Warren Gamaliel Harding (November 2, 1865 August
2, 1923) was the
29th President of the United
States, serving from 1921 until his death from a heart attack
or stroke in 1923.
A Republican from Ohio
, Harding was
an influential newspaper publisher.
He served in the
Ohio Senate (1899–1903)
and later as
Lieutenant
Governor of Ohio (1903–1905) and as a U.S. Senator
(1915–1921).
His
conservative stance on
issues such as taxes, affable manner, and
campaign manager Harry Daugherty's 'make no enemies'
strategy enabled Harding to become the compromise choice at the
1920 Republican
National Convention. During his presidential campaign, in the
aftermath of World War I,
he promised a return to "
normalcy". In the
1920
election, he and his running-mate,
Calvin Coolidge, defeated
Democrat and
fellow Ohioan
James M. Cox, in what was then the largest presidential
popular vote landslide in American history since the popular vote
tally began to be recorded in 1824: 60.36% to 34.19%.
Harding headed a
cabinet of
notable men such as
Charles Evans
Hughes,
Andrew Mellon, future
president
Herbert Hoover and
Secretary of the
Interior Albert B. Fall, who was jailed for his involvement in
the Teapot Dome
scandal
. In foreign affairs, Harding signed peace
treaties that built on the
Treaty
of Versailles (which formally ended
World War I). He also led the way to world
Naval disarmament at the
Washington Naval Conference of
1921–22.
Early life
Warren G.
Harding was born November 2, 1865, in Corsica
(now Blooming
Grove
), Ohio. Harding was the eldest of eight
children born to Dr. George Tryon Harding, Sr. (1843–1928) and
Phoebe Elizabeth (Dickerson) Harding (1843–1910).
His mother was a
midwife and later obtained her medical license, and his father taught at a
rural school north of Mount Gilead,
Ohio
. One of Harding's great-grandmothers may
have been
African American.
When
Harding was a teenager, the family moved to Caledonia, Ohio
in neighboring Marion County
, when Harding's father acquired The Argus,
a local weekly newspaper there. It was at
The Argus
that Harding learned the basics of the journalism business.
He
continued studying the printing and newspaper trade as a college
student at Ohio Central College
in Iberia
, during
which time he also worked at the Union Register in Mount
Gilead.
After
graduating, Harding moved to Marion, Ohio
, where he and two friends raised $300 with which to
purchase the failing Marion Daily
Star, the weakest of the growing city's three
newspapers. Harding revamped the paper's editorial platform
to support the Republican Party, and enjoyed a moderate degree of
success. However, his political stance put him at odds with those
who controlled Marion's local politics. Thus when Harding moved to
unseat the
Marion Independent as the official paper of
daily record, he met with vocal resistance from local figures, such
as Amos Hall Kling, one of Marion's wealthiest real estate
speculators.
Warren and Florence Harding pose in
their garden.
While Harding won the war of words and made the
Marion Daily Star one of the most
popular newspapers in the county, the battle took a toll on his
health. In 1889, when Harding was 24, he suffered from
exhaustion and nervous fatigue. He spent
several weeks at the
Battle
Creek Sanitarium to regain his strength, ultimately making five
visits over fourteen years. Harding later returned to Marion to
continue operating the paper. He spent his days boosting the
community on the editorial pages, and his evenings "
bloviating" (Harding's term for "informally
conversing") with his friends over games of
poker.
On July 8, 1891, Harding married
Florence Kling DeWolfe, the daughter of his
nemesis, Amos Hall Kling. Florence Kling DeWolfe was a
divorcée, five years Harding's senior, and the
mother of a young son, Marshall Eugene DeWolfe. She had pursued
Harding persistently until he reluctantly proposed. Florence's
father was furious with his daughter's decision to marry Harding,
forbidding his wife from attending the wedding and not speaking to
his daughter or son-in-law for eight years.
The couple complemented one another, with Harding's affable
personality balancing his wife's no-nonsense approach to life.
Florence Harding, exhibiting her father's determination and
business sense, turned the
Marion Daily Star into a
profitable business.
She has been credited
with helping Harding achieve more than he might have alone; some
have speculated that she later pushed him all the way to the
White
House
.
Harding was a
Freemason, raised to the
Sublime Degree of a
Master Mason on
August 27, 1920, in Marion Lodge #70, F.& A.M., in Marion,
Ohio.
