shah Abul Latif Bhitai The National Poet of Sindh. Image:Pir shaheed.jpg| Shaheed Pir Sabeghatullah Shah Rashidi. Image:Mir Muhammad Naseer Khan Talpur.png| Mir Muhammad Naseer Khan Talpur the last ruler of Sindh. Image:Presedent asif zardari.jpg| President Asif Ali Zardari Praying Namaz With Traditional Sindhi topi. Image:Abida Parveen concert 1.jpg| The great Pakistani Sufi singer, Abida Parveen visited Oslo in September 2007. Image:Sindhi dress.jpg| Japanese wearing the Sindhi dress Ajrak. Image:Tile design.jpg| Pakistan's most famous blue tile design. Image:Rilhi.jpg| Sindhi Rilhi. Image:Malakhra Wrastling.jpg| Malakhra The Sindhi Traditional Wrestling. Image:091108000515 camel dance.jpg| Camel Decoration in Interior Sindh. Image:House in the Thar.JPG|Huts in the Thar desert.Image:Sindhi Biryani.jpg|Sindh Food Sindhi Biryani.

The Sindhi language

Sindhī (Arabic script: سنڌي, Devanagari script: सिन्धी) is spoken by about 15 million people in the province of Sindh. The largest Sindhi-speaking city is Hyderabad, Pakistan.It is an Indo-European language, related to Kutchi, Gujarati and other Indo-European languages prevalent in the region with substantial Persian, Turkish and Arabic loan words. In Pakistan it is written in a modified Arabic script.

Sindhi is an official language in both Pakistan, where it is spoken by approximately 18.5 million speakers, and in India, where it is spoken by close to three million speakers in the northern region of the country. Outside Pakistan and India, Sindhi is spoken in Oman, United Arab Emirates, the Philippines, Singapore, the United Kingdom, and in the USA. Although Sindhi is an Indo-Aryan language, it shows some signs of Dravidian influence (in both the lexicon and phonology), making it a noteworthy Indic language both linguistically and culturally.

Sindhi is spoken in Pakistan and is also one of the constitutional languages of India. It is spoken by about 20 million people in the province of Sind, southern Pakistan, Balochistan and by about 2 million more across the border in India. In Pakistan it is written in the Arabic script with several additional letters to accommodate special sounds. The largest Sindhi-speaking city is Hyderabad, Pakistan.Sindhi literature is also spiritual in nature and Shah Abdul Latif Bhattai (1689-1752) was one of its legendary poet who wrote Sassi Punnu, Umar Marwi in his famous book "Shah jo Rasalo".

Key Dialects: Kachchi, Lari, Lasi, Thareli, Vicholo (Central Sindhi), Macharia, Dukslinu (Hindu Sindhi), and Sindhi Musalmani (Muslim Sindhi).

Places of interest

Sindh has numerous tourist sites with the most prominent being the ruins of Mohenjo-daro near the city of Larkana. Islamic architecture is quite prominent in the province with the Jama Masjid in Thatta built by the Mughal emperor Shahjahan and numerous mausoleums dot the province including the very old Shahbaz Qalander mausoleum dedicated to the Iranian-born Sufi and the beautiful mausoleum of Muhammad Ali Jinnah known as the Mazar-e-Quaid in Karachi.

• Aror (ruins of historical city) near Sukkur.
• Chaukandi Tombs, Karachi.
• Forts at Hyderabad and Umarkot
• Gorakh Hill in Dadu.
• Kahu-Jo-Darro near Mirpurkhas.
• Kotri Barrage near Hyderabad.
• Makli Graveyard, Asia's Biggest, Makli, Thatta.
• Mazar-e-Quaid Karachi.
• Minar-e-Mir Masum Shah, Sukkur.
• Mohatta Palace Museum, Karachi.
• Rani Bagh, Hyderabad.
• Ranikot Fort near Sann.
• Ruins of Mohenjo-daro & Museum near Larkana.
• Sadhu Bela Temple near Sukkur.
• Shahjahan Mosque, Thatta.
• Shrine of Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai, Bhit Shah.
• Shrine of Shahbaz Qalander in Sehwan Shairf, Dadu
• Sukkur barrage, Sukkur.
• Kot Diji Fort, Kot Diji
• Talpurs' Faiz Mahal Palace, Khairpur .

File:FaizMahal.jpg|Faiz Mahal, KhairpurFile:Ranikot Fort 07a.jpg|Ranikot FortImage:Tomb Jinnah.jpg|Tomb of M.A. Jinnah in KarachiFile:Gorakh Hill Top 2.JPG|Gorakh Hill TopImage:Chaukundi1.JPG|Chaukhandi tombsImage:Kanab beach.JPG|Karachi BeachImage:Red mosque thatta.jpg|Shahjahan Mosque Thatta.Image:Tomb of jam,.jpg|Makli HillImage:Keenjhar Lake Thatta.jpg|Keenjhar lake ThattaImage:Mohenjodaro Sindh.jpeg|Excavated ruins of Mohenjo-daro, Pakistan.Image:QASIM Fort.JPG|Qasim fort.Image:Fort-detail.jpg|Kot Diji.Image:Sukkur on the Indus.jpeg|west bank of the River Indus.File:Thar Khuri.jpg|Camel ride in the Thar desert.Image:Chinkara.jpg|Indian Gazelle or Chinkara in Kirthar National Park.File:Sindh Museum.jpg|The Sindh Museum Hyderabad.Image:Bakirwarolake.jpg|Bakri Waro Lake, Khairpur.Image:Nangar parkar.jpg|Nangarparkar and Karoonjhar Mountains.Image:Manora Beach 1100641.JPG|peninsula of Manora.Image:Bhutto Mausoleum.jpg|Bhutto family Mausoleum.Image:Khi National Museum.jpg|National Museum of Pakistan.Image:Isalamkot.jpg|Museum and Forts of Umerkot and Islamkot .Image:Sukkur8.jpg|Sukkur Barrage and Lab-e-Mehran.Image:Sehwan1.jpg|The town of Sehwan Sharif.

