The KLF (Kopyright Liberation Front) were a band from the British acid house movement during the late 1980s and early 1990s. Beginning in 1987, Bill Drummond (alias King Boy D) and Jimmy Cauty (alias Rockman Rock) released hip hop-inspired and sample-heavy records as The Justified Ancients of Mu Mu, and on one occasion (the British number one hit single "Doctorin' the Tardis") as The Timelords. As The KLF, Drummond and Cauty pioneered the genres "stadium house" (rave music with a pop-rock production and sampled crowd noise) and "ambient house". The KLF released a series of international top-ten hits on their own KLF Communications record label, and became the biggest-selling singles act in the world for 1991. The duo also published a book, The Manual, and worked on a road movie called The White Room.

From the outset, they adopted the philosophy espoused by esoteric novel series The Illuminatus! Trilogy, gaining notoriety for various anarchic situationist manifestations, including the defacement of billboard adverts, the posting of prominent cryptic advertisements in NME magazine and the mainstream press, and highly distinctive and unusual performances on Top of the Pops. Their most notorious performance was at the February 1992 BRIT Awards, where they fired machine gun blanks into the audience and dumped a dead sheep at the aftershow party. This performance announced The KLF's departure from the music business, and in May 1992 the duo deleted their entire back catalogue.

With The KLF's profits, Drummond and Cauty established the K Foundation and sought to subvert the art world, staging an alternative art award for the worst artist of the year and burning one million pounds sterling. Although Drummond and Cauty remained true to their word of May 1992—the KLF Communications catalogue remains deleted in the UK—they have released a small number of new tracks since then, as the K Foundation, The One World Orchestra and most recently, in 1997, as 2K.

History

In 1986, Bill Drummond was an established figure within the British music industry, having co-founded Zoo Records, played guitar in the Liverpool band Big in Japan, and worked as manager of Echo & the Bunnymen and The Teardrop Explodes. On 21 July of that year, he resigned from his position as an A&R man at record label WEA, citing that he was nearly 33⅓ years old (33⅓ revolutions per minute being significant to Drummond as the speed at which a vinyl LP revolves), and that it was "time for a revolution in my life. There is a mountain to climb the hard way, and I want to see the world from the top". He released a well-received solo LP, The Man, judged by reviewers as "tastefully understated," a "touching if idiosyncratic biographical statement" encapsulating "his bizarrely sage ruminations", and "a work of humble genius: the best kind".

Artist and musician Jimmy Cauty was, in 1986, the guitarist in the commercially unsuccessful three-piece Brilliant—an act that Drummond had signed to WEA Records and managed. Cauty and Drummond shared an interest in the esoteric conspiracy novels The Illuminatus! Trilogy, and, in particular, their theme of Discordianism, a form of post-modern anarchism. As an art student in Liverpool, Drummond had been involved with the set design for the first stage production of The Illuminatus! Trilogy, a 12-hour performance which opened in Liverpool on 23 November 1976.

Re-reading Illuminatus! in late 1986, and influenced by hip-hop, Drummond felt inspired to react against what he perceived to be the stagnant soundscape of popular music. Recalling that moment in a later radio interview, Drummond said that the plan came to him in an instant: he would form a hip-hop band with former colleague Jimmy Cauty, and they would be called The Justified Ancients of Mu Mu.

The Justified Ancients of Mu Mu

Early in 1987, Drummond and Cauty's collaborations began. They assumed alter egos—King Boy D and Rockman Rock respectively—and they adopted the name The Justified Ancients of Mu Mu (The JAMs), after the fictional conspiratorial group "The Justified Ancients of Mummu" from The Illuminatus! Trilogy. In those novels, the JAMs are what the Illuminati (a political organisation which seeks to impose order and control upon society) call a group of Discordians who have infiltrated the Illuminati in order to feed them false information. As The Justified Ancients of Mu Mu, Drummond and Cauty chose to interpret the principles of the fictional JAMs in the context of music production in the corporate music world. Shrouded in the mystique provided by their disguised identities and the cultish Illuminatus!, they mirrored the Discordians' gleeful political tactics of causing chaos and confusion by bringing a direct, humorous but nevertheless revolutionary approach to making records, often attracting attention in unconventional ways. The JAMs' primary instrument was the digital sampler with which they would plagiarise the history of popular music, cutting chunks from existing works and pasting them into new contexts, underpinned by rudimentary beatbox rhythms and overlayed with Drummond's raps, of social commentary, esoteric metaphors and mockery.

The JAMs' debut single "All You Need Is Love" dealt with the media coverage given to AIDS, sampling heavily from The Beatles' "All You Need Is Love" and Samantha Fox's "Touch Me ". Although it was declined by distributors fearful of prosecution, and threatened with lawsuits, copies of the one-sided white label 12" were sent to the music press; it received positive reviews and was made "single of the week" in Sounds. A later piece in the same magazine called The JAMs "the hottest, most exhilarating band this year.... It's hard to understand what it feels like to come across something you believe to be totally new; I have never been so wholeheartedly convinced that a band are so good and exciting."

The JAMs re-edited and re-released "All You Need Is Love" in May 1987, removing or doctoring the most antagonistic samples; lyrics from the song appeared as promotional graffiti, defacing selected billboards. The re-release rewarded The JAMs not just with further praise (including NME´s "single of the week",) but also with the funds necessary to record their debut album. The album, 1987 , was released in June 1987. Included was a song called "The Queen and I", which sampled large portions of the ABBA single "Dancing Queen". The recording came to the attention of ABBA's management and, after a legal showdown with ABBA and the Mechanical-Copyright Protection Society, the 1987 album was forcibly withdrawn from sale. Drummond and Cauty travelled to Sweden in hope of meeting ABBA and coming to some agreement, taking an NME journalist and photographer with them, along with most of the remaining copies of the LP. They failed to meet ABBA, so disposed of the copies by burning most of them in a field and throwing the rest overboard on the North Sea ferry trip home. In a December 1987 interview, Cauty maintained that they "felt that what [they]'d done was artistically justified."

Two new singles followed 1987, on The JAMs' "KLF Communications" independent record label. Both reflected a shift towards house rhythms. According to NME, The JAMs' choice of samples for the first of these, "Whitney Joins The JAMs" saw them leaving behind their strategy of "collision course" to "move straight onto the art of super selective theft". The song uses samples of the Mission: Impossible theme alongside Whitney Houston's "I Wanna Dance With Somebody". Ironically, Drummond has claimed that The KLF were later offered the job of producing or remixing a new Whitney Houston album as an inducement from her record label boss (Clive Davis of Arista Records) to sign with them. Drummond turned the job down, but nonetheless The KLF signed with Arista as their American distributors. The second single in this sequence—Drummond and Cauty's third and final single of 1987—was "Down Town", a dance record built around a gospel choir and "Downtown" by 1960s star Petula Clark. These early works were later collected on the compilation album Shag Times.

A second album, Who Killed The JAMs?, was released in early 1988. Who Killed The JAMs? was a rather less haphazard affair than 1987, earning the duo at least one five-star review (from Sounds Magazine, who called it "a masterpiece of pathos".)

The Timelords

In 1988, Drummond and Cauty became "Time Boy" and "Lord Rock", and released a 'novelty' pop single, "Doctorin' the Tardis" as The Timelords. The song is predominantly a mash-up of the Doctor Who theme music, "Block Buster!" by The Sweet and Gary Glitter's "Rock and Roll ", with sparse vocals inspired by The Daleks and Harry Enfield's "Loadsamoney" character. "Doctorin' the Tardis" reached number one in the UK Singles Chart on 12 June, and charted highly in Australia and New Zealand.

Also credited on the record was "Ford Timelord", Cauty's 1968 Ford Galaxie American police car (claimed to have been used in the film Superman IV filmed in the UK). Drummond and Cauty declared that the car had spoken to them, giving its name as Ford Timelord, and advising the duo to become "The Timelords".

Drummond and Cauty would later portray the song as the result of a deliberate effort to write a number one hit single. However, in interviews with Snub TV and BBC Radio 1, Drummond said that the truth was that they had intended to make a house record using the Dr Who theme. After Cauty had laid down a basic track, Drummond observed that their house idea wasn't working and what they actually had was a Glitter beat. Sensing the opportunity to make a commercial pop record they abandoned all notions of underground credibility and went instead for the lowest common denominator. According to the British music press, the result was "rancid", "pure, unadulterated agony" and "excruciating" and—in something of a backhanded compliment from the normally supportive Sounds Magazine—"a record so noxious that a top ten place can be its only destiny". They were right: the record went on to sell over one million copies. A single of The Timelords' remixes of the song was released: "Gary Joins The JAMs" featured original vocal contributions from Glitter himself, who also appeared on Top of the Pops to promote the song with The Timelords.

The Timelords released one other product, a 1989 book called The Manual , a tongue-in-cheek but nonetheless insightful step-by-step guide to achieving a number one hit single with little money or talent.

The KLF

By the time the JAMs' single "Whitney Joins The JAMs" was released in September 1987, their record label had been renamed "KLF Communications" (from the earlier "The Sound of Mu(sic)"). However, the duo's first release as The KLF was not until March 1988, with the single "Burn the Bastards"/"Burn the Beat" (KLF 002). Although the Justified Ancients of Mu Mu name was not yet retired, most future Drummond and Cauty releases would go under the name "The KLF".

The name change accompanied a change in Drummond and Cauty's musical direction. Said Drummond (as 'King Boy D') in January 1988, "We might put out a couple of 12" records under the name The K.L.F., these will be rap free just pure dance music, so don't expect to see them reviewed in the music papers". King Boy D also claimed that he and Rockman Rock were "pissed off at [them]selves" for letting "people expect us to lead some sort of crusade for sampling". In 1990 he recalled that "We wanted to make [as The KLF] something that was ... pure dance music, without any reference points, without any nod to the history of rock and roll. It was the type of music that by early '87 was really exciting me ... [although] we weren't able to get our first KLF records out until late '88".

The 12" records subsequently released in 1988 and 1989 by The KLF were indeed rap free and house-oriented; remixes of some of The JAMs tracks, and new singles, the largely instrumental acid house anthems "What Time Is Love?" and "3 a.m. Eternal", the first incarnations of later international chart successes. The KLF described these new tracks as "Pure Trance". In 1989, The KLF appeared at the Helter Skelter rave in Oxfordshire. "They wooed the crowd", wrote Scotland on Sunday some years later, "by pelting them with... £1,000 worth of Scottish pound notes which each bore the message 'Children we love you'".

Also in 1989, The KLF embarked upon the creation of a road movie and soundtrack album, both titled The White Room, funded by the profits of "Doctorin' The Tardis". Neither the film nor its soundtrack were formally released, although bootleg copies of both exist. The soundtrack album contained pop-house versions of some of the "pure trance" singles, as well as new songs, most of which would appear (albeit in radically reworked form) on the version of the album which was eventually released to mainstream success. A single from the original album was released, however: "Kylie Said to Jason", an electropop record featuring references to Todd Terry, Rolf Harris, Skippy the Bush Kangaroo and BBC comedy programme The Good Life. In reference to that song, Drummond and Cauty noted that they had worn "Pet Shop Boys infatuations brazenly on [their] sleeves".

The film project was fraught with difficulties and setbacks, including dwindling funds. "Kylie Said to Jason", which Drummond and Cauty were hoping could "rescue them from the jaws of bankruptcy", flopped commercially, failing even to make the UK top 100. In consequence, The White Room film project was put on hold, and The KLF abandoned the musical direction of the soundtrack and single.Meanwhile, "What Time Is Love?" was generating acclaim within the underground clubs of continental Europe; according to KLF Communications, "The KLF were being feted by all the 'right' DJs". This prompted Drummond and Cauty to pursue the acid house tone of their Pure Trance series. A further Pure Trance release, "Last Train to Trancentral", followed. At this time, Cauty had co-founded The Orb as an ambient side-project with Alex Paterson. Cauty and Paterson DJ-ed at the monthly "Land Of Oz" house night in London, and The KLF's seminal 1990 "ambient house" LP Chill Out was born partly from these sessions. The ambient album Space and The KLF's ambient video Waiting were also released in 1990, as was a heavier, more industrial sounding dance track, "It's Grim Up North", under The JAMs' moniker.

In October 1990 The KLF launched a series of singles with an upbeat pop-house sound which they dubbed "Stadium House". Songs from The White Room soundtrack were re-recorded with rap and more vocals (by guests labelled "Additional Communicators"), a sample-heavy pop-rock production and crowd noise samples. The results brought The KLF international recognition and acclaim. The first "Stadium House" single, "What Time Is Love?", released in October 1990, reached number five in the UK Singles Chart and hit the top-ten internationally. The follow-up, "3 a.m. Eternal", was an international top-five hit in January 1991, reaching number one in the UK and number five in the US Billboard Hot 100. The album The White Room followed in March 1991, reaching number three in the UK. A substantial reworking of the aborted soundtrack, the album featured a segued series of "Stadium House" songs followed by downtempo tracks.

The KLF's chart success continued with the single "Last Train to Trancentral" hitting number two in the UK, and number three in the Eurochart Hot 100. In December 1991, a re-working of a song from 1987, "Justified and Ancient" was released, featuring the vocals of American country star Tammy Wynette. It was another international hit—peaking at number two in the UK, and number 11 on the Billboard Hot 100—as was "America: What Time Is Love?" (number four on the UK singles chart), a hard, guitar-laden reworking of "What Time Is Love?".

In 1990 and 1991, The KLF also remixed tracks by Depeche Mode ("Policy of Truth"), The Moody Boys ("What Is Dub?"), and the Pet Shop Boys ("So Hard" from the Behaviour album, and "It Must Be Obvious"). Pet Shop Boy Neil Tennant described the process: "When they did the remix of 'So Hard', they didn't do a remix at all, they re-wrote the record ... I had to go and sing the vocals again, they did it in a different way. I was impressed that Bill Drummond had written all the chords out and played it on an acoustic guitar, very thorough."

After successive name changes and a plethora of highly influential dance records, Drummond and Cauty ultimately became, as The KLF, the biggest-selling singles act in the world for 1991, still incorporating the work of other artists but in less gratuitous ways and predominantly without legal problems.

