The
University of California (UC) is
a public university system in the
state of California
. Under the
California Master
Plan for Higher Education, the University of California is a
part of the state's three-tier public
higher education system, which also
includes the
California
State University system and the
California Community
Colleges system.
The University of California has a combined
student body of more than 191,000 students, over
1,340,000 living
alumni, and a combined
system and campus endowment of approximately
US$10 billion, the
12th
largest in the United States.
Its first
campus, UC
Berkeley
, was founded in 1868, while its tenth and newest
campus, UC Merced
, opened in the fall of 2005. All campuses enroll
both undergraduate and
graduate students, with two
exceptions: UCSF
enrolls only graduate and professional students in
the medical and health sciences, and the
independently administered UC Hastings
enrolls only graduate and professional students in
legal studies.
The University of California's campuses boast large numbers of
distinguished
faculty in almost
every field. Eight of its undergraduate campuses are ranked among
the top 100, six among the top 50, and two among the top 25 U.S.
universities by both the
U.S. News and World Report and
the Academic Ranking of World Universities.
The University is
considered a model for public institutions across the United States
.
History
In 1849, the state of California ratified its first constitution,
which contained the express objective of creating a complete
educational system including a state
university. Taking advantage of the
Morrill Land Grant Act, the
California Legislature established an
Agricultural, Mining, and Mechanical Arts College in 1866. Although
this institution was provided with sufficient funds, it lacked
land.
Meanwhile,
Congregational minister Henry
Durant, an alumnus of Yale, had established the private Contra
Costa Academy, on June 20, 1853 in Oakland, California
. The initial site was bounded by Twelfth and
Fourteenth Streets and Harrison and Franklin Streets in downtown
Oakland.
In turn, the Trustees of the Contra Costa
Academy were granted a charter on April 13, 1855 for a College of
California
. State Historical Plaque No.
45 marks the site of
the College of
California
at the northeast corner of Thirteenth and Franklin
Streets in Oakland. Hoping both to expand and raise funds, the
College of
California
's trustees formed the College Homestead Association
and purchased 160 acres (650,000 m²) of land in
what is now Berkeley
in 1866. But sales of new homesteads fell
short.
Governor
Frederick Low favored the
establishment of a state university based upon the University of
Michigan
plan, and thus in one sense may be regarded as the
founder of the University of California. In 1867, he
suggested a merger of the existing College of California with the
proposed state university. The College's trustees agreed to merge
with the state college to their mutual advantage, but under one
condition — that there not be simply a "Agricultural, Mining, and
Mechanical Arts College," but "a complete university." Accordingly,
the Organic Act, establishing the University of California, was
signed into
law by Governor
Henry H. Haight (Low's successor) on March 23,
1868.
The
University of California's second president, Daniel Coit Gilman, opened the Berkeley
campus in September 1873. Earlier that year,
Toland Medical College in San Francisco had agreed to become the
University's "Medical Department"; it later evolved into UCSF
. In 1878, the University established its
first law school in San Francisco with a
US$100,000 gift from Serranus
Clinton Hastings; it is now Hastings College of the Law
.
In 1905,
the Legislature established a "University Farm School" which would
be located at Davis
and in 1907 a "Citrus Experiment Station" at
Riverside
as adjuncts to the College of Agriculture at
Berkeley. In 1959, the Legislature promoted the "Farm"
and "Experiment Station" to the rank of "general campus," creating,
respectively, UC
Davis
and UC
Riverside
.
In 1919,
the Legislature arranged for an existing normal school in Los Angeles
to become the University's "Southern
Branch." In turn, the Southern Branch became UCLA
in 1927. In 1944, the former Santa Barbara
State College—renamed
UC Santa
Barbara--became the third general-education campus of the
University of California system.
The
San
Diego
campus was founded as a marine station in 1912 and
became UCSD
in 1959. Campuses were established at Santa
Cruz
and Irvine
in 1965. UC Merced
opened in fall 2005.
