The subtropics are the geographical zone of the Earth immediately north and south of the tropical zone, which is bounded by the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn, at latitudes 23.5°N and 23.5°S. The term "subtropical" describes the climatic region found adjacent to the tropics, usually between 20 and 40 degrees of latitude in both hemispheres.

Definitions

According to climatologist Glenn G. Trewartha, a subtropical region should have at least eight months with a mean temperature of or above. His revision of Köppen climate classification assigns to such areas the letter C, while others zones encompassed in the original Köppen group C class would be considered part of group D.

American climatologist John F. Griffiths in his book Applied climatology described the subtropical zone as having a coldest month of between and and assigning to this group the letter B, while the original B group of Köppen taxonomy would be spread over the various temperature-based groups.

German climatologists Carl Troll and Karl-Heinz Paffen defined warmgemäßigte Zonen ("Warm temperate zones") plain and hilly lands having an average temperature of the coldest month between and in Northern Hemisphere and between and in Southern Hemisphere, excluding oceanic and continental climates.

Characteristics

In subtropical climates the winters are relatively warm, but not as hot as the summer season. These climates rarely—if ever—see frost or snow, and plants such as palm, citrus and many broadleaf evergreens flourish, in contrast to the hardier deciduous and coniferous trees which dominate midlatitude climates. As one moves toward the tropical side the slight winter cool season disappears altogether, while at the polar threshold of the subtropics the winters become much cooler.

Rainfall patterns vary widely throughout the subtropics including hot deserts, savannas, monsoon forests, humid forests and the warmer parts of the Mediterranean climate zone. Subtropical regions include most of California and southern Europe (Mediterranean or dry-summer subtropical climate), the low deserts of the Southwest USA (hot arid type), the Gulf Coast and most of Florida (humid subtropical climate), northern India (monsoon), southeast China (humid), the middle part of South America (varied), much of Australia (varied) and coastal South Africa. Even the Isles of Scilly meet both requirements— average in the coldest month and eight months with the average above . Plymouth in Devon just meets the John F. Griffiths' requirement for a subtropical climate — average min and max in the coldest month.

Subtropical areas

Examples of subtropical cities and areas around the world include (see map above for more details):

In Africa

• North Africa: Algiers, Algeria; Alexandria, Egypt; Casablanca, Morocco; Tripoli, Libya; Tunis, Tunisia; Las Palmas, Spain (European Union); Funchal, Portugal (European Union).
• Southern Africa: Cape Town, Durban and East London, South Africa; Maseru, Lesotho and Natal, South Africa.

In The Americas

• The United States: Atlanta, Georgia; Austin, Texas; Birmingham, Alabama; Charleston, South Carolina; Dallas, Texas; Houston, Texas; Jacksonville, Florida; Las Vegas, Nevada; Los Angeles, California; Little Rock, Arkansas; Memphis, Tennessee; Nashville, Tennessee; New Orleans, Louisiana; Orlando, Florida; Phoenix, Arizona; Raleigh, North Carolina; Richmond, Virginia; San Antonio, Texas; San Diego; San Jose, California; Savannah, Georgia; Tampa, Florida; Tucson, Arizona and Wilmington, North Carolina.
• Latin America: Buenos Aires, Argentina; Montevideo, Uruguay; Santiago, Chile; Lima, Perú; São Paulo, Brazil and Asuncion, Paraguay.

In Eurasia

• China: Guangzhou, Hong Kong, Macau, Shanghai, Chongqing, Chengdu, Wuhan, Xiamen, Nanjing, Changsha, Taipei, Nanning and Taiwan.
• European Union: Inland areas around the Mediterranean Sea including a major part of the Iberian Peninsula. Sample cities and places: Gibraltar; Malaga; Malta.
• Georgia: Batumi.
• India: Amritsar, Mumbai (Bombay) and New Delhi.
• Russia: Sochi, Tuapse, Gelendzhik.
• Philippines: Baguio, Batanes.
• Turkey: Adana, Antalya, Izmir, Mersin.
• The Middle East: Iran, Persian Gulf; Baghdad, Iraq; Pakistan; Jerusalem, Israel; Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Tel Aviv, Israel; Beirut, Lebanon and Latakia, Syria.

In Oceania

• Australia: New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia and South Australia.
• New Zealand: Auckland, Northland, Coromandel, East Cape and Wellington.

Subtropical flora

Image:Liveoak,savannah.png|Savannah, Georgia: Live oak with spanish moss. This is a typical scene in the subtropical region of the eastern and southern USA as far west as Houston, TX.Image:Parque Tingui Curitiba Brasil.jpg|Curitiba: Live oak with araucarias. This is a typical scene in the subtropical region of the southern Brazil.

Charts of Selected Cities with Subtropical Climates

See also

• Humid subtropical climate
• Tropical rain forests
• Mediterranean climate
• Geographical zone

References