Utrecht ( ) city and
municipality is the capital and most populous city of the Dutch
province of Utrecht
. It is located in the eastern end of the
Randstad
, and is the
fourth largest city of the Netherlands, with a population of 300,030 in 2007. The
smaller Utrecht agglomeration including adjacent suburbs and
annexed towns is home to some 640,000 registered inhabitants, while
the larger region contains up to 820,000 inhabitants.
Utrecht's ancient city-centre features many buildings and
structures from its earliest origins onwards. It has been the
religious centre of the Netherlands since the eighth century.
Currently
it is the see of the Archbishop of Utrecht
, the most important Dutch Roman Catholic leader. Utrecht is also
the see of the archbishop of the
Old
Catholic church, titular head of the
Union of Utrecht , and the
location of the offices of the main
Protestant church.
Until the golden age, Utrecht was the city of most importance in
the northern Netherlands (the present-day country of the
Netherlands, excluding Belgium and Luxembourg), until Amsterdam
became the cultural and populous centre of the Netherlands.
Utrecht is host to
Utrecht
University, the largest university of the Netherlands, as well
as several other institutes for higher education. Due to its
central position within the country it is an important
transportation hub (
rail and
road) in the Netherlands. It has the second
highest number of cultural events in the Netherlands, after
Amsterdam.
History
Origins (Until 650)
Although there is some evidence of earlier inhabitation in the
region of Utrecht, dating back to the
Stone
Age (app. 2200
BCE) and settling in the
Bronze Age (app. 1800–800 BCE), the
founding date of the city is usually related to the construction of
a
Roman fortification (
castellum), probably built in around 50
CE. These fortresses were designed to
house a
cohort of about 500
Roman soldiers. Near the fort a settlement would grow housing
artisans, traders and soldiers' wives and
children.A line of such fortresses was built after the
Roman emperor Claudius
decided the empire should not expand further north. To consolidate
the border the
limes Germanicus
defense line was constructed.
This line was located at the borders of the
main branch of the river Rhine
, which at
that time flowed through a more northern bed compared to today,
along what is now the Kromme
Rijn.
In Roman times the name of the Utrecht fortress was simply
Traiectum denoting its location on the Rhine at a
ford. Traiectum became Dutch Trecht. The U
comes from
Old Dutch "uut" meaning
downriver. It was added to distinguish from the other Tricht,
Maas-tricht. In 11th century official documents it was then
Latinized as Ultra Traiectum. Over time the two parts of the name
would merge and evolve into the current name "Utrecht".In the
second century, the wooden walls were replaced by sturdier
tuff stone walls, remnants of which are still to be
found below the buildings around Dom Square.
From the middle of the 3rd century Germanic tribes regularly
invaded the Roman territories. Around 275 the Romans could no
longer maintain the northern border and Utrecht was abandoned.
Little is known about the next period 270-650. Utrecht is first
spoken of again in the 7th century when the influence of the
growing realms of the
Franks led
Dagobert I to build a church devoted to
Saint Martin within the walls of the Roman
fortress. In ongoing border conflicts with the
Frisians the church was however destroyed.
Centre of Christianity in the Netherlands (650-1579)
By the mid 7th century, English and Irish
missionaries set out to convert the Frisians.
The
pope appointed their leader,
Willibrordus,
bishop of
the Frisians; which is usually considered to be the beginning of
the
Bishopric of Utrecht. In
723, the Frankish king bestowed the fortress in Utrecht and the
surrounding lands as the base of bishops. From then on Utrecht
became one of the most influential seats of power for the Roman
Catholic Church in the Netherlands.The see of the archbishops of
Utrecht was located at the uneasy northern border of the
Carolingian Empire.
Furthermore it had to
compete with the nearby trading centre Dorestad
, also
founded near the location of a Roman fortress. After the
downfall of Dorestad around 850, Utrecht became one of the most
important cities in the Netherlands. The importance of Utrecht as a
centre of Christianity is illustrated by the appointment of the
Utrecht-born
Adriaan Florenszoon
Boeyens as pope in 1522 (the last non-Italian pope before
John Paul II).
Prince-Bishops
When the Frankish rulers established the system of
feudalism, the Bishops of Utrecht came to exercise
worldly power as
prince-bishops. The
realm of the bishopry included not only the land of the modern
province of Utrecht (Nedersticht, 'lower
Sticht'), but also extended to the northeast.
However, the feudalist system resulted in conflict between the
different lords. The prince bishopry had its conflicts with the
Counts of
Holland and the Dukes of
Guelders.
The Veluwe
region was
soon taken by Guelders, but large areas in the modern province of
Overijssel remained as the
Oversticht.
Clerical buildings
The clergy built several churches and monasteries inside, or close
to, the city of Utrecht.
Most dominant of these was the gothic Cathedral of
Saint Martin
, inside the old Roman fortress. The
construction of this cathedral started in 1254 after an earlier
romanesque cathedral had
been badly damaged by fire.
When the choir and transept were finished from 1320 the ambitious
Dom
tower
was built. The central
nave was the last part to be constructed from 1420. By
that time, however, the time of the great cathedrals had ended and
declining finances prevented this ambitious cathedral from being
finished, resulting in the construction of the central nave being
suspended before finishing the planned
flying buttresses.Besides the cathedral
there were four additional
collegiate
churches in Utrecht:
St.
Salvator's Church (demolished in the 16th century), on the Dom
square, dating back to the early 8th century.
Saint John (Janskerk), originating in 1040;
Saint
Peter
, building started in 1039 and Saint Mary's church building started
around 1090 (demolished in the early 19th century, cloister
survives).Besides these churches the city housed
Saint Paul abbey. The
15th century
beguine monastery of
Saint
Nicholas, and a 14th century chapter house of the
Teutonic Knights.
Besides these buildings which were part of the hierarchy of the
bishopric; an additional four
parish
churches were constructed in the city: the Jacobichurch
(
dedicated to Saint James),
founded in the 11th century, with the current gothic church dating
back to the 14th century; the Buurkerk (Neighbourhood-church) of
the 11th century parish in the centre of the city; Nicolaichurch
(dedicated to
Saint Nicholas), from
the 12th century and the 13th century Geertekerk (dedicated to
Saint
Gertrude of
Nivelles).
City of Utrecht
The location on the banks of the river Rhine allowed Utrecht to
become an important trade centre in the Northern Netherlands. The
growing town Utrecht received
city rights in 1122.When the
main flow of the Rhine moved south, the old bed, which still flowed
through the heart of the town became evermore
canalized; and a unique wharf system was built as an
inner city harbour system. On the wharfs storage facilities
(
werfkelders) were built, on top of which the main street,
including houses was constructed. The wharfs and the cellars are
accessible from a platform at water level with stairs descending
from the street level to form a unique structure. The relations
between the bishop, who controlled many lands outside of the city,
and the citizens of Utrecht was not always easy.
The bishop, for
example dammed the Kromme
Rijn at Wijk bij
Duurstede
to protect his estates from flooding.
This
threatened shipping for the city and led the city of Utrecht to
commission a canal to ensure access to the town for shipping trade:
the Vaartse Rijn, connecting Utrecht to the Hollandse IJssel at IJsselstein
.
The end of independence
In 1528 the worldly powers of the bishop over both Neder- and
Oversticht, including the city of Utrecht, were transferred to
Charles V, Holy Roman
Emperor, who became the Lord of the
Seventeen Provinces, (the current
Benelux and the northern parts of France).
This transition was not an easy one and Charles V wanted to exert
his power over the citizens of the city, who had achieved a certain
level of independence from the bishops and were not willing to give
this power to their new lord.
Charles decided to build a heavily fortified
castle Vredenburg
to house a large garrison whose most important task
would be to maintain order in the city. The castle would
last less than 50 years before it was demolished in an uprising in
the early stages of the
Dutch
Revolt.
Republic of the Netherlands (1579-1815)
In 1579 the northern seven provinces signed the
Union of Utrecht, in which they decided to
join forces against Spanish rule. The Union of Utrecht is seen as
the beginning of the
Dutch Republic.
In 1580 the new and predominantly Protestant state abolished the
bishoprics, including the one in Utrecht, which had become an
archbishopric in 1559.
The stadtholders disapproved of the independent
course of the Utrecht bourgeoisie and brought the city under much
more direct control of the Holland
dominated leadership of the republic. This
was the start of a long period of stagnation of trade and
development in Utrecht, an atypical city in the new state, still
about 40% Catholic in the mid-17th century, and even more so among
the elite groups, who included many rural nobility and gentry with
town houses there.
The city, which was held against its will in the states of the
Republic, failed to defend itself against the French invasion in
1672 (the
Disaster Year)
The lack of structural integrity proved to be the undoing of the
central section of the cathedral of St Martin church when Utrecht
was struck by a
tornado in 1674.