Retirement

On 12 February 1992, The KLF and crust punk group Extreme Noise Terror performed a live version of "3 a.m. Eternal" at the BRIT Awards, the British Phonographic Industry's annual awards show; a "violently antagonistic performance" in front of "a stunned music-business audience". Drummond and Cauty had planned to throw buckets of sheep's blood over the audience, but were prevented from doing so due to opposition from BBC lawyers and "hardcore vegans" Extreme Noise Terror. The performance was instead garnished by a limping, kilted, cigar-chomping Drummond firing blanks from an automatic weapon over the heads of the crowd. As the band left the stage, The KLF's promoter and narrator Scott Piering announced over the PA system that "The KLF have now left the music business". Later in the evening the band dumped a dead sheep with the message "I died for ewe—bon appetit" tied around its waist at the entrance to one of the post-ceremony parties.

Reactions were mixed. Piers Morgan, writing in The Sun, under the headline "KLF's Sick Gun Stunt Fails To Hit The Target", called The KLF "pop's biggest wallies" and producer Trevor Horn is reported to have called their antics "disgusting". NME, on the other hand, said that The KLF "stormed" the show and that after their performance the BRITs show went "downhill all the way".

Scott Piering's PA announcement of The KLF's retirement was largely ignored at the time. NME, for example, assured their readers that the tensions and contradictions would continue to "push and spark" The KLF and that more "musical treasure" would be the result, but they noted: "[Drummond has] himself nicely skewered on the horns of an almighty dilemma. He has taken over pop music and it has been a piece of piss to do so. And he hates that. He wants to be separate from a music industry that clasps him ever closer to its bosom. He loves being in the very belly of the beast, yet he wishes he was something that'd cause it to throw up too. He wants not only to bite the hand that feeds but to shove it into an industrial mincer and stomp the resultant pulp into the dirt, yet pop, as long as you continue to make it money, would let you sexually abuse its grandmother. There is, Bill old boy, no sensible way out."

In the weeks following the BRITs performance, The KLF continued working with Extreme Noise Terror on the album The Black Room, but it was never finished. On 14 May 1992, The KLF announced their immediate retirement from the music industry and the deletion of their entire back catalogue:

In a comprehensive examination of The KLF's announcement and its context, Select called it "the last grand gesture, the most heroic act of public self destruction in the history of pop. And it's also Bill Drummond and Jimmy Cauty's final extravagant howl of self disgust, defiance and contempt for a music world gone foul and corrupt." Many of The KLF's friends and collaborators gave their reactions in the magazine. Movie director Bill Butt said that "Like everything, they're dealing with it in a very realistic way, a fresh, unbitter way, which is very often not the case. A lot of bands disappear with such a terrible loss of dignity". Scott Piering said that "They've got a huge buzz off this, that's for sure, because it's something that's finally thrilling. It's scary to have thrown away a fortune which I know they have. Just the idea of starting over is exciting. Starting over on what? Well, they have such great ideas, like buying submarines". Even Kenny Gates, who as a director of The KLF's distributors APT stood to lose financially from the move, called it "Conceptually and philosophically ... absolutely brilliant". Mark Stent reported the doubts of many when he said that "I [have] had so many people who I know, heads of record companies, A&R men saying, 'Come on, It's a big scam.' But I firmly believe it's over". "For the very last spectacularly insane time", the magazine concluded, "The KLF have done what was least expected of them".

The final KLF Info sheet discussed the retirement in a typically offbeat fashion, and asked "What happens to 'Footnotes in rock legend'? Do they gather dust with Ashton Gardner and Dyke, The Vapors, and the Utah Saints, or does their influence live on in unseen ways, permeating future cultures? A passing general of a private army has the answer. 'No', he whispers 'but the dust they gather is of the rarest quality. Each speck a universe awaiting creation, Big Bang just a dawn away'."

There have been numerous suggestions that in 1992 Drummond was on the verge of a nervous breakdown. Drummond himself said that he was on the edge of the "abyss". BRIT Awards organiser Jonathan King had publicly endorsed The KLF's live performance, a response which Scott Piering cited as "the real low point". The KLF's BRITs statuette for "Best British Group" of 1992 was later "found" buried in a field near Stonehenge.

K Foundation and post-retirement projects

The K Foundation was an arts foundation established by Drummond and Cauty in 1993 following their 'retirement' from the music industry. From 1993 to 1995 they engaged in a number of art projects and media campaigns, including the high-profile K Foundation art award (for the "worst artist of the year"). Most notoriously, they burnt what was left of their KLF earnings—a million pounds in cash—and filmed the performance.

In 1995, Drummond and Cauty contributed a song to The Help Album as The One World Orchestra ("featuring The Massed Pipes and Drums of the Children's Free Revolutionary Volunteer Guards"). "The Magnificent" is a drum'n'bass version of the theme tune from The Magnificent Seven, with vocal samples from DJ Fleka of Serbian radio station B92: "Humans against killing... that sounds like a junkie against dope".

On 17 September 1997, ten years after their debut album 1987, Drummond and Cauty re-emerged briefly as 2K. 2K made a one-off performance at London's Barbican Arts Centre with Mark Manning, Acid Brass, the Liverpool Dockers and Gimpo; a performance at which "Two elderly gentlemen, reeking of Dettol, caused havoc in their motorised wheelchairs. These old reprobates, bearing a grandfatherly resemblance to messrs Cauty and Drummond, claimed to have just been asked along." The song performed at the Barbican – "Fuck the Millennium" (a remix of "What Time Is Love?" featuring Acid Brass and incorporating elements of the hymn "Eternal Father, Strong to Save") – was also released as single. These activities were accompanied by the usual full page press adverts, this time asking readers "***k The Millennium: Yes/No?" with a telephone number provided for voting. At the same time, Drummond and Cauty were also K2 Plant Hire, with plans to build a "People's Pyramid" from used house bricks; this plan never reached fruition.

As of , Bill Drummond continues to work as a writer and conceptual artist. Jimmy Cauty has been involved in several post-KLF projects including the music and conceptual art collective Blacksmoke and more recently, numerous creative projects with the aquarium and the L-13 Light Industrial Workshop based in Clerkenwell, London.

KLF Communications

From their very earliest releases as The Justified Ancients of Mu Mu until their retirement in 1992, the music of Bill Drummond and Jimmy Cauty was independently released in their home country (the UK). Their debut releases - the single "All You Need Is Love" and the album 1987 - were released under the label name "The Sound Of Mu(sic)". However, by the end of 1987 Drummond and Cauty had renamed their label to "KLF Communications" and, in October 1987, the first of many "information sheets" (self written missives from The KLF to fans and the media) was sent out by the label.

KLF Communications releases were distributed by Rough Trade Distribution (a spinoff of Rough Trade Records) in the South East of England, and across the wider UK by the Cartel. As Drummond and Cauty explained, "The Cartel is, as the name implies, a group of independent distributors across the country who work in conjunction with each other providing a solid network of distribution without stepping on each other's toes. We are distributed by the Cartel." When Rough Trade Distribution collapsed in 1991 it was reported that they owed KLF Communications £500,000. (In the same feature it was reported that Drummond wished to sign Ian McCulloch to the label, but this never happened.) Plugging (the promotion to TV and radio) was handled by long time associate Scott Piering.

Outside the UK, KLF releases were issued under licence by local labels. In the USA, the licensees were Wax Trax (the Chill Out album), TVT (early releases including The History of The JAMs a.k.a. The Timelords), and Arista Records (The White Room and singles).

The KLF Communications catalogue remains deleted in the United Kingdom.