Political career
As an influential newspaper publisher with a flair for
public speaking, Harding was elected to the
Ohio State Senate in 1899. He
served four years before being elected
Lieutenant Governor of Ohio, a
post he occupied from 1903 to 1905. His leanings were conservative,
and his record in both offices was relatively undistinguished. He
received the
Republican nomination for
Governor of Ohio in 1910,
but lost to incumbent
Judson
Harmon.
U.S. Senator
In 1912, Harding gave the nominating speech for incumbent
President William Howard Taft at the
Republican National
Convention, and in 1914 was
elected to
the
United States Senate,
becoming Ohio's first senator
elected
by popular vote. He served in the Senate from 1915 until his
inauguration as President on March 4, 1921, becoming the first
sitting senator to be elected
President of the United
States. Harding,
John F.
Kennedy, and
Barack Obama are the
only three men to have been elected president while serving as a
United States senator.
Joseph Nathan Kane's book,
Facts About the Presidents, stated that Harding was "the
second President elected while a Senator." This becomes a
matter of semantics. On January 13, 1880, the Ohio legislature
appointed
James A. Garfield, who was then a Congressman from
Ohio, to the U.S. Senate for the term beginning March 4, 1881 (at
that time, senators were elected by state legislatures rather than
directly by the citizens). He won the Presidential election on
November 2, so on that date he was at once Congressman,
Senator-elect, and President-elect. Garfield accepted the
Presidential election and soon afterwards relinquished his other
offices. He never sat in the Senate seat, as his term was not to
begin for another four months.
Because of the technicality, Harding continues to be generally
considered the first "truly" sitting Senator to become President,
Kennedy being the second. For example,
George Will referred to Harding that way in his
Newsweek commentary in the issue
of June 16, 2008, p. 60, in pointing out that the two
presumptive candidates in the 2008 race were
both sitting
senators.
In his book,
Blink,
Malcolm Gladwell became the latest of
numerous political pundits and ordinary voters who suggested that
Warren Harding's electoral success was based on his appearance,
essentially opining that he "looked like a president." Gladwell
argues that peoples' first impression of Harding tended to be so
favorable that it gave them a fixed and very high opinion of
Harding, which could not be shaken unless his intellectual and
other deficiencies became glaring. Gladwell even refers to the
flawed process by which people make decisions as 'Warren Harding
Error'.
Election of 1920
Harding's home in Marion, from which
he conducted his front porch campaign
Relatively unknown outside his own state, Harding was a true
"
dark horse" candidate, winning the
Republican Party
nomination due to the political
machinations of his friends after the
nominating convention had become deadlocked.
Republican leaders
meeting in Room 404 of the Blackstone Hotel
in Chicago
discussed
Harding as a possible compromise candidate. This was only
one of many informal meetings taking place at the time and,
contrary to popular stories, there is little evidence of a deal
having been struck in this "
smoke-filled room". Rather, since the
three leading candidates were unable to gain a majority, the effort
was made to assemble a majority for one of the remaining
candidates. The first attempt was made with Harding, as "best of
the second raters", who won on the tenth ballot. Before receiving
the nomination, Harding was asked whether there were any
embarrassing episodes in his past that might be used against him.
Despite his longstanding affair with the wife of an old friend,
Harding answered "No" and the Party moved to nominate him, only to
discover later his relationship with
Carrie Fulton Phillips.
In the
1920
election, Harding ran against Democratic
Ohio Governor James
M. Cox, whose running-mate was
Assistant Secretary of
the Navy Franklin D.
Roosevelt. The election was
seen in part as a referendum on whether to continue with the
"progressive" work of the
Woodrow Wilson Administration or to revert to
the "
laissez-faire" approach of the
William McKinley era.
Harding ran on a promise to "Return to
Normalcy", a seldom-used term he popularized. The
slogan called an end to the abnormal era of
the Great War, along with a call to reflect
three trends of his time: a renewed
isolationism in reaction to the War, a
resurgence of
nativism, and a
turning away from the government activism of the reform era.
Harding's "front porch campaign" during the late summer and fall of
1920 captured the imagination of the country.
Not only was it the
first campaign to be heavily covered by the press and to receive
widespread newsreel coverage, but it was also the first modern
campaign to use the power of Hollywood and Broadway
stars, who travelled to Marion for photo
opportunities with Harding and his wife. Al Jolson, Lillian
Russell, Douglas Fairbanks,
and Mary Pickford were among the
conservative-minded luminaries to make the pilgrimage to his house
in central Ohio. Business icons
Thomas Edison,
Henry
Ford, and
Harvey Firestone also
lent their cachet to the campaign. From the onset of the campaign
until the November election, over 600,000 people travelled to
Marion to participate.