The
Treaty of Utrecht in
1713 settled the
War of
the Spanish Succession.
Since 1723 (but especially after 1870) Utrecht became the centre of
the non-Roman
Old Catholic
Churches in the world.
Modern history (1815-now)
In the early 19th century the role of Utrecht as a fortified town
had become obsolete. The fortifications of the
Nieuwe Hollandse Waterlinie were
moved east of Utrecht. The town walls could now be demolished to
allow for expansion. The moats remained intact and formed an
important feature of the Zocher plantsoen, an
English style landscape park that remains
largely intact today.
1960s style architecture at the
Jaarbeursplein
Growth of the city increased when, in 1843, a railway connecting
Utrecht to Amsterdam was opened. After that, Utrecht gradually
became the main hub of the
Dutch railway network.
In 1853 the Dutch government allowed the bishopric of Utrecht to be
reinstated by
Rome, and
Utrecht became the centre of Dutch Catholicism once more.
With the
industrial revolution
finally gathering speed in the Netherlands and the ramparts taken
down, Utrecht began to grow far beyond the medieval center from the
1880s onward with the construction of neighbourhoods such as
Oudwijk,
Wittevrouwen, Vogelenbuurt to
the East, and Lombok to the West.
New middle class residential areas, such
as Tuindorp and Oog in
Al
, were built in the 1920s and 1930s.
During
this period, several Jugendstil houses
and office buildings were built, followed by Rietveld who built the Rietveld
Schröder House
(1924), and Dudok's construction of the city
theater (1941).
During
World War II, Utrecht was held
by the Germans until the general German surrender of the
Netherlands on 5 May 1945.
Canadian
troops that surrounded the city entered it after
that surrender, on May 7, 1945.
Since
World War II, the city has grown considerably when new
neighbourhoods such as Overvecht, Kanaleneiland
, Hoogravenand Lunetten
were built. Additionally the area
surrounding the central station, and the station itself have been
developed following modernist ideas of the 1960s, in a
brutalist style. This led to the
construction of the shopping mall
Hoog
Catharijne, music centre Vredenburg (
Hertzberger, 1979), and conversion of
part of the ancient canal structure into a highway
(Catherijnebaan). Protest against further modernisation of the city
centre followed even before the last buildings were finalised. In
the early 21st century the whole area is being redeveloped.
Currently
the city is expanding once more with the development of the
Leidsche
Rijn
housing area.
Geography
Climate
Utrecht experiences an
oceanic
climate (
Köppen
climate classification Cfb) similar to almost all of
the Netherlands.
Demographics
Inhabitants of Utrecht are called
Utrechter or more rarely
Utrechtenaar.
Utrecht city had a population of 296,305 in 2007. Utrecht is a
growing municipality and projections are that the city's population
will surpass 350,000 by 2017.
In Utrecht 52% of the population is female, 48% is male.Utrecht has
a young population, with many inhabitants in the age category from
20 and 30 years, due to the presence of a large university.
| Population in Utecht |
| Female |
Age |
Male |
| 22761 |
15% |
0-14 |
23994 |
17% |
| 44732 |
30% |
15-29 |
36165 |
26% |
| 36444 |
24% |
30-44 |
39434 |
28% |
| 15574 |
10% |
45-54 |
15996 |
11% |
| 11899 |
8% |
55-64 |
11484 |
8% |
| 8317 |
6% |
65-74 |
7457 |
5% |
| 9374 |
6% |
74+ |
4764 |
3% |
The majority of households (52.5%) in Utrecht is a single person
household. About 29% of people living in Utrecht are either
married, or have another legal partnership. About 3% of the
population of Utrecht is divorced.
About 69% of the population is of Dutch ancestry. Approximately 10%
of the population consists of immigrants from
Western countries, while 21% of the
population is of non-Western origin (9% Moroccan, 5% Turkish, 3%
Surinamese and Dutch Caribbean and 5% of other countries).
With 9% of its population being of Moroccan heritage, Utrecht
contains the largest proportion of people of Moroccan descent of
any Dutch municipality.
Like Rotterdam, Amsterdam, The Hague and other large Dutch cities,
Utrecht faces social problems. About 38% percent of its population
either earns a minimum income or being dependant on social welfares
(17% of all households). Boroughs such as Kanaleneiland, Overvecht
and Hoograven consist primarily of high-rise housing developments,
and are known for relatively high poverty and crime rates, as well
as a high percentage of non-Dutch inhabitants (Kanaleneiland: 83%,
Overvecht: 57%).
Population centres and agglomeration
Besides
the city of Utrecht, the municipality of Utrecht also includes
Vleuten-De
Meern
, which was a separate municipality until
2001. Vleuten-De Meern in turn included the villages of
Haarzuilens and Veldhuizen. Thus the municipality of Utrecht
includes several population centres:
- The city of Utrecht (population: app. 258,000)
- Vleuten-De Meern (population: app. 30.000)
Utrecht is the centre of a densely populated area, which makes
concise definitions of its agglomeration difficult, and somewhat
arbitrary.
The smaller Utrecht agglomeration counts
some 420,000 inhabitants and includes Nieuwegein
, IJsselstein and Maarssen
. It is sometimes argued that the
municipalities De
Bilt
, Zeist
, Houten
, Vianen
, Driebergen-Rijsenburg
(Utrechtse Heuvelrug
), and Bunnik
should also
be counted towards the Utrecht agglomeration, bringing the total to
640,000 inhabitants. The larger region, including slightly more
remote towns such as Woerden
and Amersfoort
counts up to 820,000 inhabitants.
Cityscape
.jpg/180px-Utrecht_Oude_Gracht_Hamburgerbrug_(LOC).jpg)
The Oudegracht ca. 1890.
View on the Oudegracht from the Dom
tower
Utrecht's
cityscape features the Dom Tower, belonging to the former cathedral (Dom
Church). An ongoing debate is if any building in or
near the centre of town may surpass the Dom Tower in height (112
m). Nevertheless, some tall buildings are now being constructed
that will become part of the skyline of Utrecht.
The second highest
building of the city, the Rabobank
-tower, will be completed in 2010 and will stand 105
m tall. Two antennas will increase that height to 120 m.
Two other
buildings were constructed around the Nieuw
Galgenwaard
stadium (2007). These buildings, the
'Kantoortoren Galghenwert' and 'Apollo Residence', stand 85.5 and
64.5 metres high respectively. Finally, there are controversial
plans for a 262 m high skyscraper in the newly built neighbourhood
of Leidsche Rijn: the '
Belle van
Zuylen' tower.
Another landmark is the old centre and the canal structure in the
inner city.
The Oudegracht
is a curved canal, partly following an old arm of
the Rhine. It
is lined with the unique wharf-basement structures that create a
two-level street along the canals. The inner city has largely
retained its Medieval structure, and the moat ringing the old town
is largely intact. Because of the role of Utrecht as a fortified
city,which restricted construction outside the walls, until the
19th century the city has remained very compact. Surrounding the
medieval core there is a ring of late 19th and early 20th century
neighbourhoods, with newer neighbourhoods positioned farther out.
The eastern part of Utrecht remains fairly open. The
Dutch Water Line, moved east of the city in
the early 19th century required open lines of fire thus prohibiting
all permanent constructions until the mid of the 20th century on
the east side of the city.
Due to the past importance of Utrecht as a religious centre,
several monumental churches have survived.
Most prominent is the
Dom Church. Other notables churches include the
romanesque St Peter's and St John's churches, the gothic churches
of St James and St Nicholas, and the so-called Buurkerk, now
converted into a [[Museum Van Speelklok tot Pierement|museum for
automatically playing musical instruments]].
Transport
Because of its central location Utrecht is well connected to the
rest of the Netherlands, and has a well-developed public transport
network.
Public transport
Rail connections
Utrecht
Centraal
is the main railway station of Utrecht.There
are also some smaller stations in the suburbs:
There is
also a museum station for the Dutch Railway Museum
, at Utrecht Maliebaan railway
station.
From Utrecht Centraal there are:
Utrecht Central Station
A
light-rail line runs from Utrecht
Centraal station, through the neighbourhoods of Lombok and Kanaleneiland to Nieuwegein and IJsselstein. This line is operated by
Connexxion.
Besides being an important node in the transportation system
Utrecht hosts the headquarters of both the
Nederlandse Spoorwegen (Dutch
Railroads), the most important train company in the Netherlands,
and
ProRail, the state owned company that is
responsible for building and maintenance of railroad tracks
throughout the Netherlands.
Bus transport
Utrecht Central railway station also operates as the main local and
regional bus station. The bus network of Utrecht includes
Utrecht Centraal's bus station is the busiest in the
Netherlands.
