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Volvo Cars, or Volvo Personvagnar AB, is a Swedish automobile manufacturer founded in 1927 in the city of Gothenburgmarker, Swedenmarker, and currently owned by Ford Motor Company.

Volvo was originally formed as a subsidiary company to the ball bearing maker SKF. It was not until 1935 when Volvo AB was introduced on the Swedish stock exchange that SKF sold most of the shares in the company. Volvo Cars was owned by AB Volvo until 1999, when it was acquired by the Ford Motor Company as part of its Premier Automotive Group.

Volvo produces models ranging from SUVs, wagons, and sedans to compact executive sedans and coupes. With 2,500 dealerships worldwide in 100 markets; 60 percent of sales come from Europe, 30 percent from North America, and the other 10 percent is from the rest of the world.

Volvo's market share is shrinking in the North American market. However, Volvo increased its market share in new markets such as Russia, China and India. Specifically, Volvo expected sales in Russia to double and exceed 20,000 units by the end of 2007, making Russia one of the ten biggest markets for the company. Volvo already boasts the leading position in Russia's luxury car segment.
Older models were often compared to tractors, partly because Volvo AB was and still is a manufacturer of heavy equipment, earlier Bolinder-Munktell, now Volvo Construction Equipment. Considered by some to be slow and heavy, they earned the distinction "brick" as a term of endearment for the classic, block-shaped Volvo, with the more powerful turbo charged variants known as "turbobricks". More recent models have moved away from the boxy styles favored in the 1970s and 1980s and built a reputation for sporting performance, but not before the phenomenal success of factory-supported Volvo 240 turbos winning both the 1985 European Touring Car Championship and 1986 Australian Touring Car Championship (ATCC).

Owners are often proud of achieving prodigious mileages with one well-documented 1966 Volvo P1800S having been driven over 2.6 million miles. According to some figures the average age of a Volvo being discarded is 19.8 years, second only to Mercedes. Reliability is considered better thanaverage and in the USA Volvo dealers are listed by Forbes as the 9th best general car manufacturer and 6th best for luxury cars.

History

Gustav Larson and Assar Gabrielsson
Volvo logotype (PRV-registr.) 1927
Volvo ÖV4 Touring 1927
Volvo PV4 4-Door saloon 1927
Volvo company came about in Gothenburg, Sweden in the year 1927. The company was founded by SKF as a subsidiary company 100% owned by SKF. Assar Gabrielsson was appointed the managing director and Gustav Larson as the technical manager.

"Cars are driven by people. The guiding principle behind everything we make at Volvo, therefore, is and must remain, safety", Assar Gabrielsson and Gustav Larson 1927.


The trademark Volvo was first registered by SKF the 11 May 1915 with the intention to use it for a special series of ball bearing for the American market, but it was never used for this purpose. SKF trademark as it looks today was used instead for all the SKF-products. Some pre-series of Volvo-bearings stamped with the brand name 'Volvo' were manufactured but was never released to the market and it was not until 1927 that the trademark was used again, now as a trademark and company name for an automobile.

The first Volvo car left the assembly line April 14, 1927 was called Volvo ÖV 4. After this the young company produced closed top and cabriolet vehicles, which were designed to hold strong in the Swedish climate and terrain. In the registration application for Volvo logotype in 1927, they simply made a copy of the entire radiator for ÖV4, viewed from the front.

In 1964 Volvo opened its Torslandamarker plant in Sweden, which currently is the one of its largest production sites (chiefly large cars and SUV). Then in 1965 the Ghentmarker, Belgium plant was opened, which is the company's second largest production site (chiefly small cars). Finally in 1989 the Uddevallamarker plant in Sweden was opened, which is now jointly operated by Volvo Car Corporation and Pininfarina of Italy.

A collection of Volvo's most important historical vehicles are now housed a The Volvo Museum, which opened in a permanent location in Arendal at Hisingen on May 30, 1995. For several years, the collection had been housed at "The Blue Hangar," at the then closed Torslanda Airportmarker.



Safety

Volvo cars have long been marketed and stressed their historic reputation for solidity and reliability. Prior to strong government safety regulation Volvo had been in the forefront of safety engineering.

In 1944, laminated glass was introduced in the PV model. In 1958, Volvo engineer Nils Bohlin invented and patented the modern 3-Point Safety Belt, which became standard on all Volvo cars in 1959. Volvo was the first company to produce cars with padded dashboards starting in late 1956 with their Amazon model. Additionally, Volvo developed the first rear-facing child seat in 1964 and introduced its own booster seat in 1978.

In 1986, Volvo introduced the first central high-mounted stoplight (a brake light not shared with the rear tail lights), which became federally mandated in the United States in the 1986 model year. Seat belt and child seat innovation continued as shown in the 1991 960. The 960 introduced the first three-point seat belt for the middle of the rear seat and a child safety cushion integrated in the middle armrest. Also in 1991 came the introduction of the Side Impact Protection System (SIPS) on the 940/960 and 850 models, which channeled the force of a side impact away from the doors and into the safety cage.

To add to its SIPS in 1995 Volvo was the first to introduce side airbags and installed them as standard equipment in all models in 1995. In 1998 Volvo also developed and was the first to install a head-protecting airbag, which was made standard in all new models as well as some existing models. The head-protecting airbag was not available on the 1996 C70 due to the initial design deploying the airbag from the roof; the C70, being a convertible, could not accommodate such an airbag. Later years of the C70 featured a head-protecting airbag deploying upwards from the door, negating the issue of roof position. It has been stated by many testing authorities that side head protecting curtain airbags can reduce risk of death in a side impact by up to 40% and brain injury by up to 55%, as well as protecting in a rollover situation.

In 1998, Volvo introduced its Whiplash Protection System (WHIPS), a safety device to prevent injury of front seat users during collisions. In 2004, Volvo introduced the BLIS system, which detects vehicles entering the Volvo's blind spot with a side view mirror mounted sensor and alerts the driver with a light. That year also saw Volvos sold in all markets equipped with side-marker lights and daytime-running lights (the latter having already been available in many markets for some time). Much of Volvo's safety technology now also goes into other Ford vehicles. In 2005 Volvo presented the second generation of Volvo C70, it comes with extra stiff door-mounted inflatable side curtains (the first of its kind in a convertible).

In 2006 Volvo's Personal Car Communicator (PCC) remote control has been launched as an optional feature with the all new Volvo S80. This feature is fairly new to the automotive industry. Before a driver gets to their car, they are able to review the security level and know whether they have set the alarm and if the car is locked. Additionally, a heartbeat sensor warns if someone is hiding inside the car. The heartbeat sensor is rumored to also work with the SOS feature of Volvo's new telematics system. The all new Volvo S80 is also the first Volvo model to feature Adaptive cruise control (ACC) with Collision Warning and Brake Support (CWBS).

By the mid-1990s there was little to distinguish Volvo from some other manufacturers (notably Renault) on safety when put through standardized tests such as Euro NCAP. A 2005 FOLKSAM report puts the 740/940 (from 1982 on) in the 15% better than average category, the second from the top category. Also, the production of P1800 had to be stopped because it did not fulfill US safety standards. The Volvo 745 was also recalled due to that the front seatbelts mounts could break in a collision.

Since 2004 all Volvo models except for the C70 and C30 are available with an all-wheel drive system developed by Haldex Traction of Sweden.

Even though Volvo Car Corp is owned by the Ford Motor Company, the safety systems of Volvo are still made standard on all of their vehicles. Volvo has patented all of their safety innovations, including SIPS, WHIPS, ROPS, DSTC, IC, and body structures. Some of these systems have shown up in other Ford vehicles in related forms to that of Volvo systems only because Volvo has licenced the FOMOCO and other PAG members to utilize these features.

Safety milestones

The Amazon was noted for its safety features, with a padded dashboard, front and rear seat belts and a laminated windshield.


  • 1944 Safety cage
  • 1944 Laminated windscreen
  • 1954 Defroster vents for windscreen
  • 1956 Windscreen washers
  • 1957 Anchor points for 2–point safety belts front
  • 1958 Anchor points for 2–point safety belts rear
  • 1959 3–point front safety belts standard
  • 1960 Padded instrument panel
  • 1964 First rearward–facing child safety seat prototype tested
  • 1966 Crumple zones front and rear
  • 1966 Safety door–locks
  • 1967 Safety belt rear seats
  • 1969 Inertia reel safety belts
  • 1971 Reminder safety belt
  • 1972 3–point safety belts – rear
  • 1972 Rearward–facing child safety seat
  • 1972 Childproof locks on rear doors
  • 1974 Multistage impact absorbing steering column
  • 1974 Bulb integrity sensor
  • 1975 Braking system with stepped bore master cylinder
  • 1978 Child safety booster cushion
  • 1982 "Anti–submarining" protection
  • 1986 Three–point safety belt centre rear seat
  • 1990 Integrated child safety cushion in centre rear seat
  • 1991 SIPS – Side Impact Protection System
  • 1991 Automatic height adjusting safety belt
  • 1992 Reinforced rear seats in estate models
  • 1995 Integrated child safety cushion outer rear seats
  • 1997 ROPS – Roll Over Protection System (C70)
  • 1998 WHIPS – Whiplash Protection System
  • 1998 IC – Inflatable Curtain
  • 2001 SCC – Volvo Safety Concept Car
  • 2002 RSC – Roll Stability Control
  • 2003 New Front Structure called Volvo Intelligent Vehicle Architecture (VIVA) (S40, V50)
  • 2003 Rear seat belt reminders (in S40 and V50)
  • 2003 IDIS – Intelligent Driver Information System (in S40 and V50)
  • 2003 Inauguration of Volvo's Traffic Accident Research Team in Bangkok
  • 2004 BLIS – Blind Spot Information System (in S40 and V50)
  • 2005 Introduction of DMIC (Door Mounted Inflatable Curtain) (new Volvo C70)
  • 2006 PCC - Personal Car Communicator (S80)
  • 2006 CWBS - Collision Warning with Brake Support (S80)
  • 2007 PPB - Power Park Brake (S80)
  • 2007 DAC - Driver Alert Control (V70, XC70)
  • 2009 City Safety - Automatically stop car at speeds below 19 mph if obstruction is detected in front of car (XC60)


Controversy

In 2005, when the American non-profit, non-governmental Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) released its first annual Top Safety Picks vehicles list, surprisingly none of Volvo's offered vehicles in the U.S. were included on the list.According to Russ Rader, a spokesman for IIHS, Volvo was lagging behind its competitors. Dan Johnston, a Volvo spokesman, denied that the company's vehicles are any less safe than the Institute's top-rated vehicles, adding that

According to IIHS, Volvo's S80 became one of 2009 Top Safety Picks Award winner, but Volvo's S40 and S60 (both 2005-09 models with standard side airbags) failed to attain the highest rating in their side impact test. Volvo's C30 is not tested by IIHS yet, but received 5 star safety in EuroNCAP.

According to the IIHS, in recent years Volvo Cars have still managed to maintain their high class safety ratings as seen in test results. The Volvo XC90, S80 and C70 all score top scores in these rated crash tests.

Acquisitions

In the early 1970s, Volvo acquired the passenger car division of the Dutch company DAF, and marketed their small cars as Volvos before releasing the Dutch-built Volvo 340, which went on to be one of the biggest-selling cars in the UKmarker market in the 1980s.

Volvo Group, as one of the largest manufacturers of commercial vehicles in the world, took the initiative to sell its automobile manufacturing in 1998 in order to fully focus its efforts on the market for commercial vehicles.