Themes

Several threads and themes unify the many incarnations of Drummond and Cauty's creative partnership. Mostly these are esoteric or opaque in nature, which has led some people to compare Drummond and Cauty's incarnations to The Residents for their antics, if not their music. Drummond and Cauty have also been compared to Stewart Home and the Neoists. Home himself said that the duo's work "has much more in common with the Neoist, Plagiarist and Art Strike movements of the nineteen-eighties than with [[[Situationist International|the Situationists]] the avant-garde of the fifties and sixties." Drummond and Cauty "represent a vital and innovative strand within contemporary culture", he added.[[Stewart Home|Home, S.]], "Doctorin' Our Culture", published on the website of The Stewart Home Society ([http://www.stewarthomesociety.org/klf.htm link]) ===''Illuminatus!''=== {{Refimprove|section|date=August 2009}} Drummond and Cauty made heavy references to [[Discordianism]], a modern [[chaos]]-based religion originally described by [[Malaclypse the Younger]] in ''[[Principia Discordia]]'', but popularised by [[Robert Shea]] and [[Robert Anton Wilson]] in the ''[[The Illuminatus! Trilogy|Illuminatus!]]'' books, written between 1969 and 1971. The attitude and tactics of Drummond and Cauty's partnership matched that of the fictional cult whose name they had adopted. Throughout the partnership, these tactics were often interpreted by media commentators as "pranks" or "[[publicity stunt]]s". However, according to Drummond, "That's just the way it was interpreted. We've always loathed the word scam. I know no-one's ever going to believe us, but we never felt we went out and did things to get reactions. Everything we've done has just been on a gut level instinct."Morton, R., "One Coronation Under A Groove", ''[[New Musical Express]]'', 22 January 1991 ([http://www.libraryofmu.org/display-resource.php?id=191 link]). Cauty has expressed similar feelings, saying of The KLF, "I think it worked because we really meant it". In addition to resembling the fictional JAMs attitudinally and tactically, references to themes of Discordianism and ''Illuminatus!'' also manifested Drummond and Cauty's musical, visual and written work, meticulously and often covertly. The JAMs' debut single "All You Need Is Love" includes the words "[[Immanentize the eschaton|Immanentize the Eschaton]]!", in reference to the opening line of ''Illuminatus!'', "They immanentized the Eschaton", interpreted as "they brought about the end of the world" or "they brought heaven to Earth". In The JAMs' "The Porpoise Song", from the album ''Who Killed The JAMs?'', King Boy D and a talking [[porpoise]] converse, referencing Howard, the talking porpoise in ''Illuminatus!''. The KLF's single version of "Last Train to Trancentral" opens with the demand "Okay, everybody lie down on the floor and keep calm", which is also taken from ''Illuminatus!''. The refrain "All bound for Mu Mu land", from The KLF's "Justified and Ancient (Stand by The JAMs)" is a reference to the [[Mu (lost continent)|Lost Continent of Mu]], which Shea and Wilson identify with the fictional land Lemuria in ''Illuminatus!''. Some research suggests that archeological remains located in waters off the coast of Japan may be Mu; at the end of the "Justified and Ancient" music video, The KLF exit in a [[submarine]]. Drummond and Cauty's output is also highly [[self-reference|self-referential]], in common with ''Illuminatus!''. In particular, original vocal samples are reused in a variety of musical contexts. For example, the [[ring modulation|ring modulated]] "Mu Mu!" sample that first appeared on "Burn the Bastards" is also to be found on "What Time Is Love? (Live at Trancentral), "Last Train to Trancentral (Live from the Lost Continent)" and "Fuck the Millennium". The number [[23 (numerology)|23]], significant within [[numerology]], is a theme of ''Illuminatus!'', where instances of the number are both overtly and surreptitiously placed. Similarly, an abundance of such occurrences were deposited throughout Drummond and Cauty's collective output, for example: * In lyrics to the song "Next" from the album ''1987'': "23 years is a mighty long time". * In periods of time: for instance, they reportedly signed a contract preventing either of them from publicly discussing the burning of a million pounds for a period of 23 years;K Foundation, "Cape Wrath" advertisement, in ''[[The Guardian]]'' (''G2''), 8 December 1995([http://www.libraryofmu.org/display-resource.php?id=519 link]). their 1997 return as 2K was "for 23 minutes only".2K press advert ([http://www.mutelibtech.com/mute/2k/2k1.htm link], [http://www.mutelibtech.com/mute/2k/2kpress.htm overview]) * In numbering schemes: for instance, the debut single "All You Need Is Love" took the catalogue number JAMS 23, while the final KLF Communications Information Sheet was numbered 23; and Cauty's Ford Galaxie police car had on its roof the identification mark 23. * In significant dates during their work: for instance, a rare public appearance by The KLF, at the Liverpool Festival of Comedy, was on 23 June 1991; they announced the winner of the K Foundation award on 23 November 1993;"K-Foundation nailed", ''[[New Musical Express]]'', 11 December 1993 ([http://www.libraryofmu.org/display-resource.php?id=368 link]) and they burned one million pounds on 23 August 1994. When questioned on the importance that he attaches to this number, Drummond has been evasive, responding enigmatically "I know. But I'm not going to tell, because then other people would have to stop having to wonder and the thing about beauty is for other people to wonder at it. It's not very beautiful once you know"."Freak Show", ''[[i-D]]'' magazine, December 1994 ([http://www.libraryofmu.org/display-resource.php?id=392 link]). Drummond's penchant for living by numbers has also been observed in his choosing to align the ages at which he undertook creative projects ''The Man'' and ''[[45 (book)|45]]'' with the standard revolution speeds of a turntable (33.3 and 45 rpm). The "Pyramid Blaster" is a logo and [[iconography|icon]] frequently and prominently depicted within the duo's collective work: a [[pyramid]], in front of which is suspended a [[boombox|ghetto blaster]] displaying the word "Justified". This references the [[Eye of Providence|All-Seeing Eye]] icon, often depicted as an eye within a triangle or pyramid, a significant symbol of ''Illuminatus!''. The pyramid was also a theme of the duo's 1997 re-emergence, with the proposed building by [[Fuck the Millenium#K2 Plant Hire|K2 Plant Hire]] of "a massive pyramid containing one brick for every person born in the UK during the 20th century".''[[Fortean Times]]'', referencing ''[[The Big Issue]]'', 15 September 1997 and ''[[The Guardian]]'', 5 November 1997 ([http://www.forteantimes.com/articles/107_sdays.shtml link]). There is no definitive explanation of The KLF's name, nor of the origin of 'K' in the names of the K Foundation and 2K. KLF has been variously reported as being an [[acronym]] for "Kopyright Liberation Front" and "Kings of the Low Frequencies". This mirrors ''Illuminatus!'', where the fictional JAMs are in alliance with The LDD—who regularly change the origins of their name—and The ELF ("[[Eris (mythology)|Erisian]] Liberation Front"). Although Drummond accounted for the adoption of The JAMs name in the first KLF Communications Info Sheet,Drummond, B. (1987), ''KLF Info Sheet Oct 1987'' ([http://www.libraryofmu.org/display-resource.php?id=500 link]) the reasoning behind Drummond and Cauty's decision to reference the ''Illuminatus!'' mythology with such consistent intricacy is unknown. Indeed, it has been suggested by journalist [[Steven Poole]] that the public's inability to fully understand The KLF results in all their subsequent activities (as a partnership or otherwise) being absorbed into The KLF's mystique. In a review of Drummond's 1999 book, ''45'', and an appraisal of The KLF's career, Poole stated that "[Bill Drummond] and collaborator Jimmy Cauty are the only true [[conceptual art]]ists of the [1990s]. And for all the [[wiktionary:eldritch|eldritch]] beauty of their art, their most successful creation is the myth they have built around themselves."[[Steven Poole|Poole, S.]], "Hit man, myth maker—''45''", ''[[The Observer]]'', 26 February 2000 ([http://www.libraryofmu.org/display-resource.php?id=487 link]) He concluded, {{quote|A myth like The KLF's is peculiarly omnivorous. Just as there can never be any evidence to disprove a conspiracy theory because the fabrication of such evidence—don't you see?—is itself part of the conspiracy, so the pop myth of The KLF can never be blown apart by anything they do, no matter how dumb or embarrassing. The myth will suck it up, like a black hole.