The
California Master
Plan for Higher Education of 1960 established that UC select
from the top 12.5% (one-eighth) of graduating high school seniors
in California. Prior to the promulgation of the Master Plan, UC was
to select from the top 15%. The university doesn't follow all
tenets of this plan, such as the stricture that no campus is to
exceed 27,500 in enrollment to ensure quality. Three campuses,
Berkeley, UCLA, and Davis, all currently enroll over 30,000.
Academics
UC researchers and faculty are responsible for 5,505 inventions and
2,497 patents. UC researchers create 3 new inventions per
day.
The University of California and most of its campuses are members
of the
Association
of American Universities . Collectively, the system counts
among its faculty (as of 2002):
Eight campuses operate on the quarter system, while Berkeley and
Merced are on the semester system. However, the
David Geffen School of
Medicine at UCLA and all UC law schools operate on the semester
system.
UC Libraries
At 34 million items, the University of California
library system contains one of the largest
collections in the world. Each campus maintains its own library
catalog and also participates in the systemwide union catalog,
MELVYL. Besides on-campus libraries, the UC
system also maintains two regional library facilities (one each for
Northern and Southern California) which each accept older items
from all UC campus libraries in their respective region. As of
2007, Northern Regional Library Facility is home to 4.7 million
volumes, while SRLF is home to 5.7 million.
Governance
The University of California is governed by the
Regents of the
University of California, as required by the current
Constitution of the State of
California. Eighteen regents are appointed by the
governor for 12-year terms. One
member is a student appointed for a one-year term. There are also 7
ex officio members
— the Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Speaker of the Assembly,
Superintendent of Public Instruction, president and vice president
of the Alumni Associations of UC, and the UC President. According
to a recent report issued by the
Western Association
of Schools and Colleges, the UC system has "significant
problems in governance, leadership and decision making," with much
"confusion about the roles and responsibilities of the university
president, the regents and the 10 campus chancellors with no clear
lines of authority and boundaries."
The Academic Senate, made up of faculty members, is empowered by
the Regents to set academic policies. In addition, the system-wide
faculty chair and vice-chair sit on the Board of Regents as
non-voting members.
Originally the President was directly in charge of the first
campus, Berkeley, and in turn, all other UC locations (with the
exception of Hastings College of the Law) were controlled by the
Berkeley campus. In 1952, the system was reorganized so that
day-to-day "
chief executive
officer" functions for each campus were transferred to
Chancellors who were entrusted with a
high degree of autonomy. In turn, all Chancellors (again, with the
exception of Hastings) report as equals to the UC President. Today,
the UC Office of the President and the Office of the Secretary of
the Regents of the University of California share an office
building in downtown Oakland which serves as the UC system's
headquarters.
Besides substantial six-figure incomes, the UC President and all UC
chancellors enjoy a number of controversial perks, such as free
housing in the form of university-maintained mansions.
In 1962, Anson
Blake's will donated his estate (Blake Garden) and mansion (Blake
House) in Kensington
to the University of California's Department of
Landscape Architecture. In 1968, the Regents decided that
Blake House would become the official residence of the UC
President. As of 2005, it currently costs around US$300,000 per
year to maintain Blake Garden and Blake House; the latter, built in
1926, is a mansion with a view of San Francisco Bay. Also, all UC
chancellors live for free in a mansion on or near campus that is
usually known as University House. UCSD's mansion has been closed
due to its age and poor condition, but the university plans to
replace it.
UC Presidents
On 13 August 2007, President Dynes announced that he will step down
effective June 2008, or until his replacement is selected. However,
he also announced that Provost Wyatt (Rory) Hume will take over as
the system's chief operating officer, effective immediately. Three
state lawmakers had publicly demanded his resignation for his
handling of the executive pay compensation scandal that stemmed
from UC system Provost M.R.C. Greenwood's violation of UC
conflict-of-interest rules. (She had created a management job at UC
headquarters for a friend with whom she owned rental property, and
a subordinate, Winston Doby, improperly helped create a highly-paid
year-long internship for her son at UC Merced.)
Incoming President Mark Yudof took over on June 16, 2008.