Ford, on the other hand, saw advantages in acquiring a profitable prestige mid-size European automobile manufacturer, well renowned for its safety aspects, as an addition to its Premier Automotive Group. The buyout of Volvo Cars was announced on January 28, 1998, and in the following year the acquisition was completed at a price of $6.45 billion USD.

As a result of the divestiture, the Volvo trademark is now utilized by two separate companies:

Corporate history within Ford

Volvo Car Corporation is part of Ford Motor Company's Premier Automotive Group (PAG). Since its acquisition by the PAG, the company has grown in its range of vehicles. It is the only brand left in the group since the sale of Jaguar, Aston Martin and Land Rover.

After the sale of JLR to Tata Motors of Indiamarker, Ford decided to keep Volvo Cars despite mounting losses and gross economic down turns. Ford decided to restructure plans for Volvo Cars, pushing it further upmarket alongside the lower end of Mercedes and BMW sedans, wagons, and SUV crossovers. The outcome were the luxurious second generation Volvo S80 and the new small premium crossover Volvo XC60.

Recently, talks about the fate of Volvo Cars in the event of failure of US automakers, including Volvo's parent Ford. Swedish concerns mounted after repeated mass layoffs at Volvo, prompting Sweden to enter the spotlight to help its automotive industry. The government was asked to look into a possible state ownership of Volvo, or financial bailout for Volvo Cars and SAAB of GM. Eventually, AB Volvo responded to heated talks and decided that they do not want to see Volvo Cars fail, so they agreed to help Volvo cut costs through partnerships and even a possible share ownership amongst a larger consortium. AB Volvo repeated and stood stern that they will not buy back Volvo cars nor be sole majority owner. They are only willing to become part share owner of their erstwhile car unit.

Volvo Cars division sales

Ford announced in December 2008 that it is considering selling Volvo Cars unit through complex evaluations, with the reported sale price of Volvo of $6 billion., but meanwhile it will try to make Volvo an independent company. The Swedish government is now willing to help with a possible Swedish acquisiton of Volvo Cars in the near future along with AB Volvo. No suitors have shown interest in a possible purchase as yet but it is believed that BMW AG of Germany, Investor AB of Sweden, Chinese investors, or Russian investors are all possible candidates. Ultimately price may not be the sole factor in the sale - Volvo Cars preference for its new owner, as well as the long-term strategic interest of Ford, will also influence the decision. Besides, AB Volvo must release the trademark rights to the new owner. Ford has chosen Geely to be the preferred bidder in acquiring Volvo Cars from Ford. Negotiations are ongoing.

Geely initially denied plan for buying Volvo, followed by denials from Ford and Volvo. After later estimates suggested that Volvo only worth $1 billion to $1.5 billion , Geely's parent company, Geely Group Holdings Co., planned to bid for Volvo, with Goldman Sachs investing HK$2.59 billion (334 million USD) to the holding company.

Car models



Early years



Tri-digit nomenclature

Starting with the 140 series in 1968, Volvo used a tri-digit system for their cars. The first number was the series, the second number the number of cylinders and the third number the number of doors; so a 164 was a 1-series with a 6-cylinder engine and 4-doors. However, there were exceptions to this rule—the 780 for example, came with turbocharged I4 and naturally-aspirated V6 petrol engines and I6 diesel engines, but never an eight cylinder as the 8 would suggest. Similarly, the 760 often was equipped with a turbocharged I4 engine and the Volvo 360 only had four cylinders. Some 240GLT had a V6 engine. The company dropped the meaning of the final digit for later cars like the 740, but the digit continued to identify cars underhood on the identification plate. Volvo Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes) had always been given YV1 symbolizing Sweden, Volvo, and Volvo Car Corp

Current models

Today, the company uses a system of letters denoting body style followed by the series number. S stands for saloon or sedan, C stands for coupé or convertible and V stands for versatile as in estate car. XC stands for cross country originally added to a more rugged V70 model as the V70XC and indicates all wheel drive paired with a raised suspension to give it a mock SUV look. Volvo would later change the name to the XC70 in keeping with its car naming consistent with the XC90. So a V50 is an estate ("V") that is smaller than the V70.

Originally, Volvo was planning a different naming scheme. S and C were to be the same, but "F", standing for flexibility, was to be used on station wagons. When Volvo introduced the first generation S40 and V40 at Frankfurt in 1994, they were announced as the S4 and F4. However, Audi complained that it had inherent rights to the S4 name, since it names its sporty vehicles "S", and the yet-introduced sport version of the Audi A4 would have the S4 name. Volvo agreed to add a second digit, so the vehicles became the S40 and F40. However, that led to a complaint from Ferrarimarker, who used the Ferrari F40 name on their legendary sports car. This led to Volvo switching the "F" to "V", for versatile.

1998 Volvo V70 estate


Concept cars



Alternative Propulsion

Flexible-fuel vehicles

In 2005 Volvo introduced to the Sweden market the company's first E85 flexifuel models. Volvo introduced its S40 and V50 with flexible-fuel engines, joined in late 2006 by the then new C30. All Volvo models were initially restricted to the Sweden market, until 2007, when these three models were launched in eight new European markets. In 2008 Volvo launched the V70 with a 2.5-litre turbocharged flexifuel engine.

Plug-in Hybrids

The Volvo ReCharge is a plug-in hybrid concept car with an all-electric range (AER) of . It was officially unveiled at the 2007 Frankfurt Auto Show.

On June 1, 2009, Volvo announced the launching of series production diesel-electric plug-in hybrids by 2012. The company plans to sell a series hybrid with the goal of achieving emissions of less than 50 grams of CO2 per kilometer. Three Volvo V70 demonstrators will be converted to PHEVs during the 2009 summer to be tested in real world conditions. Among other challenges, this test will allow to experience the electric car range at low temperatures, which has been a disadvantage of plug-in vehicles. This is a joint venture with Vattenfall, a Swedish energy company. Vattenfall will offer Volvo customers the supply of renewable electricity generated from wind power or hydropower.

Production locations





Assembly locations around the world:

Volvo Cars have previously had production facilities on these locations:

Engine types

Volvo uses in-line, or straight engines in their production vehicles. Volvo is also known for the application of the in-line 5-cylinder engine to its vehicle line up since its introduction in 1993 in the Volvo 850.
  • Side valve six - fitted into the PV651/2, TR671/4, PV653/4, TR676/9, PV658/9, PV36, PV51/2, PV53/6, PV801/2, PV821/2, PV831/2 and PV60 from 1929 to 1958
  • B4B and B14A - fitted into the Volvo PV and Volvo Duett from 1947 to 1956
  • B16 (A and B) - fitted into the PV, Duett and Volvo Amazon from 1957 to 1960
  • B18 and B20 - 1.8 L/2.0 L OHV 8v fitted into all Volvo models from 1961 to 1974 except 164 (and 1975 U.S. Spec 240 models).
  • B19,   B21,   and B23 - fitted from 1975
  • B200 and B230 - 2.0 L and 2.3 L, respectively, SOHC 8v fitted to 240, 360, 700, 940 series cars from 1985
  • B204 and B234 - 2.0 L and 2.3 L DOHC 16 valve engines
  • B27/B28 and B280- 2.7 and 2.8 L SOHC 12v developed together with Renault and Peugeot
  • B30 - fitted to all 164 models


Transmissions

Volvo transmissions in the past were made by the ZF Friedrichshafen company, but now the transmissions are co-developed with Aisin of Japan. Geartronic is Volvo Cars' name for its manumatic transmission.
  • Volvo AW70 transmission
  • Volvo AW71 transmission
  • Volvo AW72 transmission
  • Volvo M30 transmission
  • Volvo M40 transmission
  • Volvo M400 transmission
  • Volvo M410 transmission
  • Volvo M41 transmission
  • Volvo M45 transmission
  • Volvo M46 transmission
  • Volvo M47 transmission
  • Volvo M50 transmission
  • Volvo M51 transmission
  • Volvo M56 transmission
  • Volvo M58 transmission
  • Volvo M59 transmission
  • Volvo M66
  • Volvo M90 transmission
  • Volvo ZF4HP22 transmission
  • AW50-42 (4-speed automatic, FWD/AWD)
  • AW55-50/51 (5-speed automatic, FWD/AWD)
  • GM4T65EV/GT(4-Speed GM automatic, FWD/AWD)
  • AWTF80-SC (6-speed automatic, FWD/AWD)