}} ===Trancentral, eternity, sheep=== Trancentral (aka the BenioMead, H. (1990), ''Chill Out'' review, ''[[New Musical Express]]'' ([http://www.libraryofmu.org/display-resource.php?id=123 link]).) was the operations centre of The KLF, their mythological home, and their studios. Despite the grandiose lyrics of "[[Last Train to Trancentral]]", Trancentral was in fact Cauty's residence in [[Stockwell]], [[South London]], "a large and rather grotty [[squatting|squat]]" according to ''[[Melody Maker]]'''s David Stubbs: "Jimmy has lived [there] for 12 years. ('I hate the place. I've no alternative but to live here.') There's little evidence of fame or fortune. The kitchen is heated by means of leaving the three functioning gas rings on at full blast until the fumes make us all feel stoned.... And, pinned just above a working top cluttered with chipped mugs is a letter from a five-year-old fan, featuring a crayon drawing of the band." [[Eternity]] is a recurring theme in song titles ("3 a.m. Eternal", "Madrugada Eterna") and lyrics. Drummond and Cauty also asserted that 'Eternity' was the author of an ambiguous, far-reaching contract offered to The JAMs. (See [[The KLF films|The KLF films: ''The White Room'']].) Following the February 1990 release of ''Chill Out'', [[sheep]] had recurring roles in the duo's output until their 1992 retirement. Drummond has claimed that the use of sheep on the ''Chill Out'' cover was intended to evoke contemporary rural [[rave]]s and the cover of the [[Pink Floyd]] album [[Atom Heart Mother]],{{cite book | last = Drummond | first = Bill | authorlink = Bill Drummond | coauthors = | title = 17 | publisher = Beautiful Books | date = | location = | pages = 410 | url = http://www.the17.org | doi = | id = | isbn = 978-1905636266 }} insisting that the dead sheep gesture at the BRIT Awards was a compromise, replacing his earlier intention to literally cut off his hand at the ceremony. Sheep feature in The KLF ambient video ''Waiting'', and some sheep were guests of honour at the first screening of The KLF's ultimately unreleased film ''The White Room''. It is unclear whether the theme of sheep had any particular artistic meaning. Indeed, the inner sleeve of ''The White Room'' CD pictured Drummond and Cauty each holding a sheep, with the caption "Why sheep?". ===Ceremonies and journeys=== Drummond and Cauty's work often involved notions of ceremony and journey. Journeys are the subject of the KLF Communications recordings ''Chill Out'', ''Space'', "Last Train to Trancentral", "Justified and Ancient" and "America: What Time Is Love?", as well as the aborted film project ''The White Room''. The ''Chill Out'' album depicts a journey across the [[U.S. Gulf Coast]]. In his book ''45'', Drummond expressed his admiration for the work of artist [[Richard Long (artist)|Richard Long]], who incorporates physical journeys into his art.[[Bill Drummond|Drummond, B.]], "A Smell Of Money Under Ground", ''[[45 (book)|45]]'', Little & Brown, ISBN 0-316-85385-2 / Abacus, ISBN 0-349-11289-4, 2000. Fire and [[sacrifice]] were recurring ceremonial themes: Drummond and Cauty made fires to dispose of their illegal debut album and to sacrifice The KLF's profits; their dead sheep gesture of 1992 carried a sacrificial message. The KLF's short film ''[[The KLF films|The Rites of Mu]]'' depicts their celebration of the 1991 [[Midsummer|summer solstice]] on the [[Hebrides|Hebridean]] island of [[Jura, Scotland|Jura]]: a {{convert|60|ft|m|sing=on}} tall [[Wicker Man|wicker man]] was burnt at a ceremony in which journalists were asked to wear yellow and grey robes and join a [[chant]]. Chanting also featured in "3 a.m. Eternal", ''Chill Out'' and—aggressively—"Fuck the Millennium". ===Promotion=== [[Image:K-Foundation - Fuck the Millenium Advert.jpg|thumb|upright|A K2 Plant Hire advertisement, exhibiting the stark quality of Drummond and Cauty's press adverts, and the characteristic typeface]] Drummond and Cauty's promotional tactics were unconventional. The duo were renowned for their distinctive and humorous public appearances (including several on ''[[Top of the Pops]]''), at which they were often costumed.Frith, M., "The Return of The KLF", ''[[SKY magazine|Sky]]'', October 1997 ([http://www.libraryofmu.org/display-resource.php?id=445 link]). They granted few interviews, communicating instead via semi-regular newsletters, or cryptically phrased full-page adverts in UK national newspapers and the music press. Such adverts were typically stark, comprising large white lettering on black. A single [[typeface]] became characteristic of all KLF Communications' and K Foundation output, being used almost exclusively on sleevenotes and record labels, merchandise and adverts. From the outset of their collaborations, Drummond and Cauty practised the [[guerrilla communication]] tactic that they described as "illegal but effective use of [[graffiti]] on [[billboard (advertising)|billboards]] and public buildings" in which "the original meaning of the advert would be totally subverted". Much as The JAMs' early recordings carried messages on the back of existing musical works, their promotional graffiti often derived its potency from the context in which it was placed. For instance, The JAMs' "SHAG SHAG SHAG" graffiti, coinciding with their release of "[[All You Need Is Love (The JAMs song)|All You Need Is Love]]", was drawn over the "HALO HALO HALO" slogan of a ''[[Today (UK newspaper)|Today]]'' billboard that depicted [[Greater Manchester]] Police Chief Constable [[James Anderton]], who had decried [[homosexuality|homosexuals]] amidst the UK media's AIDS furore.For a general overview see: "The 1980s AIDS campaign", ''[[Panorama (TV series)|Panorama]]'' [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/panorama/4348096.stm Article on the BBC website] (accessed 26 April 2006). A fuller set of references are available in the article "[[All You Need Is Love (The JAMs song)]]" Music press journalists were occasionally invited to witness the defacements. In December 1987, a ''Melody Maker'' reporter was in attendance to see Cauty reverse his car Ford Timelord alongside a billboard and stand on its roof to graffiti a [[Christmas]] message from The JAMs.Smith, M., "The Great TUNE Robbery", ''[[Melody Maker]]'', 12 December 1987 ([http://www.libraryofmu.org/display-resource.php?id=52 link]) In February 1991, another ''Melody Maker'' journalist watched The KLF deface a billboard advertising ''[[The Sunday Times (UK)|The Sunday Times]]'', doctoring the slogan "[[Gulf War|THE GULF]]: the coverage, the analysis, the facts" by painting a 'K' over the 'GU'. Drummond and Cauty were, on this occasion, caught at the scene by police and arrested, later to be released without charge. In November 1991, the slogan "It's Grim Up North" appeared as graffiti on the junction of London's [[M25 motorway|M25]] orbital motorway with the [[M1 motorway|M1]], which runs to Northern England. The graffiti, for which The JAMs denied responsibility, led to a [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]] motion being timetabled by [[Member of Parliament]] [[Joseph Ashton (politician)|Joe Ashton]] regarding regional imbalance."The JAMs: centre of political interest", ''[[New Musical Express]]'', 9 November 1991 ([http://www.libraryofmu.org/display-resource.php?id=258 link]). In September 1997, on the day after Drummond and Cauty's brief remergence as 2K, the graffiti "1997: What The Fuck's Going On?" appeared on the outside wall of London's [[Royal National Theatre|National Theatre]], ten years after the slogan "1987: What The Fuck's Going On?" had been similarly placed to mark the release of The JAMs' debut album."Pre-millennium tension hits new high", ''[[New Musical Express]]'' 27 September 1997 ([http://www.libraryofmu.org/display-resource.php?id=465 link]). ==Legacy== Despite their protestations of 1988 about not wishing to be seen as crusaders for [[sampling (music)|sampling]], The JAMs continue to be associated with the cultural movement which retrospectively bundles together those literary and artistic works that make use of 'creative [[plagiarism]]'. ''1987: What the Fuck Is Going On?'' is considered a landmark work in the early history of sampling music in the United Kingdom. (See [[Mashup (music)#The JAMs and The KLF|mashup]].) [[Image:KLF - J&A ice cream ad.jpg|thumb|upright|KLF Communications' advert for "[[Justified and Ancient]]", with a quote from the lyrics: "They travel the world in their [[ice cream van]], they've voyaged to the bottom of time. They've been to the place where the Mu-Mu mate, and the children still cry 'Mine's a [[99 Flake|99]]!'"]] Similarly, ''Chill Out'' is cited as "one of the essential ambient albums".Bush, J., [http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:lif6zf0hehak ''Chill Out'' review], [[Allmusic]]. Retrieved 6 April 2006. In 1996, ''[[Mixmag]]'' named ''Chill Out'' the fifth best "dance" album of all time, describing Cauty's DJ sets with The Orb's Alex Paterson as "seminal".Philips, D., "50 Greatest Dance Albums: # 5", ''[[Mixmag]]'', March 1996 ([http://www.libraryofmu.org/display-resource.php?id=478 link]). ''The Guardian'' has credited The KLF with inventing "stadium house"O'Reilly, J. "The horny old devils", ''[[The Guardian]]'', 29 August 1997 ([http://www.libraryofmu.org/display-resource.php?id=437 link]) and ''NME'' named The KLF's stadium house album ''The White Room'' the 81st best album of all time.