Turin ( ; Piedmontese: Turin; ) is a
major city as well as a business and cultural centre in northern Italy, capital of the Piedmont region, located mainly on the left bank of
the Po
River
surrounded by the Alpine
arch. The population of the city proper is 909,193
(November 2008) while the population of the
urban area is estimated by
Eurostat to be 1.7 million inhabitants;
the Turin
metropolitan area is
estimated by
OECD to have a population of 2.2
million.
Turin is a flourishing, industrious and
cosmopolitan European city, which enjoys
state-of-the-art technology and architectural developments. The
city boasts a rich culture and history, and is known for its
numerous
art galleries, restaurants,
churches, palaces,
operahouses,
piazzas,
parks, gardens, theatres, libraries, museums and other venues.
Turin is well-known for its
baroque,
rococo and
neo-classical French-style architecture.
Much of
the city's public squares, castles,
gardens and elegant "palazzi" (such
as Palazzo
Madama
), were built by Sicilian architect Filippo Juvarra, who modeled these buildings
on the classical French architecture of
Versailles
. Examples of these French-themed edifices
include the Royal Palace
of Turin
, the Palazzina di caccia of
Stupinigi
and the Basilica di Superga
. Turin is sometimes called the "cradle of
Italian
liberty", due to it being the
birthplace and home of notable politicians and people who
contributed to the
Risorgimento, such as
Cavour.
The city currently hosts some of Italy's best
universities, colleges, academies, lycea and gymnasia, such as the
Polytechnic
University of Turin
. Prestigious and important museums, such as
the Museo
Egizio
and the Mole Antonelliana
are also found in the city.
Turin used to be a major European political centre, being Italy's
first capital city in 1861 and being home to the
House of Savoy, Italy's royal family.
Even
though much of its political significance and importance was lost
by World War II, it became a major
European crossroad for industry, commerce and trade, and currently
is one of Italy's main industrial centres, being part of the famous
"industrial triangle", along with Milan
and Genoa
.
Turin is
ranked third, after Rome
and Milan,
for economic strength. With a GDP of $58 billion,
Turin is the world's 78th richest city by purchasing power, and
even though the city was unable to become a "world city", unlike Milan or Rome, it was ranked
by GaWC as "economically efficient",
along with Jerusalem
, Genoa, Macau
, Marseille
, Liverpool
, Strasbourg
, Salt Lake
City
, Seville
and Tijuana
, to name a
few. Turin is also home to much of the Italian
automotive industry.
Turin is
well known as the home of the Shroud of Turin
, the football teams Juventus F.C. and Torino F.C., the headquarters of automobile
manufacturers Fiat
, Lancia and Alfa Romeo, and
as host of the 2006 Winter
Olympics. Several
International Space Station
modules, such as
Harmony and
Columbus, were also manufactured in
Turin.It was the capital of the
Duchy of
Savoy from 1563, then of the
Kingdom of Sardinia ruled by the Royal
House of Savoy and finally the first capital of a
unified Italy.
It is often referred to as "the Capital of the Alps". Turin is also
known as "the Automobile Capital of Italy" or the
Detroit of
Italy; in Italy it is also called "[La] capitale
Sabauda".
History
Roman times
In the first century BC (probably 28 BC), the Romans created a
military camp (
Castra Taurinorum), later dedicated to
Augustus (
Augusta Taurinorum). The
typical Roman street grid can still be seen in the modern city.
Turin reached about 5,000 inhabitants at the time, all living
inside the high walls.
Middle Ages
After the fall of the
Roman Empire the
town was conquered by the
Lombards, then
the
Franks of
Charlemagne (773). The
Contea di Torino (or countship) was
founded in the 940s, which was held by the
Arudinic dynasty until 1050. After the
marriage of
Adelaide of Susa with
Humbert Biancamano's son
Otto family of the
Counts of Savoy gained control. While the
dignity of count was held by the Bishop as count of Turin
(1092-1130 and 1136-1191) it was ruled as a
prince-bishopric by the Bishops. In 1230-1235
it was a lordship under the
Marquess of Montferrat, styled
Lord of Turin.
At the end of the thirteenth century, when it was annexed to the
Duchy of Savoy, the city already had
20,000 inhabitants.
Many of the gardens and palaces were built in the fifteenth century
when the city was redesigned. The
University of Turin was also founded
during this period.