The Utrecht Central railway station is also frequented by the
pan-European
Eurolines bus company.
Furthermore, it acts as departure and
arrival place of many coach companies serving holiday resorts in
Spain
and France
and during
winter in Austria
and Switzerland
.
Other transport
Roads
Utrecht is well connected to the main roads in the Netherlands. Two
of the most important major roads cross near Utrecht: The
A12 [The Hague - Arnhem -
Germany] and the
A2 [Amsterdam - Maastricht -
Belgium]. Other roads are the
A27 [Almere - Breda] and the
A28 [Utrecht -
Groningen]. Due to the increasing traffic, traffic congestion is a
common phenomenon in and around Utrecht. This has led to the city
being seriously contaminated with
particulate dust.
Shipping
Utrecht
also has a medium-sized industrial port, located on the Amsterdam-Rhine Canal
, which is connected to the Rhine
river. The CTU container terminal has a capacity of 80,000
containers a year. In 2003, the port facilitated the transport of
four million tons of cargo; mostly sand, gravel, fertilizer, and
fodder.
Additionally some tourist boat trips are organised from various
places on the Oudegracht.
Economy
The economy of Utrecht depends for a large part on the several
large institutions located in the city. Production industry has a
relatively small influence in Utrecht.
Rabobank, a large bank has its headquarters in
Utrecht.
The Inkpot
Utrecht is the center of the Dutch railroad network and the
location of the head office of the
Nederlandse Spoorwegen (Dutch
Railways). NS's former head office '
De
Inktpot' in Utrecht is the largest brick building in the
Netherlands (the "UFO" disfiguring its facade stems from an art
program in 2000). The building is currently used by
ProRail.
A large indoor
shopping center
called is located between the central railway station and the city
center. The corridors have been considered
public places like streets, and the main route
from station to city center is therefore open all night. Over the
next 20 years (counting from 2004), parts of Hoog Catharijne will
disappear as a consequence of the renovation of the Station-area.
Parts of the city's network of canals, which were filled to create
the shopping center and central station area, will be
recreated.
At the west side of the central railway station can be found the
Jaarbeurs, one of the largest
convention centers of the
Netherlands.
One of
Europe's biggest used car markets is located in the Voordorp
district. It is open every Tuesday except on
official holidays. With thousands of second-hand vehicles on sale
the market is a special point of interest for customers from
Eastern European countries who even organize special one-way bus
tours for shopping there.
Education
View on the Uithof campus of Utrecht
University
Utrecht is well known for its institutions of higher education. The
most prominent of these is
Utrecht
University (est.
1636), the largest university of the
Netherlands with 26,787 students (as of 2004).
The
university is partially based in the inner city as well as in the
Uithof
campus
area, on the east of the city. According to Shanghai
Jiaotong University
's university ranking in 2007 it is the 42nd best
university in the world. Utrecht also houses the much
smaller
University of
Humanistics (estimated at a few hundred students).
Utrecht is home of one of the locations of
TiasNimbas,
focused on post-experience management education and the largest
management school of its kind in the Netherlands. In 2007, its
executive
MBA program was rated the 11th best
program in the world by the
Financial Times.
Utrecht
is also home to two other large institutions of higher education:
the Hogeschool
Utrecht (30,000 students), with locations in the city and the
Uithof campus, and the HKU Utrecht School of the
Arts
(3,000 students).
There are many schools for
primary and
secondary education; allowing for
different philosophies and religions as is inherent in the
Dutch school system. There is
some concern about
segregation in
the primary schools (which is a common problem in many large cities
in the Netherlands). This is caused by Dutch parents wanting to
send their children to schools with a large proportion of other
Dutch children, ending in a spiral where schools with a large
proportion of immigrant children attract fewer and fewer Dutch
children.
Culture
Miffy statue at the Nijntjepleintje in
Utrecht.
city has an active cultural life, in the Netherlands second only to
Amsterdam. Utrecht aims to become
cultural capital of Europe in
2018.
There are several theatres and theatre companies. The 1941 main
city theater was built by
Dudok. Besides theatres there is a
large number of cinemas including three arthouse cinemas. Utrecht
is host to the
Netherlands
Film Festival.The city has an important classical music hall
Vredenburg (1979 by
Herman
Hertzberger), which acoustics are considered among the best of
the 20th century original music halls.
Young musicians are
educated in the conservatory (a
department of the Utrecht School of the Arts). There is a specialised museum
of automatically playing musical
instruments. Located at the OudeGracht is the rock club
Tivoli (which has a second location just outside the centre). There
are several other venues for music throughout the city.