Sales

Volvo Cars sales during 2007 (2006).

Source: Volvo Cars

By market

1. United Statesmarker 106,125 (115,818)

2. Swedenmarker 62,229 (55,455)

3. Germanymarker 32,329 (35,626)

4. United Kingdommarker 30,003 (30,512)

5. Russiamarker 21,077 (10,803)

6. Italymarker 20,290 (17,554)

7. Netherlandsmarker 20,253 (16,607)

8. Spainmarker 18,400 (18,247)

9. Belgiummarker 13,991 (11,844)

10. Francemarker 13,497 (10,726)

All markets: 458,323 (427,747)

By model

1. XC90 79,140

2. V70 69,067

3. S40 63,062

4. V50 62,348

5. C30 46,726

6. S80 41,839

7. S60 41,726

8. XC70 36,279

9. C70 17,415

Marketing

The name Volvo, Latin for "I roll" was thought to be a good trademark for a ball bearing as well as for an automobile.

Logo

The Volvo symbol is an ancient chemistry sign for iron. The iron sign is used to symbolize the strength of iron used in the car as Sweden is known for its quality iron. The diagonal line (a strip of metal) across the grille came about to hold the actual symbol, a circle with an arrow, in front of the radiator.

Sponsorship

Volvo entered the European Touring Car Championship with the Volvo 240 in the mid-80s. The cars also entered the Guia Race, part of the Macau Grand Prix in 1985, 1986 and 1987, winning in both 1985 and 1986.

Volvo also entered the British Touring Car Championship in the 90s with Tom Walkinshaw Racing. This partnership was responsible for the controversial 850 Estate racing car, which was only rendered uncompetitive when the FIA allowed the use of aerodynamic aids in 1995. TWR then built and ran the works 850 Saloon, six wins in 1995 and five wins in 1996, and S40, one wins in 1997 in the BTCC. In 1998, TWR Volvo won the British Touring Car Championship with Rickard Rydell driving the S40R.

In 2008 Volvo entered the Swedish Touring Car Championship with a C30 powered by bioethanol E85 fuel. Robert Dahlgreen and Tommy Rustad were the drivers, finishing 5th and 10th respectively in the championship. Volvo have also signalled their intentions to enter the 2009 British Touring Car Championship with the same car.

The Volvo trademark is now jointly owned (50/50) by Volvo Group and Volvo Car Corporation. One of the main promotional activities for the brand is the sailing Race Volvo Ocean Race, formerly known as the Whitbread Around the World Race. There is also a Volvo Baltic Race and Volvo Pacific Race, and Volvo likes to encourage its affluent image by sponsoring golf tournaments all over the world including major championship events called the Volvo Masters and Volvo China Open.

Volvo sponsored the Volvo Ocean Race, the world’s leading round-the-world yacht race for the first time in 2001 – 2002. The current edition is taking place between October 4, 2008 and June 27, 2009. Volvo has also had a long-standing commitment to the ISAF and is involved in the Volvo/ISAF World Youth Sailing Championships since 1997.

Free Maintenance program

VCNA management is often criticized for canceling the Free Maintenance program it used to offer on its new Automobiles back in 2006, Volvo relaunched the same program in 2009 to gain some market share and compete with BMW. The sales loss from 2006 to 2009 due to the previous cancellation is estimated to be 5000 new cars per year.

See also



Gallery

Image:Volvo PV4 Sedan 1927 2.jpg|Volvo PV4 4-Door 1927Image:Volvo PV4 Special Sedan 1928.jpg|Volvo PV4 Special 4-door 1928Image:Volvo PV651 Sedan 1929.jpg|Volvo PV651 4-door 1929Image:Volvo PV654 Sedan 1933 2.jpg|Volvo PV654 4-door 1933Image:Volvo PV654 Sedan 1933 3.jpg|Volvo PV654 4-door 1933Image:Volvo PV654 Sedan 1933.jpg|Volvo PV654 4-door 1933Image:Volvo PV655 Ambulance 1934.jpg|Volvo PV655 ambulance 1934Image:Volvo PV659 Sedan 1935 2.jpg|Volvo PV659 4-door 1935Image:Volvo TR 704 Sedan 1937.jpg|Volvo TR704 4-door 1937Image:Volvo PV Sedan.jpg|Volvo PV5X 4-doorImage:Volvo PV53 Sedan 1939.jpg|Volvo PV53 4-door 1939Image:Volvo PV56 Sedan 1939 2.jpg|Volvo PV56 4-door 1939Image:Volvo PV56 Sedan 1939 3.jpg|Volvo PV56 4-door 1939Image:Volvo PV56 Sedan 1939 4.jpg|Volvo PV56 4-door 1939Image:Volvo PV56 Sedan 1939.jpg|Volvo PV56 4-door 1939Image:Volvo PV54 Pickup 1939.jpg|Volvo PV54 pick-up 1939Image:Volvo PV57 Pickup 1939.jpg|Volvo PV57 pick-up 1939Image:Volvo PV60 Sedan 1946 2.jpg|Volvo PV60 4-door 1946Image:Volvo PV60 Sedan 1946.jpg|Volvo PV60 4-door taxi 1946Image:Volvo PV 831 1954 2.jpg|Volvo PV 831 1954Image:1990 volvo 240dl wagon 2.jpg|1990 Volvo 240

References

  1. Volvo Car Corporation Doubles its Sales in Russia
  2. Kraniel Konsument: Konsumenttest Hult Healey
  3. Unleashing the Muscle Car Inside the Trusty Volvo, NY Times (March 3, 2005)
  4. Volvo 240 Turbo Group 'A' racing information, Anthony Hyde
  5. UK High Mileage register Volvo Club UK
  6. 2 million mile 1800s Palo Alto Daily News (August 26, 2007)
  7. Vehicles discarded against refund, 2000: Mercedes and Volvo last longer
  8. Reliability index
  9. ForbesAutos.com
  10. Luxury Car Reviews, Prices and Advice on ForbesAutos.com
  11. The Independent: Volvo in 'killer brakes' inquiry
  12. Volvo Safety Firsts
  13. The 50-year-old Innovation
  14. Volvo Cars Safety
  15. Hyundai Motor America - abouthyundai, news, 2005 10 18
  16. English (Reports) - Folksam
  17. Safety Recalls Safety Recalls
  18. Haldex Traction Systems - About Us
  19. Retrospective: Volvo History (Channel 4)
  20. KSBI-TV: Top 10 Safest Cars
  21. IIHS-HLDI: Volvo 850/S70
  22. IIHS-HLDI: Volvo XC90
  23. IIHS-HLDI: Volvo S80
  24. http://www.iihs.org/ratings/ratingsbyseries.aspx?id=411. Although it would be noted the smaller S40 only achieved an 'acceptable' rating for side impact protection http://www.iihs.org/ratings/ratingsbyseries.aspx?id=411
  25. Ford wants $6 billion for Volvo
  26. REPORT: Geely denies plans to buy Volvo
  27. REPORT: Geely agrees to buy Volvo? Ford silent
  28. Geely's Volvo bid not 'worth it'
  29. Geely Confirms Interest In Volvo
  30. Geely’s Volvo bid may be aided by Goldman stake
  31. Goldman investment boosts China Geely's global hopes


External links




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