Finances
The state of California currently spends US$3.3 billion or 3.2% of
its annual budget on the UC system. In May 2004, UC President
Robert C. Dynes and CSU Chancellor
Charles B. Reed struck a private deal, called the
"Higher Education Compact," with Governor
Schwarzenegger. They agreed to slash spending
by about a billion dollars (about a third of the University's core
budget for academic operations) in exchange for a funding formula
lasting until 2011. The agreement calls for modest annual increases
in state funds (but not enough to replace the loss in state funds
Dynes and Schwarzenegger agreed to), private fundraising to help
pay for basic programs, and large student fee hikes, especially for
graduate and professional students. A detailed analysis of the
Compact by the Academic Senate "Futures Report" indicated, despite
the large fee increases, the University core budget would not
recover to the levels it was at in 2000. Undergraduate student fees
have risen 90% from 2003 to 2007.
The First District Court of Appeal in San Francisco recently ruled
that the University of California owes nearly US$40 million dollars
in refunds to about 40,000 students who were promised that their
tuition fees would be held steady but were hit with increases when
the state ran short of money in 2003.
Faculty pay
Salaries for UC faculty increased in late 2007 and are slightly
higher than in the
California State University
system; however, they are 19% below market as compared to competing
universities around the US. As of September, 2007 instructors earn
up to $53,200, assistant professors up to $69,200, associate
professors up to $97,100 and full professors up to $164,700.
According to the 2007 - 2008 payscale, the following pay ranges
apply per fiscal year with Cost-of-Living-Adjustments (COLA):
| Position |
Salary range |
Maximum off-scale limit |
| Lecturer |
$50,292 - $140,724 |
N/A |
| Senior lecturer |
$92,400 - $140,724 |
N/A |
| Assistant Professor |
$53,200 - $69,200 |
$90,000 |
| Associate Professor |
$66,100 - $83,700 |
$111,700 |
| Full Professor |
$77,800 - $142,700 |
$178,600 |
|
However, for 2009-2010, most faculty members and UC staff are
furloughed up to 10% of their salary.
Campuses and rankings
At present, the UC system officially describes itself as a "ten
campus" system consisting of the campuses listed below. Only
campuses under the direct control of the Regents and President are
included in the official count.
Although
affiliated with the UC system, the Hastings
College of Law
is not controlled by the Regents or President; it
has a separate board of directors and must seek funding directly
from the Legislature. However, under the California
Education Code, the
Juris Doctor from
Hastings is awarded in the name of the Regents and bears the
signature of the President. Furthermore, Education Code section
92201 states that Hastings "is affiliated with the University of
California, and is the law department thereof."
Some campuses are known around the world. According to UCLA's
Daily Bruin campus
newspaper, UCLA is so well-known in Asia that the
university has licensed its trademark to 15 UCLA-branded stores
across
East Asia.
| Campus |
Acreage |
Founded |
Enrollment |
Operations |
Athletics Nickname |
USNews |
ARWU |
NSF |
Wash. Monthly |
NCAA Category |
Berkeley |
1,600 |
1868 |
33,558 |
1.59 billion |
Golden Bears |
21-Tier1 |
3 |
15 |
3 |
Div I Pac-10 |
Davis |
3,697 |
1908 (as extension) |
29,637 |
2.27 billion |
Aggies |
42-Tier1 |
48 |
17 |
8 |
Div I Big West |
Irvine |
1,400 |
1965 |
25,024 |
1.42 billion |
Anteaters |
46-Tier1 |
46 |
58 |
49 |
Div I Big West |
Los
Angeles |
419 |
1919 |
37,221 |
3.39 billion |
Bruins |
24-Tier1 |
13 |
4 |
2 |
Div I Pac-10 |
Merced |
910 |
2005 |
2,700 |
0.07 billion |
Golden Bobcats |
Not Ranked |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
Riverside |
1,160 |
1954 |
19,439 |
0.46 billion |
Highlanders |
96-Tier1 |
101-151 |
113 |
15 |
Div I Big West |
San
Diego |
2,124 |
1960 |
25,938 |
2.08 billion |
Tritons |
35-Tier1 |
14 |
6 |
4 |
Div II CCAA |
San
Francisco |
135 |
1873 |
4,174 |
2.48 billion |
Bears |
5 (Med School) |
18 |
5 |
N/A |
N/A |
Santa Barbara |
990 |
1944 |
21,016 |
0.62 billion |
Gauchos |
42-Tier1 |
27 |
16 |
23 |
Div I Big West |
Santa
Cruz |
2,950 |
1965 |
15,012 |
0.45 billion |
Banana Slugs |
71-Tier1 |
101-151 |
123 |
76 |
Div III independent |
The 2009 issue of US News & World Report Best Colleges-National
Universities recognized UC Riverside (9th), UC Irvine (14th) and UC
San Diego (14th) in its "up and coming universities" to watch for
rankings.