There are many art galleries in Utrecht. There are also several
foundations to support art, and artists.
Training of artists
is done at the Utrecht School of the Arts. The Centraal Museum
has many exhibitions on the arts, including a
permanent exhibition on the works of Utrecht resident illustrator
Dick Bruna, who is best known for
creating Miffy.Utrecht also houses
one of the landmarks of modern architecture, the 1924 Rietveld
Schröder House, which is listed on UNESCO's world heritage sites.
1924 Rietveld Schröder House
To involve the city population as a whole (rather than the elite
alone) in the cultural riches of the city, Utrecht city, in
collaboration with the different cultural organisations, regularly
organise cultural Sundays. During a thematic Sunday several
organisations create a program, which is open to everyone without,
or with a very much reduced, admission fee.Furthermore there are
many initiatives for
amateur artists; e.g.
in the performing arts, painting and sculpture. The city subsidises
an organisation for amateur education in arts aimed at all
inhabitants (Utrechts Centrum voor de Kunsten), as does the
university for its staff and students. Additionally there are also
several private initiatives. The city council provides coupons for
discounts to inhabitants who receive welfare to be used with many
of the initiatives.
Utrecht
is home to the premier league (professional) football club FC
Utrecht, which plays in Stadium Nieuw Galgenwaard. It is also the home of Kampong, the largest
(amateur) sportsclub of the Netherlands (4,500 members),
SV Kampong. Kampong
features fieldhockey, soccer, cricket, tennis, squash and jeu de
boules. Kampong's men and women top hockey squads play in the
highest Dutch hockey league, the Rabohoofdklasse.
Museums
Utrecht has several smaller and larger museums. Many of those are
located in the eastern part of the old town, which is called
MuseumQuarter.
Music
Utrecht hosts the yearly Utrecht Early Music Festival -
Festival Oude Muziek
Utrecht
In Jaarbeurs it hosts
Trance Energy
too.
Notable people from Utrecht
- See also the category People from
Utrecht
Over the ages famous people have been born and raised in
Utrecht.Among the most famous Utrechters are:
International relations
Twin towns — Sister cities
Utrecht is
twinned with:
See also
External links
- Maps
Notes
References
- Het ontstaan van de stad Utrecht (tot 100), Het
Utrechts Archief (in Dutch)
- Nicoline van der Sijs (2001), Chronologisch woordenboek. De ouderdom en
herkomst van onze woorden en betekenissen, blz. 100,
Uitgeverij L.J. Veen, Amsterdam/Antwerpen, ISBN 9020420453 (in
Dutch)
- All other canal cities in The Netherlands (such as Leiden,
Amsterdam and Delft) have the water in canals bordering directly to
the road surface
- Wayne Franits, Dutch Seventeenth-Century Genre Painting, p.65,
Yale UP, 2004, ISBN 0300102372
- The term Utrechtenaar has become a profane expression
for homosexual after the 1730-31 sodomy trials, and has fallen into
disuse since. This distinction, however, is not always known by
Dutch speakers from outside the region, who may use the term
Utrechtenaar without being aware of the specific
connotation.
- www.bellevanzuijlen.nl/
- Historische Atlas van de stad Utrecht. ISBN 90-8506-189-X
- Wandelplatform-LAW. Waterliniepad (in Dutch) 1st
edition, 2004. ISBN 90-71068-61-7
- Kerken
Kijken Utrecht | Home
- UrbanRail.Net > Europe > Netherlands > Utrecht
Sneltram / Light Rail
- 404 Pagina niet gevonden › NS reizigers
- http://vareninutrecht.nl/index.php?page=lp_rondvaart_utrecht
http://www.schuttevaer.com/
http://www.inutrechtuit.nl/leuk_en_doen/lovers_rondvaart.html
- Ublad Online > Peter de Haan promoot Utrecht als
culturele hoofdstad van Europa
.jpg/180px-Traiectum_-_Wttecht_-_Utrecht_(Atlas_van_Loon).jpg)
to Schiphol Airport
and Dordrecht
(Q-liner).
and Oosterhout
(Interliner).
Railroad sponsored museum on the history of the
Dutch railroads
, Nicaragua
, Czech
Republic
, Democratic Republic of the
Congo
, Germany
, between 1970 and 1976
Top topics
Wikis
Quiz
Map
Misc
Search