16th-18th century
Emmanuel Philibert
(Iron Head) made Turin the capital of the
Duchy of Savoy in 1563. Piazza Reale, today
named Piazza San Carlo and Via Nuova, today called Via Roma were
added with the first enlargement of the walls, in the first half of
the
17th century; in the same period
the Royal palace (Palazzo Reale) was built. In the second half of
that century, a second enlargement of the walls was planned and
executed, with the building of the arcaded Via Po, connecting
diagonally, through the regular street grid, Piazza Castello with
the bridge on the Po.
In 1706, during the
Battle of Turin,
the French besieged the city for 117 days without conquering it.
After the subsequent
Treaty of
Utrecht, the
Kingdom of
Sardinia was annexed to the Duchy of Savoy and the architect
Filippo Juvarra began a major
redesign of the city. Now the capital of a European kingdom, Turin
had about 90,000 inhabitants at the time.
19th century
In the nineteenth century, after brief occupation by
Napoleon, the city began to actively
pursue the
unification of Italy.
In 1871,
the Fréjus
Tunnel
was opened, making Turin an important communication
node between Italy and France. The city in that period had
250,000 inhabitants.
Some of the most iconic landmarks of the
city, like the Egyptian
Museum
, the Mole Antonelliana
, the Gran Madre di Dio Church and Piazza Vittorio
Veneto were built in this period.In 1861, Turin became the
capital of the newly proclaimed United Italy.
In 1865 the capital
was moved to Florence
. (Since 8 July 1871, the capital has been
Rome.) Turin reacted to the loss of importance by beginning a rapid
industrialisation: in 1899 Fiat was founded and
Lancia in 1906. The
Universal
Exposition held in Turin in 1902 is often considered the
pinnacle of
Art Nouveau design, and the
city hosted the Exposition again in 1911. By this time, Turin had
grown to 430,000 inhabitants.
20th century
After
World War I, conflicts between
workers and industrialists began.
The first strikes took place and in 1920
the Lingotto
factory was occupied. Turin became a major
industrial center during the first part of the 20th century thanks
mainly to the automotive industry, insomuch that the city gained
the nickname of
Automobile Capital.
Turin was a target of
Allied
strategic bombing during
World War II and was heavily damaged by the air
raids.
The city was a target because of its
industrial production, including FIAT
, which
produced aircraft, tanks and automobiles for the Axis war
effort. The Allied campaign in
Italy had the Allies landing in southern Italy and pushing
northward through Italian and
German
resistance. Turin was not captured by the Allies until the
Spring Offensive of 1945, and, after a general insurrection, was
liberated by
Italian
Partisans on
April 25,
1945, only days before the German forces in Italy
surrendered in May 1945.
After World War II, Turin was rapidly rebuilt and its industrial
base saw a huge development throughout the 1950s and 1960s, which
attracted hundred of thousands of immigrants from the southern
regions of Italy. The population reached 1 million in 1960 and
peaked at almost 1.2 million in 1971. In the 1970s and 1980s, the
automotive industry crisis severely hit the city and its population
began to sharply decline loosing more than 1/4 of its total in 30
years. The long standing population decline of the city has begun
to reverse itself in recent years, as the population grew from
865,000 in 2001 to 910,000 in 2009.
Geography and climate
Turin is located in northwest Italy.It is surrounded on the western
and northern front by the Alps and on the eastern front by a high
hill that's the natural prosecution of the hills of
Monferrato.
Four major rivers pass through the city: the
Po and two of its tributaries, the Dora Riparia
(later changed to "Duria Minor" by the Romans, from
the Celtic duria meaning
"water"), the Stura di Lanzo, and the
Sangone.
Turin has a rigid
Continental
climate, unlike most of central and southern Italy which is
famous for its comfortable Mediterranean climate. Winters are cold
but dry, summers are mild in the hills and quite hot in the plains.
Rain falls mostly during spring and autumn; during the hottest
months, otherwise, rains are less usual but more strong
(thunderstorms are usual). During the winter and autumn months
banks of fog, which are sometimes very thick, form in the
plains.
Administration

Turin City Hall
The mayor of Turin is directly elected every four years.
Sergio Chiamparino, the current mayor,
belongs to the center-left coalition.Turin is divided into 10
boroughs; these do not necessarily correspond to historical
districts in the city. The following list numerates the present day
boroughs :(named
Circoscrizioni) and the today location of
the historical districts inside them:
- Circoscrizione 1 Centro - Crocetta
- Circoscrizione 2 Santa Rita - Mirafiori Nord
- Circoscrizione 3 San Paolo - Cenisia - Pozzo Strada - Cit Turin
- Borgata Lesna
- Circoscrizione 4 San Donato - Campidoglio - Parella
- Circoscrizione 5 Borgo Vittoria - Madonna di Campagna - Lucento
- Vallette
- Circoscrizione 6 Barriera di Milano - Regio Parco - Barca -
Bertolla - Falchera - Rebaudengo - Villaretto
- Circoscrizione 7 Aurora
- Vanchiglia
- Sassi
- Madonna
del Pilone
- Circoscrizione 8 San Salvario - Cavoretto - Borgo Po
- Circoscrizione 9 Nizza Millefonti - Lingotto
- Filadelfia
- Circoscrizione 10 Mirafiori Sud
Main sights
- For a complete list of Turin's landmarks, see: Buildings and
structures in Turin
The
symbol of Turin is the Mole Antonelliana
, which is named after the architect who built it,
Alessandro Antonelli.
Construction began in
1863 as a
Jewish synagogue. Nowadays it
houses the National Museum of Cinema, and it is believed to be the
tallest museum in the world (167 meters or 548 feet).
The
Palatine Towers is an ancient
Roman-medieval structure that
served as one of four Roman
city gates,
which allowed access from north to the
cardus maximus, the typical second main street of
a Roman town. The Palatine Towers are among the best preserved
Roman remains in northern Italy.
Turin
Cathedral
, dedicated
to Saint John the Baptist (Italian
San Giovanni Battista), is the major church of the
city. It was built during 1491-1498 and it is adjacent to an
earlier
campanile (1470).
The Chapel of the Holy Shroud, the current resting place
of the Shroud of
Turin
, was added to the structure in
1668-1694.
The
Egyptian
Museum of Turin
specialises
in archaeology and anthropology, in particular the Art of Ancient Egypt. It is home
to what is regarded as one of the largest collections of Egyptian
antiquities outside of Egypt. In 2006 it received more than 500,000
visitors.
The
Museum of Oriental
Art houses one of the most important
Asian
art collections in Italy.
Turin, as the former capital of the
Kingdom of Sardinia, is home of the
Savoy
Residences.
In addition to the 17th-century Royal
Palace
, built for Madama Reale Christine Marie of France (the
official residence of the Savoys until 1865) there are many
palaces, residences and castles in the city centre and in the
surrounding towns. Turin is home to Palazzo Chiablese, the
Royal Armoury, the Royal Library, Palazzo Madama
, Palazzo
Carignano, Villa della
Regina, and the Valentino Castle
.The complex of the Residences of the Royal
House of Savoy in Turin and in the nearby cities of Rivoli
, Moncalieri
, Venaria
Reale
, Agliè
, Racconigi
, Stupinigi
, Pollenzo
and Govone
was
declared a World Heritage Sites
by UNESCO
in
1997. Turin's gardens include the
Orto Botanico
dell'Università di Torino, a historic
botanical garden.
In the
hills overlooking the city is the basilica church of Superga
, providing a view of Turin against a backdrop of
the snow-capped Alps. The basilica holds the tombs of many
of the dukes of Savoy, as well as many of the kings of Sardinia.
Superga
can be reached by means of the Superga Rack Railway
from the suburb of Sassi.
Demographics
In 2009, the city proper had a population of about 910,000, which
is a significant increase on the 2001 census figure. This result is
due to a growing immigration form
Southern Italy and abroad.
Approximately a 5.77
percent of the population is composed of foreigners, the largest
numbers coming from Romania
(44,158), Morocco
(22,511), Albania
(9,165), Peru
(7,044),
China (5,483), and Moldova
(3,417). Like many Northern Italian cities,
there is a large proportion of pensioners in comparison to youth.
Around 18 percent of the population is under 20 years of age while,
22 percent is over 65. The population of the Turin
urban area totals 1.7 million
inhabitants, ranking fourth in Italy, while the Turin
metropolitan area has a population of 2.2
million inhabitants.
Economy
Turin is
a major industrial center, where the headquarters of the car
company FIAT
are
located. The city has a
GDP of $58
billion and is the world's 78th richest city by purchasing power.
Even though the city was unable to become a "
world city", it was ranked by
GaWC as "
economically efficient".
Turin is home to the
Lingotto
building, which was at one time the largest car
factory in the world, and now houses a convention centre, a concert hall, a multiplex, an art gallery, a shopping
centre and a Le Méridien
hotel. Other companies founded in Turin are
Lancia,
Pininfarina,
Bertone,
Sparco,
Italdesign,
Ghia,
Fioravanti,
Stola,
Intesa Sanpaolo,
Superga,
Invicta (1821),
Lavazza,
Martini & Rossi,
Kappa and the chocolate factory
Caffarel.
The city is also well known for its
aerospace
industry (
Alenia). The
International Space
Station modules
Harmony,
Columbus,
Tranquility, as well as the
Cupola and all
MPLMs were produced in Turin.
The future European launcher projects beyond
Ariane 5 will also be managed from Turin, by the
new
NGL company, a subsidiary of
EADS (70%) and
Finmeccanica (30%).
Turin is
also the birthplace of some of the country's main companies, such
as Telecom Italia
(telecommunications), Rai
(television), and cinema. Most of these
industries have since moved their headquarters to other parts of
Italy, but Turin still retains the National Museum of Cinema (in
the Mole
Antonelliana
building).
Culture
Education
Turin is home to one of Italy's oldest universities, the
University of Turin, which still ranks
among the best universities in Italy.
Another established
university in the city is the Polytechnic
University of Turin
, that ranks among Top 50 universities in the world
and # 1 in Italy ( "Academic Ranking of World Universities"
published by Institute of Higher
Education of Shanghai Jiao Tong University
, in engineering, technology and computer science fields).
The
business school ESCP
Europe
, ranked among the 10 best business schools in Europe, also has a
campus in Turin. In recent years, two small
English language higher education
institutions have been opened (
St. John International
University,
International
University College of Turin).
Publishing, journalism and media
After
Alexandria
, Madrid
, New Delhi
, Antwerp
and Montreal
, Turin was chosen by UNESCO
as World Book Capital for the year
2006. The
International Book Fair is one
of the most important fairs of its kind in Europe.Turin is home to
one of Italy's principal national newspapers,
La Stampa, and the sports daily newspaper
Tuttosport.The city is also
served by other publications such as the Turin editions of
La Repubblica,
il Giornale,
Leggo,
City,
Metro and
E
Polis.
RAI
has had a
production centre in Turin since 1954.
Sport
The city is famous for two
football teams:
Juventus F.C. (founded in 1897) and
Torino F.C. (founded in 1906). These squads play
in the oldest
derby in Italy: the
Derby della Mole or
Derby of Torino.Juventus is
Italy's
most successful team, and one of the most prestigious and
successful in the world.
It ranks joint sixth in the list of the
world's clubs with
the most official international titles (third between European clubs), was the first team in football
history – and the only one in the world to date (2009) – to
have won all official international championships
and cups for clubs recognized by
one of the six continental
confederations (UEFA in this case) and by
FIFA
.
The
FISA
(International Rowing Federation) was founded in Turin in
1892.
In 1949,
in the Superga air
disaster
, a plane carrying almost the whole Torino F.C. team
(at that time the most important team in Italy and known as the
Grande Torino) crashed into the Basilica of
Superga
in the Turin hills. Valentino Mazzola, father of Ferruccio and
Sandro Mazzola (who were later to
become football champions), was among those who perished in the
crash.
The
C.U.S. Torino volleyball team won the
domestic league four times and, in the 1979–80 season, the
Volleyball European Champion's Cup. It was the first team from
western Europe to win this competition. In the 1990s the team was
dismantled as a result of financial issues.
Turin hosted the
2006 Winter
Olympics from February 10, 2006, through February 26, 2006.
Turin, with a metropolitan area of 1.7 million, was the largest
city to have ever hosted a Winter Olympics.
The title will fall to
Vancouver
,
British
Columbia
,
Canada
, (2.5
million) when that city hosts the
XXI Olympic Winter Games.
Cuisine
Turin chocolate firms produce a typical
chocolate, called
Gianduiotto, named after
Gianduja, a local
Commedia dell'arte mask; plus many other
kinds of chocolate. Every year the town organizes
CioccolaTÒ, a two-week chocolate festival run with the
main Piedmontese chocolate producers, such as
Caffarel, Streglio,
Venchi and others, as well as some big international
companies, such as
Lindt &
Sprüngli.
Transportation

Turin tramcar
The town currently has a large number of rail and road work sites.
Although this activity has increased as a result of the
2006 Winter Olympics, parts of it had
long been planned. Some of the work sites deal with general
roadworks to improve traffic flow, such as underpasses and
flyovers, but two projects are of major importance and will change
the shape of the town radically.
One is the
Spina ("spine") which includes the doubling of
a major railroad crossing the town. The railroad previously ran in
a trench, which will now be covered by a major boulevard.
The
Porta
Susa
on this section will become Turin's main
station.
The other major project is the construction of a subway line based
on the
VAL
system, known as
Metrotorino. This
project is expected to continue for years and to cover a larger
part of the city, but its first phase was finished in time for the
Olympic Games (inaugurated on 4 February 2006 and opened to the
public the day after).
The first leg of the subway system linked
the nearby town of Collegno
with Porta Susa railway station
in Turin's town centre; on 4 October 2007 the line
was extended to Porta Nuova railway station
. This underground transportation project has
historical importance for Turin, as the town has dreamed of an
underground line for decades, the first project dating as far back
as the twenties. In fact, the main street in the town centre
(
Via Roma) runs atop a tunnel built during the fascist era
(when
Via Roma was built). The tunnel was supposed to host
the underground line but is now used as an underground car park.
A project
to build an underground system was ready in the seventies, with
government funding for it and for similar projects in Milan
and Rome;
whilst the other two cities went ahead with the projects, Turin
local government led by mayor Diego Novelli shelved the proposal as
it believed it to be too costly and unnecessary, but that only
meant more funding for Rome and Milan.
The city
has an international airport known as Caselle
International Airport
Sandro Pertini (TRN),
located north of the city about 13 kilometres from downtown and
connected to the city by a railway service (from Dora Station) and
a bus service (from Porta Nuova and Porta Susa railway
stations).
Notable natives
- Luisa Accati (born 1942), historian
and social anthropologist.
- Giovanni Agnelli (1866-1945),
founder of Fiat.
- Edoardo Agnelli (1892-1935)
industrialist, director of FIAT
and Juventus F.C.'s president.
- Gianni Agnelli
(1921-2003), influential chairman, director of FIAT
and Juventus F.C.'s president.
- Umberto
Agnelli (1934-2004) industrialist, director of FIAT
and Juventus F.C.'s president.
- Giuliano Amato (born 1938),
politician, former Prime Minister of Italy.
- Amedeo Avogadro (1776-1856),
physicist.
- Alessandro Baricco (born
1958), writer.
- Fred Buscaglione (1921-1960),
singer and songwriter.
- Giuseppe Marc'Antonio
Baretti (1719-1789), critic.
- Camillo Benso, count
of Cavour, politician (Italian
unification).
- Roberto Bettega, former
footballer and manager.
- Norberto Bobbio (1909-2004),
historian and philosopher.
- Giampiero Boniperti, former
footballer and Juventus F.C.'s
president.
- Gianpiero Combi (1902-1956),
former footballer. 1934 World
Cup champion.
- Arturo Brachetti
- Carla Bruni (born 1968), singer,
model and wife of French president Nicolas Sarkozy.
- Pierre Paul Caffarel
(1795-1850), founder of the first chocolate factory in the
world.
- Giorgio Cagnotto, silver
medalist Olympic diver
- Antonio Benedetto
Carpano (1764-1815), inventor of vermouth and apéritif.
- Leo Chiosso (1920-2006), lyricist,
songwriter with Fred
Buscaglione.
- Robert Fano (1917-2004),
engineer.
- Freddy (born 1981), International
Development Guru and Architect.
- Galileo Ferraris (1847-1897),
physicist and electrical engineer.
- Lorenzo Ferrero (born 1951),
composer
- Piero Gobetti (1901-1926),
intellectual.
- Joseph Louis Lagrange
(1736-1813), mathematician.
- Vincenzo Lancia (1881-1937),
sportsman and businessman, founder of Lancia.
- Luigi Lavazza (1859-1949),
inventor and coffee businessman.
- Carlo Levi (1902-1975), painter and
writer.
- Primo Levi (1919-1987), chemist,
philosopher, Holocaust survivor and
writer.
- Salvador Edward Luria
(1912-1991), winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or
Medicine.
- Alessandro Martini
(1812-1905), vermouth businessman.
- Mau Mau (formed 1991), rock
band.
- Davide Rossi (1970) violinist,
composer, string arranger (Goldfrapp,
Coldplay, The
Verve).
- Carlo Mollino (1905-1973),
architect and designer.
- Rita Levi-Montalcini
(1909), winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
- Adriano Olivetti (1901-1960),
businessman.
- Raffaele Palma (1953), writer,
disegner, humorist, satirist.
- Carlo Parola (1921-2000), former
footballer. He's considered to be one of the inventors of the
bicycle kick in Italy.
- Rita Pavone (1945), singer
- Giuseppe Peano (1858-1932),
mathematician.
- Aurelio Peccei (1908-1984),
founder of the Club of Rome.
- Gabry Ponte, DJ member of Eiffel 65.
- Vittorio Pozzo (1886-1968),
former Italian national
football team coach, 1934
and 1938 FIFA World Cup
winner.
- Tullio Regge (born 1931),
physicist
- Piero Sraffa (1898-1983),
economist.
- Subsonica (formed 1996), rock
band.
- Massimo Taparelli, marquis
d'Azeglio (1798-1866), statesman, novelist and painter.
- Umberto Tozzi (1952), singer.
- Gianni Vattimo (1936),
philosopher.
- Victor Emmanuel II of
Italy (1820-1878), King of Piedmont and
the first King of united Italy.
- Marco Travaglio (1964),
journalist, writer.
- Marco Maccarini (1976), tv
presenter, actor.
Notable residents
- Alessandro Del Piero (born
1974), footballer.
- Edmondo de Amicis (1846-1908),
novelist, journalist, and short-story writer.
- Alighiero Boetti (1940-1994),
artist.
- St. Giovanni Bosco (1815-1888),
Catholic priest, educator and
recognized pedagogue.
- Francesco Faà di
Bruno (1825-1888), mathematician and priest.
- Italo Calvino (1923-1985),
journalist and writer.
- Gaspare Campari (1828), drink
maker.
- Felice Casorati (1883-1963),
painter.
- Francesco Cirio (1836-1900),
businessman.
- Renato Dulbecco (born 1914), he
won a 1975 Nobel
Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
- Umberto Eco (born 1932), medievalist, semiotician, philosopher, literary critic and novelist.
- Ludovico Einaudi (born 1955),
contemporary classical music composer and pianist.
- Giulio Einaudi (1912-1999),
publisher.
- Luigi Einaudi (1874-1961),
politician and economist.
- Desiderius Erasmus
(1466/1469-1536), Dutch humanist and theologian.
- Michele Ferrero (born 1925),
founder of Ferrero and richest man in Italy (November 2009)
- Paolo Fossati (198-1998), art historian, editor, writer,
journalist, teacher,.
- Guido Fubini (1879-1942), Mathematician.
- Leone Ginzburg (1909-1944),
editor, writer, journalist,
teacher,anti-fascist .
- Natalia Ginzburg (1916-1991),
writer.
- Guido Gozzano (1883-1916),
writer and poet.
- Antonio Gramsci (1891-1937),
writer, politician and political theorist, founding
member and onetime leader of the Communist Party of Italy.
- Primo Levi (1919-1987), chemist,
philosopher, Holocaust survivor and
writer.
- Cesare Lombroso (1836-1909),
criminologist and founder of the
Italian School of
Positivist Criminology.
- Claudio Magris (born 1939)
scholar, translator, writer and Italian
senator.
- Joseph de Maistre (1753-1821),
French-speaking Savoyard lawyer, diplomat,
writer, and philosopher.
- Francesco Menzio (1899-1979),
painter.
- Mario Merz (1925-2003), artist.
- Giulio Natta (1903-1979), chemist, won a Nobel Prize in Chemistry in
1963.
- Friedrich Nietzsche
(1844-1900), German philosopher.
- Vilfredo
Pareto (1848-1923), French-Italian
sociologist, economist and philosopher.