Famous people

Note: Regarding those personalities who were born before 1947 and lived until after independence, the criteria used for judging which list to put them under is when did this person first make a name for themselves. The list drived from Famous Sindhi people link.

Historical personalities

• Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai
• Sachal Sarmast
• Shah Inayatullah
• Sami
• Abdullah Shah Ghazi
• Muhammad Ali Jinnah
• Dodo Bin Khafef Soomro III
• Jam Nizamuddin II
• Jam Ferozudin
• Jam Unar
• Jam Sanjar
• Jam Tamachi
• Sardar Darya Khan
• Mian Adam Shah Kalhoro, Amir
• Yar Mouhammed Kalhoro , Amir
• Main Noor Mohammad Kalhoro, Amir
• Mian Ghuam Shah Kalhoro , Amir
• Muhammad Muradyab Khan , Amir
• Mir Sher Muhammad Talpur
• Gernal Hosh Mohammad Sheedi
• Mir Ali Murad Talpur
• Mir Allahyar Talpur
• Abdul Raheem Grohirri
• Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi
• Molana Ubaidullah Sindhi

Pre-Independence (pre-1947)

• Fatima Jinnah
• Sir Abdullah Haroon
• Qazi Faiz Mohammad
• Sir Ghulam Hussain Hidayat Ullah
• Allah Bux Soomro
• Elsa Kazi
• Allama I. I. Kazi

Post independence

• G M Syed
• Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, former Prime Minister
• Benazir Bhutto, former Prime Minister of Pakistan
• Muhammad Khan Junejo, former Prime Minister of Pakistan
• Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi, former Prime Minister of Pakistan
• Asif Zardari, President of Pakistan
• Muhammad Mian Soomro, who served as President, Prime Minister
• Rasool Bux Palijo
• Murtaza Bhutto

Scholars

• Abu Mashar Sindhi
• Abu Ata Sindhi
• Abul Hassan Sindhi
• Abu Raja Sindhi
• Mohammad Hayya Al-Sindhi
• Badee-ud-Deen Shah as-Sindhee
• Allama Makhdoom Muhammad Hashim Thattvi
• Maulana Taj Mohammad Amrothi
• Molana Ubaidullah Sindhi
• Hafiz-ul-milat Hafiz Muhammad Siddique Of Bhar Chandi
• Allama Ghulam Mustafa Qasmi
• Shams-ul-Ulama Mirza Kalich Baig
• Raees-Ul-Muhajireen Barrister Jan Muhammad Junejo
• Shamsul Ulema Dr Umar Bin Muhammad Daudpota
• Allama Ali Khan Abro
• Maulana deen Muhammad Wafai
• Moulana Jan Mohammad Abbasi
• Makhdoom Bilawal

Entertainment

• Abida Parveen
• Allan Faqir
• Sarmad Sindhi
• Fozia Soomro
• Jalal Chandio

Authors

• Muhammad Ibrahim Joyo
• Hassam-ud-Din Rashidi
• Dr. Umar Bin Muhammad Daudpota
• Mirza Qalich Baig
• Allama I. I. Kazi
• Qazi Faiz Mohammad
• Nabi Bux Khan Baloch
• Elsa Kazi
• Ali Muhammad Rashidi
• Bedil Masroor
• Jamal Abro
• Anwar Peerzada
• Makhdoom Muhammad Zaman Talib-ul-Mola
• Khadim Hussain Chandio

Poets

• Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai
• Sachal Sarmast
• Shaikh Ayaz
• Abdul-Qādir Bēdil
• Shah Inayatullah
• Imdad Hussaini

See also

• Ba'ab-ul-Islam
• Famous Sindhi people
• Harappa
• Institute of Sindhology
• Karachi
• Mohenjodaro
• Sateen Jo Aastan
• Sindhudesh

Notes

1. Hindu Population in Pakistan according to 1998 census. Pakistan Hindu Concil
2. District Nazims of the Province of Sindh
3. Provincial Accounts of Pakistan: Methodology and Estimates 1973-2000
4. [1]
5. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001459/145959e.pdf
6. http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/fbs/publications/lfs2007_08/results.pdf

References

External links

• Government of Sindh
• Khairpur Sindh Heritage & Welfare NGO
• Dynasties ruling Sindh with some of their coinage and brief history
• Maps of Sindh
• 'Come on Sindh !' - A blog dedicated to the province of Sindh
• Map of the districts of Sindh
• Popular Sindhi Personalities
• Sindh Attractions
• http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics