Traffic signs or
road signs are
signs erected at the side of
roads to provide
information to road users. With increasing speed of transport, the
tendency is for countries to adopt pictorial signs or otherwise
simplify and standardize signs, to facilitate international travel
where language differences can create barriers and in general to
reduce the risks in driving. Such pictorial signs use symbols in
place of words and are usually a result of international standards.
Such signs were first developed in
Europe,
and have been adopted by most countries to varying degrees.
Categories
Traffic signs can be grouped into several types. For example,
Annexe 1 of the
Vienna Convention on
Road Signs and Signals (1968), which at 30 June 2004 had 52
signatory countries, defines eight categories of signs:
In the
United
States
and in Australia signs are
categorised as follows:
In the United States, the categories, placement, and graphic
standards for traffic signs and
pavement markings are legally
defined in the
Federal
Highway Administration's
Manual on Uniform
Traffic Control Devices as the standard.
A rather informal distinction among the directional signs is the
one between advance directional signs, interchange directional
signs, and reassurance signs. Advance directional signs appear at a
certain distance from the interchange, giving information for each
direction. A number of countries do not give information for the
road ahead (so-called "pull-through" signs), and only for the
directions left and right. Advance directional signs enable drivers
to take precautions for the exit (e.g., switch lanes, double check
whether this is the correct exit, slow down).They often do not
appear on lesser roads, but are normally posted on expressways and
motorways, as drivers would be missing exits without them. While
each nation has its own system, the first approach sign for a
motorway exit is mostly placed at least 1000 m from the actual
interchange. After that sign, one or two additional advance
directional signs typically follow before the actual interchange
itself.
History
Roman milestone
Speed camera sign used in Hong Kong,
Ireland, Finland, Czech Republic, Latvia, Estonia and the United
Kingdom
The earliest road signs were
milestones,
giving distance or direction; for example, the
Romans erected stone columns throughout their
empire giving the distance to Rome. In the
Middle Ages, multidirectional signs at
intersections became common, giving directions to cities and
towns.
Traffic signs became more important with the development of
automobiles. One of the first modern-day road sign systems was
devised by the Italian Touring Club in 1895. By 1900, a Congress of
the International League of Touring Organizations in Paris was
considering proposals for standardization of road signage.
The basic
patterns of most traffic signs were set at the 1908 International Road Congress in
Rome
. In 1909, nine European governments agreed
on the use of four pictorial symbols, indicating "bump", "curve",
"intersection", and "grade-level railroad crossing". The intensive
work on international road signs that took place between 1926 and
1949 eventually led to the development of the European road sign
system. The United States developed its own road signage system,
which was also adopted by several other nations. Beginning in the
1960s, North American signage began adopting international symbols
and signs into its system.
Over the years, change was gradual. Today, signs are almost all
metal, rather than wood, and are coated with
retroreflective sheetings of various types
for nighttime and low-light visibility.
New generations of traffic signs based on big electronic displays
can also change their symbols and provide intelligent behavior by
means of sensors or by remote control. These "road beacon systems"
are based on the use of RFID transponders buried in the asphalt to
allow for on-board signalling and interaction between the car and
the road.
Yet another "medium" for transferring information ordinarily
associated with visible signs is
RIAS , e.g., "talking
signs" for print-handicapped (including
blind/low-vision/illiterate) people. These are infra-red
transmitters serving the same purpose as the usual graphic signs
when received by an appropriate device such as a hand-held receiver
or one built into a cell phone.
North America and Australia
handicap sign
Colour schemes
The
North American, Australian and New Zealand
colours normally have these meanings:
- red with white for stop signs, yield, and
forbidden actions (such as No Parking)
- green with white letters for informational
signs, such as directions, distances, and places
- brown with white for signs to parks, historic sites,
ski areas, forests,
and campgrounds
- blue with white for rest areas, food, gasoline or petrol, hospitals, lodging, and
other service
- black with white for
commercial, exempt,
special, and signs were used in the
past
- white with black (or
red letters) for regulatory signs, such as
speed limits (or parking)
- yellow with black letters and symbols for warning signs, such as curves and
school zones
- orange with black letters for
temporary traffic control zones and detour associated with road construction
The U.S.
Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices
prescribes five other colors:
- fluorescent yellow-green for school
zone, school bus stop, pedestrian, playground, and bicycle warning
signs
- fluorescent pink for incident
management signs
- coral, light blue, and purple, which are unassigned, although
purple has been proposed as a color to be used on signs for
electronic toll
collection. In Australia, toll routes are indicated by blue
signs with gold lettering in place of green with white.
Regulatory signs are also sometimes seen with white letters on red
or black signs.
In Quebec
, blue is
often used for tourist attractions and brown public services such
as rest areas; many black-on-yellow signs are red-on-white
instead.
Many
U.S. states and
Canadian provinces now
use fluorescent orange for construction signs.
Highway symbols and markers
Every state and province has different
markers for its own highways, but use
standard ones for all federal highways. Many special highways– such
as the
Queen Elizabeth Way,
Trans-Canada Highway, and
various
auto trails in the U.S. – have
used unique signs. Counties in the U.S. sometimes use a
pentagonal blue sign with yellow letters for
numbered
county roads, though the use
is inconsistent even within states.
Units
Distances on traffic signs generally follow the measurement system
in use by the country. Most U.S. road signs use the imperial system
of miles (or a fraction) or yards, although the federal Department
of Transportation has developed metric standards for all signs.
United Kingdom signs also display distances in miles. Elsewhere,
metric distances are in very wide use, though not universal.
Languages
1ight
Where signs use a language, the recognised language/s of the area
is normally used. Signs in most of the U.S., Canada, Australia, and
New Zealand are in
English.
Quebec
uses French, while New Brunswick
and the Jacques-Cartier
and Champlain
bridges, in Montreal (as well as some parts in the
West
Island
), use both English and French, and a number of
other provinces and states, such as Ontario
, Manitoba
, and Vermont
use
bilingual French–English signs in certain localities.
Mexico
uses
Spanish. Within a few miles
of the
U.S.-Mexico border, road
signs are often in English and Spanish. Indigenous languages,
mainly
Nahuatl as well as some
Mayan languages, have been used as well.
In
Israel
, many signs are in Hebrew,
Arabic and English.
Typefaces
The typefaces predominantly used on signs in the U.S. and Canada
are the
FHWA alphabet series
(Series B through Series F and Series E Modified). Details of
letter shape and spacing for these alphabet series are given in
"Standard Alphabets for Traffic Control Devices," first published
by the
Bureau of Public Roads
(BPR) in 1945 and subsequently updated by the
Federal Highway
Administration (FHWA). It is now part of Standard Highway Signs
(SHS), the companion volume to the MUTCD which gives full design
details for signfaces.
Initially, all of the alphabet series consisted of uppercase
letters and digits only, although lowercase extensions were
provided for each alphabet series in a 2002 revision of SHS. Series
B through Series F evolved from identically named alphabet series
which were introduced in 1927.
Straight-stroke letters in the 1927 series were substantially
similar to their modern equivalents, but unrounded glyphs were used
for letters such as B, C, D, etc., to permit more uniform
fabrication of signs by illiterate painters. Various state highway
departments and the federal BPR experimented with rounded versions
of these letters in the following two decades.
The modern, rounded alphabet series were finally standardised in
1945 after rounded versions of some letters (with widths loosely
appropriate for Series C or D) were specified as an option in the
1935 MUTCD and draft versions of the new typefaces had been used in
1942 for guide signs on the newly constructed
Pentagon road network.
The mixed-case alphabet now called Series E Modified, which is the
standard for destination legend on freeway guide signs, originally
existed in two parts: an all-uppercase Series E Modified, which was
essentially similar to Series E except for a larger stroke width,
and a lowercase-only alphabet. Both parts were developed by the
California Division of Highways (now
Caltrans) for use on freeways in 1948–1950.
Initially the Division used all-uppercase Series E Modified for
button-reflectorized letters on
ground-mounted signs and mixed-case legend (lowercase letters with
Series D capitals) for externally illuminated overhead guide signs.
Several Eastern turnpike authorities blended all-uppercase Series E
Modified with the lowercase alphabet for destination legends on
their guide signs.
Eventually this combination was accepted for destination legend in
the first manual for signing Interstate highways, which was
published in 1958 by the
American Association of State Highway Officials and adopted as
the national standard by the BPR.
Uses of non-FHWA typefaces
The U.S.
National Park Service
uses
NPS Rawlinson Roadway, a
serif typeface, for guide signage; it
typically appears on a brown background. Rawlinson has replaced
Clarendon as the official NPS
typeface, but some states still use Clarendon for recreational
signage.
Georgia
, in the past, used uppercase Series D with a custom
lowercase alphabet on its freeway guide signs; the most distinctive
feature of this typeface is the lack of a dot on lowercase
i and j. More recent installations appear
to include the dots.
The
Clearview typeface,
developed by U.S. researchers to provide improved legibility, is
permitted for light legend on dark backgrounds under FHWA interim
approval.
Clearview has seen widespread use by state
departments of transportation in Arkansas
, Illinois
, Michigan
, Pennsylvania
, Texas
, and
Virginia
. In Canada
, the
Ministry of Transportation for the Province of British
Columbia
specifies Clearview for use on its highway guide
signs, and its usage has shown up in Ontario on the
Don Valley Parkway and Gardiner Expressway in Toronto
and the Queen
Elizabeth Way in Hamilton
and Niagara, as well
as street signs in various parts of the province.
The font
is also being used on newer signs in Manitoba and Quebec.
It is common for local governments, airport authorities, and
contractors to fabricate traffic signs using typefaces other than
the FHWA series;
Helvetica and
Arial are common choices.
New Zealand
New Zealand road signs are influenced both by American and
European practices.
Warning signs are diamond shaped with a yellow background for
permanent warnings, and an orange background for temporary
warnings. They are somewhat more pictorial than their American
counterparts.
Regulatory signs follow European practice, with a white circle with
a red border indicating prohibitive actions, and a blue circle
indicating mandatory actions. White rectangular signs with a red
border indicate lane usage directions.Information and direction
signs are rectangular, with a green background indicating a
state highway, a blue background for
all other roads and all services (except in some, where directional
signage is white), and a brown background for tourist
attractions.
Before 1987, most road signs had black backgrounds - diamonds
indicated warnings, and rectangles indicated regulatory actions
(with the exception of the Give Way sign (an inverted trapezium),
and Stop sign and speed limit signs (which were the same as
today)). Information signs were yellow, and direction signage was
green on motorways and black everywhere else.
Europe
The first road signs established in
Czechoslovakia on November 1, 1935: six blue-white danger warning
signs.
They were later supplanted with red-white-black signs.
In 1968, the European countries signed the
Vienna Convention on Road
Traffic treaty, with the aim of standardizing traffic
regulations in participating countries in order to facilitate
international road traffic and to increase road safety. Part of the
treaty was the
Vienna Convention on
Road Signs and Signals, which defined the traffic signs and
signals. As a result, in Western Europe the traffic signs are well
standardised, although there are still some country-specific
exceptions, mostly dating from the pre-1968 era.
The principle of the European traffic sign standard is that shapes
and colours are to be used for indicating same purposes. Triangular
shapes (white or yellow background) are used in warning signs.
Additionally, the Vienna convention allows an alternative shape for
warning signs, a diamond shape, which is rarely used in Europe. The
prohibition signs in Europe are round with a red border.
Informative and various other secondary signs are of rectangular
shape.
Animals shown on warning signs include
moose, frogs, deer, ducks, cows, sheep, horses, polar bears (on Svalbard
), and monkeys (in Gibraltar
). The Convention allows any animal image to
be used.
Directional signs have not been harmonised under the Convention, at
least not on ordinary roads. As a result, there are substantial
differences in directional signage throughout Europe. Differences
apply in typeface, type of arrows and, most notably, colour scheme.
The
convention however specifies a difference between motorways and
ordinary roads, and that motorways use white-on-green (e.g.,
Italy
, Switzerland
, Denmark
, Sweden
, Finland
, Slovenia
, Croatia
, Czech
Republic
, Greece
, Cyprus
, Bulgaria
, Romania
, Slovakia
, Serbia
, Republic of
Macedonia
) or white-on-blue (e.g., Norway
, Germany
, the Republic of Ireland
, France
, United
Kingdom
, Spain
, Netherlands
, Belgium
, Austria
, Luxembourg
, Poland
, Portugal
, Latvia
).
Hungary
switched from white-on-green to white-on-blue in
the early 2000s during the reconstruction of existing and
construction of new motorways, although the first section of the M5
motorway built in the early 90s still has white-on-green
signs.
Differences are greater for non-motorways:
white-on-blue in Italy, Switzerland, Sweden, Czech
Republic, Greece, Cyprus, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Romania, Latvia, Estonia
, Finland and Netherlands (in this case the same as motorways),
white-on-green in France, United
Kingdom, Republic of Ireland, Poland and
Portugal, black-on-yellow in Germany, Luxembourg, Norway, Slovenia, Serbia and
Croatia, red-on-white in Denmark (though white-on-blue on motorway exits and all
overhead gantries), and black-on-white in Spain.
Secondary
roads are different from primary roads in France, United
Kingdom, Finland, Republic of Ireland, Switzerland and Portugal, always signposted in black-on-white.
In
Germany, Italy, Romania and Sweden,
black-on-white indicates only urban roads or urban
destinations.
Signposting road numbers differs greatly as well. Only the
European route number, if signposted,
will always be placed in white letters on a green rectangle.
European
route numbers are not signed at all in the United
Kingdom.
Some signs like "
STOP", "ZONE" etc are
recommended to be in English, but the local language is also
permitted. If the language uses non-Latin characters, the names of
cities and places should also be in Latin
transcription.
Road signs in the Republic of
Ireland are bilingual, using Irish and English. Wales
is also
the same, with bilingual Welsh-English signs; some parts of Scotland
also have bilingual Scottish Gaelic-English signs.
Finland also uses bilingual signs, in Finnish and Swedish.
European
countries use the metric system on road signs (distances in
kilometres or metres, heights/widths in metres) with the notable
exception of the UK, where
distances are indicated in miles, and on remaining finger post
signs in the Republic
of Ireland erected before 1977, where distances are also
indicated in miles (which were formally used for all directional
signage in the Republic of Ireland prior to 1977 and on speed
limits prior to 2005). For countries driving on the left,
the convention stipulates that the traffic signs should be mirror
images of those used in countries driving on the right.
This
practice, however, is not systematically followed in the four
European countries driving on the left, Cyprus, the
Republic of
Ireland, Malta
and the
United
Kingdom. The convention permits the use of two
background colours for danger and prohibit signs, white or yellow.
Most
countries use white with a few exceptions like Sweden, Finland, Iceland
and Poland, as yellow
tends to be more visible in areas in which snow is
prevalent.
The European traffic signs have been designed with the principles
of
heraldry on mind ; i.e., the sign must
be clear and able to be resolved with one single glance. Most
traffic signs conform to heraldic tincture rules, and rather use
symbols than written texts for better
semiotic clarity.
United Kingdom
Traffic signing in the UK conforms broadly to European norms,
though a number of signs are unique to Britain and direction signs
omit
European route
numbers. The current sign system, introduced on 1 January 1965,
was developed in the late 1950s and early 1960s by the Anderson
Committee, which established the
motorway
signing system, and by the Worboys Committee, which reformed
signing for existing all-purpose roads. (For illustrations of most
British road signs, see the
Highway Code website.)
Britain remains the only European
Union member nation and the only major Commonwealth country to
use non-metric (Imperial) measurements for distance and speed,
although metric "authorised-weight" signs were prescribed in 1981
and there is now a dual-unit (imperial first) option for
restriction signage, used on safety grounds where foreign drivers
may use the routes so that they may better understand the
restriction and / or advice about a hazard ahead.
Three colour schemes exist for direction signs. A road may be a
motorway (white on blue), a primary route (white on dark green with
yellow route numbers), or a non-primary route (black on white).
Most
trunk roads, which carry most of the
vehicular traffic and are owned by and maintained by the Highways
Agency, other roads are maintained by local authorities, for
example county or borough councils (borough councils are still
subservient to the county in regards to highway matters but act as
their agents in maintenance)
Two
typefaces are specified for British
road signs.
Transport
medium or Transport
Heavy are used for all text
on fixed permanent signs and most temporary signage, depending on
the color of the sign and associated text color, white text on a
dark background is normally
heavy so that it stands out
better. This is except for route numbers on motorway signs for
which a taller limited character set typeface called Motorway is
used.
Signs are
generally in English although bilingual
signs are used in Wales
(English/Welsh) and are beginning to
be seen in parts of the Scottish
Highlands (English/Scottish
Gaelic).
All signs and their associated regulations can be found in "The
Traffic Signs Regulations and General Directions 2002".
The Netherlands
Road signs in The Netherlands follow the Vienna Convention.
Directional signs (which have not been harmonised under the
Convention) always use blue as the background colour. The
destinations on the sign are printed in white. If the destination
is not a town (but an area within town or some other kind of
attraction), that destination will be printed in black on a
separate white background within the otherwise blue sign.
The Netherlands always signpost European road numbers where
applicable (i.e., on the advance directional signs, the interchange
direction signs and on the
reassurance
signs). Dutch national road numbers are placed on a rectangle,
with motorways being signposted in white on a red rectangle (as an
Axx) and primary roads in black on a yellow rectangle (as Nxx).
When a motorway changes to a primary road, its number remains the
same, but the A is replaced by the N. So at a certain point the A2
becomes N2, and when it changes to a motorway again, it becomes A2
again.
Signs intended for bike-riders always go on white signs with red or
green letters.
The Dutch typeface, known as ANWB-Ee, is based on the US typeface.
A new font, named ANWB-Uu (also known as Redesign), has been
developed in 1997 and appears on many recent Dutch signs. On the
motorways however the typeface remains the ANWB-Ee or a similar
typeface. The language of the signs is typically Dutch, even though
bilingual signs may be used, when the information is relevant for
tourists.
Sweden
The road signs in Sweden mostly follow the Vienna Convention with a
few adaptations, however, allowed within the convention:
- the background of warning signs is yellow
- warning signs for elk and reindeer
- the background of direction signs is blue with white text
- the background of motorway direction signs is green with white
text
- when applicable, the language is Swedish in Sweden.
The signage typeface
Tratex is used
exclusively in Sweden and is available as
freeware.
Croatia
Traffic
signs in Croatia are the same as traffic signs in the rest of the
former Yugoslavia. Croatian road signs follow the Vienna
convention (SFR
Yugoslavia
was the
original signatory for Croatia, which is now a contracting party
itself). The most common signs are yellow and black signs
for direction, blue and white signs
for
information and white-on-green signs are used on the
highways.
Ireland
Until the
partition of Ireland
in 1922 and the independence of Southern Ireland (now the Republic of
Ireland) British standards applied across the
island. In 1926 road sign standards similar to those used in
the UK at the time were adopted. Law requires that the signs be
written in both
Irish and English
.
In 1956,
road signs in the Republic were changed to markedly differ from the UK
standard, with the adoption of U.S.-style "diamond" signs for many
road hazard warnings (junctions, bends, railway crossings, traffic
lights). Some domestic signs were also invented, such as the
keep-left sign (a black curved arrow pointing to the upper-left,
although some are similar to the European "white arrow on blue
disk" signs), while some other signs are not widely adopted outside
Ireland, such as the no-entry sign (a black arrow pointing ahead in
a white circle with a red slashed circumference).
Directional signage is still firmly based on the United Kingdom
standard, however, with the basic design of directional signs
remaining the same as the UK in most cases. The same colours are
used for directional signs in Ireland as in the UK, and the UK
Transport and Motorway fonts are used. However, signage in the
Republic of Ireland is bilingual, with the Irish text in mixed case
italics, while the English text is in all upper-case.
In January 2005 Ireland adopted metric speed limits. Around 35,000
existing signs were replaced and a further 23,000 new signs erected
bearing the speed limit in kilometres per hour. To avoid confusion
with the old signs, each speed limit sign now has "km/h" beneath
the numerals. Also, since the adoption of signs based on the
Warboys Committee standard in 1977, Irish directional
signs have used the metric system, however, unlike with the later
speed limit change over, there was no effort made to change the
existing signage, and many finger posts still remain on rural roads
with distances in miles, although the numbers continue to decline
as roads are improved.
In late
2007 Ireland started to radically replace signs and
posts. Good examples are the M1 (Dublin
- Dundalk
) and the M50 (Dublin).
While being mostly the same as the old signs, it is welcome as a
lot of the signs were damaged / stained. About 1/2 of the new posts
are now two medium posts with crosshatched metal posts in-between
instead of one large pole to minimize the damged in case of a
crash.
Iceland
Road signs in Iceland mainly follow the
Vienna Convention, but use a variant of
the colour scheme and minor design changes.
Latvia
Road signs in Latvia mainly of
Vienna
Convention regulations, only the design is different from many
other European countries.
The signs have many design issues common
with Russian road signs since the times of USSR
.
South and Central America
Road signs in South America and Central America vary from country
to country. For the most part, conventions in signage tend to
resemble North American signage conventions more so than European
and Asian conventions. For example, warning signs are typically
diamond shaped and yellow rather than triangular and white. Some
variations include the "No Parking" sign, which uses a letter
E instead of
P (the
Spanish word for "parking" is
estacionamiento and
estacionamento in
Brazilian Portuguese), as well
as the Stop sign, which usually reads "Pare" or "Alto". Notable
exceptions include speed limit signs, which follow the European
conventions, and the "No Entry" sign, often replaced with a crossed
upwards arrow.
Colombia
Traffic signs in Colombia are classified into three categories.
These are Warning signs, Mandatory signs and Information
signs.
Warning signs are very similar to warning signs in United States.
They are yellow diamond shaped with a black symbol (the yellow
color is changed to an orange color in areas under construction).
In certain cases, the yellow color is shifted to fluorescent yellow
(in the School area sign and Chevron sign).
Mandatory signs are similar to European signs. They are circular
with a red border, a white background and a black symbol. Stop sign
and Yield sign are as European, except the word “Stop” is changed
for “Pare” and the Yield sign has no letters, it is a red triangle
with white center.
Information signs have many shapes and colors. Principally they are
blue with white symbols and in many cases these signs have an
information letter below the symbol.
Asia
India
Road signs in India mainly follow the
Vienna
Convention.
Iran
Road signs in Iran mainly follow the
Vienna
Convention. Signs are in
Farsi
and
English.
Israel
Road signs in Israel mainly follow the
Vienna
Convention, but has some variants.
Philippines
Most road signs in the Philippines follow the
Vienna
Convention except for the MMDA's pink colored traffic signs.
China
Warning signs in China are triangular with a black border, yellow
background and black symbol. Mandatory signs generally follow
European conventions (circular with red border/blue circle)with
some local variations. Direction signs are green for expressways,
brown for tourist attractions and blue for other roads.
Occasionally black on white is used for directions to local
facilities.
Recognition
Opel Insignia will be the first
production car to feature a
dual-function frontal camera with traffic sign recognition.
Street sign theft
Street sign theft occurs when street signs are
stolen, often to be used as decorations, but also sometimes to
avoid obeying the law by claiming later the sign was not there.
Although the theft often seems arbitrary, signs that are unusual or
amusing tend to be stolen more frequently. Sometimes considered to
be a
prank by the perpetrators, the theft is
often costly and inconveniencing for the municipality or agency
that owns the sign. In the United States, each street sign
generally costs between $100 and $500 to replace.
Popular culture can act as a catalyst to street sign theft.
Popular
bands The Beatles and Lynyrd Skynyrd have inadvertently perpetuated
street sign theft as their songs and albums include real place
names including Penny
Lane
, Blue Jay Way, Abbey
Road
, and Brickyard Road.
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Erroneous traffic signs
See also
References
- Section 1A.12 Color Code, Manual on Uniform
Traffic Control Devices
- Appendix B, State of the Practice and
Recommendations on Traffic Control Strategies at Toll Plazas.
Federal Highway Administration, June 2006. Retrieved on
2009-08-19.
- Memorandum: INFORMATION: Traffic Control Strategies
for Toll Plazas. Federal Highway Administration, 2006-10-12.
Retrieved on 2009-08-19.
- Study of the Effectiveness of Guide Signs with
Purple Backgrounds. Center for Transportation Safety,
Texas Transportation
Institute, March 2008. Retrieved on 2009-09-23.
- Section 6F.02 General Characteristics of Signs
[Temporary Traffic Control], Manual on Uniform Traffic Control
Devices
-
http://www.gribblenation.com/gapics/gallery/i20w-exit60-natsiatka.jpg
-
http://www.gribblenation.com/gapics/gallery/albany-exit2-3-natsiatka.jpg
- Illinois Department of Transportation
- 2006 Internet Templates
- http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2002/20023113.htm
- Teckensnitt på vägmärken / Vägverket
- S.I. No. 55/1926: Road Signs and Traffic Signals
Regulations, 1926 - Irish Statute Book
- S.I. No. 284/1956: Traffic Signs Regulations,
1956 - Irish Statute Book
- The signs and their descriptions are viewable here
(in Latvian, dated April 5, 2008; viewed on December 22, 2008)
- Colombia traffic signs manual
-
http://engineer-einjel.blogspot.com/2009/10/traffic-signs.html
- The cost of Vandalism: Time, frustration and
cash. Zach Church, Eagle-Tribune. July 29, 2007.
- Manual of Traffic Signs Richard C. Moeur
External links
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