UCLA, Berkeley, and Santa Cruz were named in the top 20
gay-friendly campuses in the nation by
The Advocate magazine.
UC Berkeley, UCLA, UC San Diego, and UC Davis were named by the
magazine
Washington
Monthly as four of top 10 campuses in the country based on
social mobility and community service.
Administration
While the UC campuses are operated fairly efficiently,
some—especially UC Berkeley—do have a reputation among their
students and alumni for mediocre
customer service. The most common symptoms
are the long lines which students often must stand in to get even
the simplest administrative tasks accomplished, the long wait times
before phone calls are answered, and the overcomplicated paperwork
that is often required. In August 1990, UC Berkeley attempted to
ease the tedium of standing in line by setting up televisions which
showed comedians making jokes about standing in line.
Labor unions
There are a total of about 180,000 employees in the UC state
system.Most UC employees beside faculty and administration are
represented by
labor unions. Unions in
the UC system include:
Admissions
Each UC school handles admissions separately, but a student wishing
to apply for undergraduate admission uses one application for all
UCs. If it is not already in electronic form, the application is
then scanned into a computer and distributed to the individual
campus undergraduate admission offices. Graduate and professional
school admissions are handled directly by each department or
program to which one applies.
Prior to 1986, students who wished to apply to a UC for
undergraduate study could only apply to one campus. If the student
was rejected at that campus, but otherwise met the UC minimum
eligibility requirements, he or she would be
redirected to
another campus with available space. For students who did not wish
to be redirected, the application fee was returned. In 1986, that
system was changed to the current "multiple filing" system, in
which a student can apply to as many or as few UC campuses as he or
she wants on one application, paying a fee for each campus. This
system significantly increased the numbers of applications to the
Berkeley and Los Angeles campuses, since students could choose
which campus they wanted to attend after they received acceptance
letters, without the fear of being redirected to a campus they did
not want to attend.
The University of California accepts fully eligible students from
among the top eighth of California public high school graduates
through regular statewide admission, or the top 4% of any given
high school class through Eligibility in the Local Context (see
below). All eligible California high school students who apply are
accepted to the University, though not necessarily to the campus of
choice. Eligible students who are not accepted to the campus(es) of
their choice are placed in the "referral pool", where campuses with
open space may offer admission to those students; in 2003, 10% of
students who received an offer through this referral process
accepted it. In 2007, about 4,100 UC-eligible students who were not
offered admission to their campus of choice were referred to UCR
and UC Merced, the system's newest campus.
the old Undergraduate admissions are conducted on a two-phase
basis. In the first phase, students are admitted based solely on
academic achievement. This accounts for between 50 to 75% of the
admissions. In the second phase, the university conducts a
"comprehensive review" of the student's achievements, including
extracurricular activities, essay, family history, and life
challenges, to admit the remainder. Very rarely, students who do
not qualify for regular admission are "admitted by exception." In
2002, 2% of these exceptions were granted.
Since then, UC campuses have been evaluating students under
"comprehensive review", based on these 14 factors:
- Academic grade point average in all completed "a-g" courses,
including additional points for completed University-certified
honors courses.
- Scores on the ACT Assessment plus Writing or SAT Reasoning
Test, and two SAT Subject Tests.
- Number of, content of and performance in academic courses
beyond the minimum "a-g" requirements
- Number of and performance in University-approved honors courses
and Advanced Placement, International Baccalaureate and
transferable college courses.
- Identification by UC as being ranked in the top 4 percent of
the student's high school class at the end of his or her junior
year ("eligible in the local context" or ELC).
- Quality of the student's senior-year program, as measured by
the type and number of academic courses in progress or
planned.
- Quality of the student's academic performance relative to the
educational opportunities available in his or her high school.
- Outstanding performance in one or more academic subject
areas.
- Outstanding work in one or more special projects in any
academic field of study.
- Recent, marked improvement in academic performance, as
demonstrated by academic GPA and the quality of coursework
completed or in progress.
- Special talents, achievements and awards in a particular field,
such as visual and performing arts, communication or athletic
endeavors; special skills, such as demonstrated written and oral
proficiency in other languages; special interests, such as
intensive study and exploration of other cultures; experiences that
demonstrate unusual promise for leadership, such as significant
community service or significant participation in student
government; or other significant experiences or achievements that
demonstrate the student's promise for contributing to the
intellectual vitality of a campus.
- Completion of special projects undertaken in the context of the
student's high school curriculum or in conjunction with special
school events, projects or programs.
- Academic accomplishments in light of the student's life
experiences and special circumstances.
- Location of the student's secondary school and residence.
The process for determining admissions varies.
At some campuses,
such as Davis
, Santa Barbara, San Diego
, and Santa Cruz
, a point system is used to weight grade point average, SAT Reasoning or ACT
scores, and SAT Subject scores, while at Berkeley
, Irvine
, and
Los Angeles
, academic achievement is examined in the context of
the school and the surrounding community.
Race,
gender,
national
origin, and
ethnicity have not been
used as UC admission criteria since the passing of
Proposition 209. However,
this information is collected for statistical purposes.
Eligibility in the Local Context
Eligibility in the Local Context, commonly referred to as ELC, is
met by applicants ranked in the top 4% of their high school class
in terms of performance on an 11-unit pattern of UC-approved high
school courses. Beginning with fall 2007 applicants, ELC will also
require a UC-calculated GPA of at least 3.0. Fully eligible ELC
students are guaranteed a spot at one of UC's undergraduate
campuses, though not necessarily at their first-choice campus or
even to a campus to which they applied.
Statistics: Freshman Admission Profile (Fall 2009)
Published by the University of California:
| Campus |
Applicants |
Admits |
Admit Rate |
GPA Avg |
ACT |
SAT Reading |
SAT Math |
SAT Writing |
SAT Composite |
UC Berkeley |
48,671 |
12,943 |
26.6% |
4.15 |
30 |
665 |
692 |
676 |
2033 |
UC
Davis |
42,392 |
19,567 |
46.2% |
4.0 |
28 |
614 |
650 |
623 |
1887 |
UC
Irvine |
44,116 |
18,676 |
42.3% |
4.01 |
27 |
605 |
648 |
620 |
1873 |
UC Los Angeles |
55,680 |
12,086 |
21.7% |
4.16 |
29 |
655 |
687 |
668 |
2010 |
UC
Merced |
10,366 |
8,065 |
77.8% |
3.53 |
23 |
530 |
561 |
532 |
1623 |
UC Riverside |
24,800 |
19,429 |
78.3% |
3.61 |
24 |
541 |
576 |
549 |
1666 |
UC San Diego |
47,069 |
17,573 |
37.3% |
4.08 |
29 |
637 |
677 |
650 |
1964 |
| UC Santa Barbara |
44,717 |
21,584 |
48.3% |
3.93 |
27 |
609 |
634 |
620 |
1863 |
UC Santa Cruz |
27,256 |
17,230 |
63.2% |
3.76 |
26 |
591 |
609 |
597 |
1797 |
Peripheral enterprises
The University of California has a long tradition of involvement in
many enterprises that are often geographically or organizationally
separate from its general campuses, including national
laboratories, observatories, hospitals, continuing education
programs, hotels, conference centers, an airport, and an art
institute.
National laboratories
The University of California directly manages and operates one
United
States Department of Energy National Laboratory:
UC is a limited partner in two separate private companies that
manage and operate two other Department of Energy national
laboratories:
Laboratory missions
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory conducts
unclassified research across a wide range of scientific disciplines
with key efforts in fundamental studies of the universe;
quantitative biology; nanoscience; new energy systems and
environmental solutions; and the use of integrated computing as a
tool for discovery.
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory uses
advance science and technology to ensure that the US’s nuclear
weapons remain reliable. LLNL also has major research programs in
supercomputing and predictive modeling, energy and environment,
bioscience and biotechnology, basic science and applied technology,
counter proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, and homeland
security. It is also home to the most powerful supercomputers in
the world.
Los Alamos National Laboratory focuses most of its
work on ensuring the reliability of the US's nuclear weapons. Other
work at LANL involves research programs into preventing the spread
of weapons of mass destruction and US national security, such as
protection of the US homeland from terrorist attack.
The UC's ties to the three laboratories have occasionally sparked
controversy and protest, because all three laboratories have been
intimately linked with the development of
nuclear weapons. During the
World War II Manhattan Project, Lawrence Berkeley Lab
developed the electromagnetic method for separation of uranium
isotopes used to develop the first atomic bombs. The Los Alamos and
Lawrence Livermore labs have been involved in designing the
nation's nuclear weapons from inception until the shift into
stockpile stewardship after
the close of the
Cold War.
Historically the two national laboratories in Berkeley and
Livermore named after
Ernest O.
Lawrence, have had very close
relationships on research projects, as well as sharing some
business operations and staff.
In fact, LLNL
was not
officially severed administratively from LBNL
until the
early 1970s. They also have much deeper ties to the
university than the Los Alamos Lab, a fact seen in their respective
original names; the University of California Berkeley Radiation
Laboratory and the University of California Radiation Laboratory at
Livermore.
Los Alamos and Lawrence Livermore
The University of California's ties to the labs have so far
outlasted all periods of internal controversy.
However, in 2003, the
U.S Department of Energy for the first time opened the Los Alamos
National Laboratory
(LANL) contract for bidding by other
vendors. UC entered into a partnership with
Bechtel Corporation,
BWXT, and the
Washington Group
International, and together they created a private company
called
Los Alamos
National Security, LLC (LANS). The only other bidder on the
LANL contract was a
Lockheed-Martin
Corporation-created company that included, among others, the
University of Texas
System. In December 2005, a seven-year contract to manage the
laboratory was awarded to the Los Alamos National Security,
LLC.
On June 1, 2006, the University of California ended its direct
involvement in operating Los Alamos National Laboratory, and
management control of the laboratory was taken over by
Los Alamos National Security,
LLC. Approximately 95% of the former 10,000 UC employees at
LANL were rehired by LANS to continue working at LANL.
On October 1, 2007, the University of California ended its direct
involvement in operating the Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory. Management control of the laboratory was taken over by
Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC, a limited liability
company whose members are Bechtel National, the University of
California, Babcock and Wilcox, the Washington Division of URS
Corporation, Battelle Memorial Institute, and The Teaxs A&M
University System.
Other than UC appointing three members to the two separate board of
directors (each with eleven members) that oversee LANS and LLNS, UC
now has virtually no responsibility or direct involvement in either
LANL or LLNL. UC policies and regulations that apply to UC campuses
and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in California no
longer apply to LANL and LLNL, and the LANL and LLNL Directors no
longer report to the UC Regents or UC Office of the
President.
High-performance networking
The University of California is a founding and charter member of
CENIC, the Corporation for Education Network
Initiatives in California, the nonprofit organization which
provides extremely high-performance Internet-based networking to
California's K-20 research and education community.
Other national research centers
The
University of California also works with the NASA Ames
Research Center
at Moffett Federal Airfield
in California. In September 2003, a ten-year
contract valued at more than US$330 million was awarded to the UC
to establish and operate a University Affiliated Research Center
(UARC) — the largest grant ever awarded the University.
UC Santa Cruz
manages the UARC for the University of California,
with the goal of increasing the science output, safety, and
effectiveness of NASA
's missions
through new technologies and scientific techniques.