{{Citation needed|date=April 2009}} Elements of The KLF's stadium house concept (sampled crowd noise, and signatory vocal samples reused on different songs) were adopted by several less successful rave acts of the early 1990s, including [[Utah Saints]], [[N-Joi]] and Messiah. ''[[Sound on Sound]]'' magazine credited The KLF with "set[ting] the trend for a new approach to mixing". Engineer [[Mark Stent]] is quoted as saying: {{quote|It was in working with Bill Drummond and Jimmy Cauty that things really started to happen in a new way, using mixing as a work-in-progress, rather than an end stage. We were running everything live in the studio, from [[music sequencer|sequencers]] and samplers. Obviously there was also stuff on tape, but they would come in with their [[Atari ST|Ataris]] and [[Akai]] samplers, and we would end up rearranging the whole song whilst mixing things. They would then take away what we did, work on it again, and come back a while later, and I'd mix stuff again. My KLF work put me in the picture, and after that the phone never stopped ringing.|[[Mark Stent]], in Tingen, P. "The Work of a Top Flight Mixer", ''[[Sound on Sound]]'' magazine, January 1999 ([http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/jan99/articles/spike366.htm link]). Retrieved March 2006.}} ===Opinions of contemporaries=== In 1991, [[Chris Lowe]] of the Pet Shop Boys said that he considered the only other worthwhile group in the UK to be The KLF. [[Neil Tennant]] added that "They have an incredibly recognisable sound. I liked it when they said [[EMF (band)|EMF]] nicked the F from KLF.Morton, R. "One Coronation Under A Groove", ''[[New Musical Express]]'', 12 January 1991 ([http://www.libraryofmu.org/display-resource.php?id=191]) They're from a different tradition to us in that they're pranksters and we've never been pranksters." At the time of The KLF's retirement announcement, Drummond's old friend and colleague [[David Balfe]] said of Drummond's KLF career that "the path he's trod[den] is a more artistic one than mine. I know that deep down I like the idea of building up a very successful career, where Bill is more interested in weird stuff.... I think the very avoidance of cliche has become their particular cliche". In March 1994, members of the anarchist band [[Chumbawamba]] expressed their respect for The KLF. Vocalist and percussionist Alice Nutter referred to The KLF as "real situationists" categorising them as political musicians alongside the [[Sex Pistols]] and [[Public Enemy (band)|Public Enemy]]. Dunst Bruce lauded the K Foundation, concluding "I think the things The KLF do are fantastic. I'm a vegetarian but I wish they'd sawn an [[elephant]]'s legs off at the BRIT Awards."[[Stuart Maconie|Maconie, S.]], Chumbawumba interview, ''[[Select (magazine)|Select]]'', March 1994 ([http://www.libraryofmu.org/display-resource.php?id=378 link]). ===Direct influence=== The KLF have been imitated to some degree by German techno band [[Scooter (band)|Scooter]], being sampled on virtually every album Scooter have released. Frontman [[H.P. Baxxter]] even exclaims 'K to the L to F..' on their popular single RAMP (The Logical Song). KLF were themselves apparently the victims of a "hoax" when an outfit called "1300 Drums featuring the Unjustified Ancients of M.U." released a novelty single to cash-in on the popularity of [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] footballer [[Eric Cantona]]. 1300 Drums even made a KLF-style ''Top of the Pops'' appearance, with the "band" wearing Cantona masks. The authorship of "Ooh Aah" remains unresolved: at least one source maintains that Drummond and Cauty ''were'' 1300 Drums.RedMuze biography of The KLF at [[BBC Online]] ([http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/johnpeel/artists/k/klf/ link]) The Timelords' book, ''[[The Manual]]'', was reportedly used by the one-hit-wonders [[Edelweiss (band)|Edelweiss]] to secure their hit "Bring Me Edelweiss".Longmire, E. "KLF Is Going to Rock You" ''X Magazine'', July 1991 ([http://cardhouse.com/x07/klf.html link])Reighley, K.B. "Hear No Evil", ''[[Seattle Weekly]]'', 26 May 1999 ([http://www.seattleweekly.com/music/9921/two-reighley.php link]) In the liner photographs for the album [[Readymades]] by punk band [[Chumbawamba]], Dunstan Bruce is clearly depicted reading a copy of The Manual.{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}} "Last Train to Trancentral" is used in the finale of [[Blue Man Group]]'s theatrical shows and was [[Last Train to Trancentral (Blue Man Group EP)|covered by them on an EP]]. The group's ''[[Rock Concert Instruction Manual]]'' is a tribute to ''The Manual''.{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}} "Looking 4 The KLF", a KLF tribute track by [[POP INC]] with a voice-over by British actor [[Simon Jones]], has been issued by [[Modo]] and [[Ninthwave Records]]. Thirteen different versions of the song are currently known to exist, remixed by people all over the world, while the "Looking 4 The KLF" video has been put into rotation in the United States by [[Rockamerica]]. You can watch it at [http://video.klf-communications.net/9003554640 KLF Television] "It's Weird Out West" is an homage to KLF's "It's Grim Up North" by Radsonic www.radsonic.net. ===Career retrospectives=== Drummond and Cauty have made frequent appearances in the British [[broadsheet]]s and music papers since The KLF's retirement, most often in connection with the K Foundation and their burning of one million pounds. It is worth noting that The KLF in their various incarnations have been to an extent "media darlings" who have received largely unqualified praise from the printed media. This may or may not be due to what ''NME'' called their "Master[y] of manipulating media and perceptions of themselves"."Fresh JAMMS?", ''[[New Musical Express]]'', 6 September 2001 ([http://www.nme.com/news/41844.htm]) In 1992, ''NME'' referred to The KLF as "Britain's greatest pop group" and "the two most brilliant minds in pop today", and in 2002 listed the duo in their "Top 50 Icons" at number 48."Top 50 NME Icons", ''[[New Musical Express]]''. See also "Roll over, Beatles - Smiths top the pops: Oldies and goldies in hall of fame", ''[[The Guardian]]'' ([[Manchester]]), 17 April 2002, "Guardian Home Pages" section, p6. The British music paper also listed The KLF's 1992 BRIT Awards appearance at number 4 in their "top 100 rock moments".[http://microsites.nme.com/rock100/site/4.html "100 Rock Moments"], NME.com. Retrieved 21 April 2006. "What's unique about Drummond and Cauty", the paper said in 1993, "is the way that, under all the slogans and the sampling and the smart hits and the dead sheep and the costumes, they appear not only to care, but to have some idea of how to achieve what they want." "[Of their many aliases,] it is as the KLF that they will go down in pop history," wrote Alix Sharkey in 1994, "for a variety of reasons, the most important being the resolute purity of their self-abnegation, and their visionary understanding of pop." He added: "By early 1992 the KLF was easily the best-selling, probably the most innovative, and undoubtedly the most exhilarating pop phenomenon in Britain. In five years it had gone from pressing up 500 copies of its debut recording to being one of the world's top singles acts." The same piece also quoted Sheryl Garratt, editor of ''[[The Face (magazine)|The Face]]'': ""the music hasn't dated. I still get an adrenaline rush listening to it." Garratt believes their influence on the British house and rap scene cannot be overestimated. "Their attitude was shaped by the rave scene, but they also love pop music. So many people who make pop actually despise it, and it shows.""Sharkey, A., "Trash Art & Kreation", ''[[The Guardian|The Guardian Weekend]]'', 21 May 1994 ([http://www.libraryofmu.org/display-resource.php?id=384 link]). In a largely cynical piece, ''[[Trouser Press]]'' reviewer Ira Robbins referred to The KLF's body of work as "a series of colorful sonic marketing experiments". ''The Face'' called them "the kings of cultural anarchy"."K Foundation: Nailed To The Wall", ''[[The Face (magazine)|The Face]]'', January 1994 ([http://www.libraryofmu.org/display-resource.php?id=374 link]) In 2003, ''[[The Observer]]'' named The KLF's departure from the music business (and the BRITs performance in which the newspaper says "their legend was sealed") the fifth greatest "publicity stunt" in the history of popular music ([[Elvis Presley|Elvis]] joining the army being hailed as the greatest).Thompson, B. "The 10 greatest publicity stunts", ''[[The Observer]]'', 27 September 2003 ([http://observer.guardian.co.uk/omm/the10/story/0,11109,1043955,00.html link]) A 2004 listener poll by [[BBC 6 Music]] saw The KLF/K Foundation placed second in a list of "rock excesses" (after [[The Who]]).Barnes, Anthony, "The Who top rock's hall of shame", ''[[The Independent on Sunday]]'' (London), 20 June 2004, p5. ==Instrumentation== Early releases by The JAMs, including the album ''1987'', were performed using an [[Apple II series|Apple II]] computer with a Greengate DS3 sampler [[Apple II peripheral cards|peripheral card]], and a [[Roland TR-808]] drum machine.KLF Communications, sleevenotes, "1987: The JAMs 45 Edits", JAMS 23T, 1987.''NME'''s 28 November 1987 review of The JAMs' single "Down Town" referred to them as "The Kings of The Greengate Sampler". On later releases, the Greengate DS3 and Apple II were replaced with an Akai S900 sampler and an Atari computer respectively. The house music of Space and The KLF involved much original instrumentation, for which the Oberheim OB-8 analogue synthesiser was prominently used.. Of the two Oberheims The KLF used, only one remains. It is now owned by James Fogarty (with whom Cauty founded Blacksmoke).

The KLF's 1990–1992 singles were mixed by Mark Stent, using a Solid State Logic (S.S.L.) automated mixing desk, and The White Room LP mixed by J. Gordon-Hastings using an analogue desk. The SSL is referenced in the subtitle of The KLF single "3 a.m. Eternal (Live at the S.S.L.)". The Roland TB-303 bassline and Roland TR-909 drum machine feature on "What Time Is Love (Live at Trancentral)".

Several of Drummond and Cauty's compositions feature distinctive original instrumentation using non-synthesised instruments. Drummond played a Gibson ES-330 semi-acoustic guitar on "America: What Time Is Love?", and Cauty played electric guitar on "Justified and Ancient (Stand by The JAMs)" and "America: What Time Is Love?". Graham Lee provided prominent pedal steel contributions to The KLF's Chill Out and "Build a Fire". Duy Khiem played clarinet on "3 a.m. Eternal" and "Make It Rain". The KLF track "America No More" features a pipe band, and 2K's "Fuck The Millennium" incorporates a full brass band.

Discography

• The Justified Ancients of Mu Mu: 1987 (The Sound of Mu(sic), 1987)
• The Justified Ancients of Mu Mu: Who Killed The JAMs? (KLF Communications, 1988)
• The Justified Ancients of Mu Mu/The KLF: Shag Times (KLF Communications, 1988)
• The KLF/Various Artists: The "What Time Is Love?" Story (KLF Communications, 1989)
• The KLF: Space (KLF Communications, 1990)
• The KLF: Chill Out (KLF Communications, 1990)
• The KLF: The White Room (KLF Communications, 1991)