- Cesare Pavese (1908-1950),
poet, novelist, literary critic and
translator.
- Michelangelo Pistoletto
(1933 - present), artist, associated with Arte Povera.
- Jean-Jacques Rousseau
(1712-1778), French philosopher.
- Emilio Salgari (1862-1911),
writer.
- Giovanni Virginio
Schiaparelli (March 14, 1835 – July 4, 1910) notable Italian
astronomer
- Ascanio Sobrero (1812-1888),
chemist.
- Germain Sommeiller
(1815-1871), civil engineer.
- Gianni Vattimo (born 1936),
author, philosopher, and politician.
- Elio Vittorini (1908-1966),
writer and novelist.
Twin towns and sister cities
Turin is
twinned with:
Collaboration accords with:
- Bacău
, Romania
- Barcelona
, Spain
- Lyon
, France
- Cannes
, France
- Gwangju
, South
Korea
- Harbin
, China
- Shenzhen
, China
- Vancouver
, Canada
- Zlín
, Czech
Republic
- Bogotá
, Colombia
|
Gallery
File:Basilica di Superga.jpg|Basilica of
Superga
File:Turin piazza san carlo 2009.JPG|Piazza
San CarloFile:Turin piazza costello.JPG|Piazza Costello
File:ScalonePalazzoMadamaTorino.JPG|Palazzo
Madama
File:Museo Egizio di Torino-631
o.jpg|Egyptian
Museum
File:Turin aerial 2009.JPG|Turin viewed from
the Mole
File:molle.jpg|Mole Antonelliana
File:PalazzoRealeNotteTorino.jpg|Royal Palace
of Turin
File:Mg-k Torino Cappuccini.jpg|Monte dei
CappucciniFile:Museo del Risorgimento italiano.JPG|Museo del
Risorgimento italiano
References
Footnotes
- http://www.initaly.com/regions/museums/sims.htm
-
http://www.discoveritalia.com/cgwe/cittaOggi.asp?lingua=en&IDcitta=2
-
http://www.slowtrav.com/italy/piedmont/turin_simple_elegance.htm
- http://www.ohio.edu/Chastain/ac/cavour.htm
- http://www.italiantourism.com/egizio.html
-
http://www.smh.com.au/travel/travel-factsheet/turin--culture-amp-history-20081128-6m77.html
- CENSIS
-
http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/richest-cities-2005.html
- http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=454910
- http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2008t.html
-
http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DJvGpo_CH-UC&pg=PA98&lpg=PA98&dq=turin+automobile+industry&source=bl&ots=u3U72wY0AR&sig=IZNs-eWww1QDmfDrpxFikFWrc1c&hl=en&ei=7MHlSpvUL8Wr4QaV-q2LDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CA4Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=turin%20automobile%20industry&f=false
- http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/609705/Turin
- Only Milan
(with 18 titles), Boca Juniors (18) and other three clubs:
Independiente,
Real
Madrid (both with 15) and Al-Ahly (14) have won more
official international titles.
- The 2002 Salt Lake City games also claims this title
because at the time of the Olympics its Combined Statistical Area
population was 1,516,227 and some events were held in the Provo
metropolitan area of 400,209 ( tables from the Census). . Accessed 2009-03-06.
Archived 2009-05-16.
- http://www.eresie.it/id337.htm eresie.it
Retrieved on 2007-10-06
- http://cronologia.leonardo.it/mondo41e.htm
cronologia.leonardo.it Retrieved on 2007-10-06
- [1] Retrieved on 2007-11-03
- Turin City Hall - International Affairs Retrieved on
2008-01-26.
External links
- The
official institutional site — website version is in Italian -
Also some pages in English, German, Spanish, French, Romanian,
Arabic, and Albanian
- Turismo Torino The official tourist guide,
available in English, Italian, French, Spanish and German.
- Turin 2006
Olympic Games — English, Italian and French. Website version is
in Italian.
- Egyptian Museum of Turin.
- National Cinema Museum of Italy.
- CityMayors article.
- Winter Universiade Torino 2007 — English,
Italian and French. Website version is Italian.
- Torino Film Festival
- International Book Fair.
- Turin and the Gates of Hell - Interview with Dr
Leo Ruickbie.
- WorldStatesmen- Italy
- The Turin social network