Since
2002, the NSF-funded San Diego Supercomputer
Center at UC San
Diego
has been managed by the University of California,
taking over for the previous manager, General Atomics
.
Observatories
The
University of California manages two observatories as a multi-campus research unit
headquartered at UC Santa
Cruz
.
The
Astronomy Department at the Berkeley
campus manages the Hat Creek
Radio Observatory
in Shasta County
.
Hospitals
The University of California has
medical
schools at Davis, Irvine, Los Angeles, San Diego, and San
Francisco. UCSF is consistently ranked in the Top 10 nationwide,
UCLA and UCSD in the Top 15, by
U.S. News and World Report.
The
affiliated teaching hospitals are also highly regarded, with
UCLA Medical
Center
ranked No. 1 on the West Coast and No. 3
nationwide by
U.S. News and World Report.
One
discovery at UCLA resulted in a landmark decision of the Supreme
Court of California
, Moore
v. Regents of the
University of California (1990), in which the court held
that the plaintiff had no right to a share of any profits realized
from the commercialization of any discoveries developed from his
discarded body parts.
In the latter half of the 20th century, the UC hospitals became the
core of full-fledged regional health systems; they were gradually
supplemented by many outpatient clinics, offices, and institutes.
Three UC hospitals are actually county hospitals which were sold to
UC, which means that UC has come to play a major role in providing
healthcare to the indigent.
The medical hospitals operated by UC Irvine
(acquired in 1976), UC Davis (acquired in 1978), and UC San Diego
(acquired in 1984), each began as the respective county hospitals
of Orange
County
, Sacramento County
, and San Diego County
.
UC Extension
For over a century, the University has operated a continuing
education program for working adults and professionals. At present,
UC Extension enrolls over 500,000 students each year in over 17,000
courses. One of the reasons for its large size is that UC Extension
is a dominant provider of
Continuing Legal Education and
Continuing Medical
Education in California. For example, the systemwide portion of
UC Extension (directly controlled by the UC Office of the
President) operates Continuing Education of the Bar under a joint
venture agreement with the
State
Bar of California.
UC Agriculture and Natural Resources
The University of California division of Agriculture and Natural
Resources plays an important role in the State's agriculture
industry, as mandated by the UC's legacy as a land-grant
institution. In addition to conducting agriculture research, every
county in the state has a field office with county farm advisors.
The county offices also support
4-H programs and
have nutrition, family and consumer sciences advisors who assist
local government.
UC Natural Reserve System
The
NRS was
established in January 1965 to provide UC faculty with large areas
of land in which they could conduct long-term ecosystem research
without having to worry about outside disturbances like tourists.
Today, the NRS manages 35 reserves which together encompass more
than .
Travel and conference facilities
- UC Berkeley's California Alumni Association operates travel
excursions for alumni (and their families) under its "BearTreks"
brand. BearTreks is unusual in that the tour guides are usually
Berkeley professors. CAA also operates an exclusive resort in the
Sierra Nevada, the Lair of the Golden Bear, also just for Cal
alumni and their families.
- UCLA
operates both its own on-campus hotel, the
UCLA Guest House, and a lavish conference center at Lake
Arrowhead
. During the summer, the conference center
hosts the Bruin Woods vacation programs for UCLA alumni and their
families.
- The University Inn and Conference Center, located in downtown
Santa Cruz, is owned and operated by UC Santa Cruz.
- The
UC system's Education Abroad program has two foreign campuses to
support UC students: California House in London
and La
Casa de la Universidad de California in Mexico City
. There is also a UC Washington Center in Washington,
D.C.
University Airport
UC Davis
operates the University Airport
as a utility airport for air
shuttle service in the contractual transportation of university
employees and agricultural samples. It is also a public
General Aviation airport. University Airport's ICAO identifier is
KEDU.
Seaport
UC San Diego
owns a seaport, the Nimitz Marine Facility, which
is just south of Shelter Island on Point Loma
, San Diego. The port is used as an operating
base for all of its oceanographic vessels and platforms.
Other affiliated institutions
See also
References
Further reading
External links