Notes and references

1. http://www.klf-communications.net/
2. Reynolds, Simon, Rip It Up And Start Again: Post-punk 1978–1984, ISBN 0-571-21570-X
3. "Big In Japan - Where are they now?", Q Magazine, January 1992 ( link)
4. "Tate tat and arty", New Musical Express, 20 November 1993 ( link)
5. "Special K", GQ magazine (April 1995), quoting "a ringingly quixotic press release" issued by Drummond in 1986 ( link).
6. Robbins, I., "KLF", Trouser Press magazine ( link). Retrieved 20 April 2006.
7. Wilkinson, R., "The Man review", Sounds, 8 November 1986 ( link).
8. du Noyer, P. (1986), "The Man" review, Q magazine, December (?) 1986 ( link).
9. LeRoy, D., Brilliant biography, Allmusic ( link)
10. The production was staged by Ken Campbell's "Science Fiction Theatre of Liverpool". Ian Broudie recalled meeting Drummond during the period of time that the play was staged, in a January 1997 interview with Mixmag ([1]). Drummond mentioned Campbell and the play in an interview by Ben Watkins, published by The Wire magazine in March 1997 ([2]). Campbell spoke about his production in an interview given to James Nye, first published in Gneurosis 1991, available at Frogweb: Ken Campbell (URL accessed 2 March 2006).
11. Logan, B., "Arts: Gastromancy and other animals: Ken Campbell has a new show at the National Theatre - but he'd rather tell Brian Logan about dogs that talk and sucking spirits up your bottom", The Guardian (Manchester), 29 August 2000, "Guardian Features Pages" section, p14.
12. "All You Need Is Love" review, Sounds, 14 March 1987.
13. "The Justified Ancients of Mu Mu", Sounds, 16 May 1987.
14. Kelly, D., "All You Need Is Love" review, New Musical Express, 23 May 1987.
15. "The KLF Biography", KLF BIOG 012, KLF Communications, December 1990( link)
16. Didcock, Barry, "Bitter Swede symphony", Sunday Herald (Glasgow), 21 October 2001, p4.
17. News item, Sounds, 12 September 1987
18. Brown, J., "Thank You For The Music", New Musical Express, 17 October 1987.
19. "Whitney Joins The JAMs" review, New Musical Express, August 1987.
20. Interview with Bill Drummond by Ernie Longmire, "KLF Is Going to Rock You" X Magazine, July 1991 ( link)
21. Transcript of a Bill Drummond interview on "Bomlagadafshipoing" (Norwegian national radio house-music show), September 1991 ( link).
22. "JAMs turn down Whitney", New Musical Express, 16 November 1991 ( link)
23. Reviewed by NME writer James Brown in the 28 November 1987 edition.
24. "Who Killed The JAMs?" review, Sounds, February 1988.
25. Bill Drummond interviewed by Richard Skinner on Saturday Sequence, BBC Radio 1, December 1990 ( MP3)
26. Wilkinson, R., "...Ford Every Scheme", Sounds, 28 May 1988 ( link).
27. ,"Doctorin' the Tardis" review, Melody Maker, 28 May 1988 ( link).
28. "Who Killed The KLF?", Select, July 1992 ( link).
29. Drummond, B., KLF Communications Info Sheet, 22 January 1988 ( link).
30. Rimmer, L., "T in the Park: Greatest festival stories ever...", Scotland on Sunday (Edinburgh) ISSN 0955-8756 , EG MAGAZINE Edition, 8 July 2001, p7. Video
31. Mellor, C. "Beam Me Up, Scotty - How to have a number one (The JAMs way)", Offbeat Magazine, February 1989 ( link)
32. Sleevenotes, Indie Top 20 Volume 8, published by Beechwood Music, catalogue number TT08, 1990.
33. KLF Communications, "Information Sheet Eight", August 1990 ( link)
34. "History Rewritten: The KLF biography", sleevenotes, Mu, EMI Japan TOCP-6916, October 1991 ( link).
35. Brown, J., "The Pet Shop Boys Versus The World", New Musical Express, 25 25 May 1991.
36. Bush, J., KLF biography, Allmusic ( link)
37. "Timelords gentlemen, please!", New Musical Express, 16 May 1992 ( link)
38. McCormick, N., "The Arts: My name is Bill, and I'm a popaholic", The Daily Telegraph (London), 2 March 2000, p27.
39. "Brits behaving badly", BBC News Online, 4 March 2000 ( link)
40. "Baa-nned!! KLF sheep chopped by BBC", New Musical Express, 22 February 1992 ( link)
41. Kelly, D. "Welcome To The Sheep Seats", New Musical Express, 29 February 1992 ( link)
42. "KLF's Sick Gun Stunt Fails To Hit The Target", The Sun, 13 February 1992 ( link)
43. KLF Communications Information Sheet #23, May 1992 ( link)
44. Shaw, W., "Special K", GQ magazine, April 1995 ( link)
45. "[1992] had been the year of Bill's 'breakdown', when The KLF, perched on the peak of greater-than-ever success, quit the music business, (toy) machine gunned the tuxedo'd twats in the front row of that year's BRIT Awards ceremony and dumped a sheep's carcass on the steps at the after-show party." Martin, G., "The Chronicled Mutineers", Vox, December 1996 ( link)
46. Drummond, Bill and Mark Manning, Bad Wisdom (ISBN 0-14-026118-4)
47. "BRITs statuette dug up", Q magazine, Feb 1993 ( link)
48. "The Best Of Artists, The Worst of Artists", New York Times, 29 November 1993 ( link).
49. Ellison, M. "Terror strikes at the Turner Prize / Art at its very best (or worst)", The Guardian, 24 November 1993 ( link).
50. Reid, J., "Money to burn", The Observer, 25 September 1994. This article is a first-hand account by freelance journalist Jim Reid, the only independent witness to the burning. ( link)
51. Butler, B., interview with Jimmy Cauty for The Big Issue Australia, 18 June 2003 ( link). For Cauty's actual words—a breakdown of The KLF's earnings and spending—see K Foundation Burn a Million Quid.
52. "Burning Question", The Observer, 13 February 2000 ( link)
53. Discogs.com entry for "One World Orchestra, The" ( discogs.com link)
54. Flint, C. "Media Pranksters KLF Re-emerge As 2K", Billboard, 2 September 1997 ( link)
55. "Justified and (Very) Ancient?", Melody Maker, 20 August 1997 ( link)
56. 2K press release & biography on the website of their record label, Mute/Blast First ( link)
57. "People's Pyramid", Melody Maker, 15 November 1997 ( link)
58. "2K: Brickin' it!", New Musical Express, Nov 97 ( link)
59. KLF Communications profile at Discogs.com ( link)
60. Drummond, B. & Cauty, J. (1989) The Manual , KLF Publications (KLF 009B), UK. ISBN 0-86359-616-9. ( Link to full text)
61. "KLF chase money ... and McCulloch", New Musical Express, 29 February 1992 ( link)
62. Allmusic review of Chill Out ( link)
63. Allmusic review of The History of The JAMs a.k.a. The Timelords ( link)
64. Allmusic review of The White Room/Justified & Ancient ( link)
65. Bill Drummond explained the licensing situation - and inducements made by Arista - in an interview by Ernie Longmire, X Magazine, July 1991 ( link)
66. Stubbs, D. "Pranks for the Memory", Melody Maker, 16 February 1991 ( link)
67. In his book 45 (Little & Brown, ISBN 0-316-85385-2 / Abacus, ISBN 0-349-11289-4), Drummond documented his love of The Residents as a concept ( link).
68. Extract from a feature on Stewart Home. Cornwell, J. i-D Magazine, Nov 1993 ( link)
69. KLF Communications, sleevenotes, The White Room, JAMS LP6, 1991.
70. KLF Communications, sleevenotes, "America: What Time Is Love?", KLF USA4, 1992.

See also

• List of The KLF's creative associates
• Anti-art

External links

• The Library of Mu - archive of press articles
• KLF Communications Website, Blog, youTube, Subsites TV, Artwork, Database
• KLF Mailing List
• The KLF and Illuminatus! - including a list of their references to the number 23
• The KLF at Acclaimed Music - artist rank #395
• 'Chill Out' Spotlight feature, Clash magazine, November 2006