The campaign owed a great deal to
Florence Harding, who played perhaps a more
active role than any previous candidate's wife in a presidential
race. She cultivated the relationship between the campaign and the
press. As the business manager of the
Star, she understood
reporters and their industry and played to their needs by making
herself freely available to answer questions, pose for pictures, or
deliver food prepared in her kitchen to the press office, which was
a
bungalow she had constructed at the rear
of their property in Marion. Mrs. Harding even went so far as to
coach her husband on the proper way to wave to newsreel cameras to
make the most of coverage.
The campaign also drew upon Harding's popularity with women.
Considered handsome, Harding photographed well compared to Cox.
However,
it was mainly Harding's support for women's suffrage in the Senate
that made him more popular with that demographic: the ratification
of the 19th
Amendment in August 1920 brought huge crowds of women to
Marion,
Ohio, to hear Harding. Immigrant groups who had
made up an important part of the Democratic coalition such as the
Germans and Irish also voted for Harding in the election in
reaction to their perceived persecution by the Wilson
administration during the war.
During
the campaign, rumors spread that Harding's great-great-grandfather
was a West
Indian
black person and that
other blacks might be found in his family tree. In an era when the
one-drop rule meant any black blood
made a person black, and participation of black people in politics
in the South was effectively prohibited,
Harding's campaign manager responded, "No family in the state (of
Ohio) has a clearer, a more honorable record than the Hardings', a
blue-eyed stock from New
England
and Pennsylvania
, the finest pioneer blood." The rumors,
based perhaps on no more than local gossip, were circulated by
historian
William Estabrook
Chancellor. The rumors may have been sustained by a statement
Harding allegedly made to newspaperman
James W. Faulkner on the subject, perhaps meaning
to be dismissive: "How do I know, Jim? One of my ancestors may have
jumped the fence."
The election of 1920 was the first in which women could vote
nationwide.
It was also the first presidential election
to be covered on the radio, thanks to the nation's first commercial
radio station, KDKA
in Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania
. Harding received 60% of the national vote
and 404
electoral votes, an
unprecedented margin of victory. Cox received 34% of the national
vote and 127 electoral votes.
Socialist Eugene V. Debs,
campaigning from a
federal prison,
received 3% of the national vote.
Presidency: 1921–1923
Inauguration of Warren G.
The administration of Warren G.
Harding followed the Republican platform approved at the 1920 Republican National
Convention, which was held in Chicago.
Harding calmed the 1919-1920 spy scare and released his election
opponent,
Socialist
leader
Eugene Debs, from prison; Debs
had been put there by the Wilson administration for his opposition
to Wilson's draft. Despite the many political differences between
the two candidates, Harding pardoned Debs.
Harding pushed for
the establishment of the Bureau of Veterans Affairs
(later organized as the Department of Veterans
Affairs
), the first permanent attempt at answering the
needs of those who had served the nation in time of war. He
created the Bureau of the Budget, becoming the first president to
take a role in federal expenditures.
In April
1921, speaking before a joint session of Congress, he called for
peacemaking with Germany
and Austria
, emergency tariffs, new
immigration laws, regulation of radio and trans cable
communications retrenchment in government, tax reduction, repeal of
wartime excess profits tax, reduction of railroad rates, promotion
of agricultural interests, a national budget system, a great
merchant marine and a department of
public welfare. He also called for the abolition of
lynching, but he did not want to make enemies in
his own
party and with the Democrats
and did not fight for his program. Harding was the first president
to take questions from reporters and enter them into a pool to
answer at press conferences. He would time the sessions so that
reporters could meet morning deadlines.
The
Hardings visited their home community of Marion, Ohio once during the term, when the city celebrated its
Centennial during the first week of
July. Harding arrived on July 3, gave a speech to
the community at the Marion County Fairgrounds on July 4, and left the following
morning for other speaking commitments.
Major events during presidency
Administration and cabinet
Official portrait of President
Harding
Supreme Court appointments
appointed the following justices to the
Supreme
Court of the United States
:
Civil Rights
In a speech in 1921 Harding advocated
civil
rights for all Americans including
African Americans. He suggested appointing
African Americans to federal positions and was willing to sign an
anti-lynching bill. Harding also advocated the establishment of an
international commission to improve
race relations between Whites and African Americans. However,
severe political opposition prevented any of these initiatives. It
should be noted that the Ku Klux Klan was at its highest membership
during the 1920s.
Harding supported Congressman
Leonidas
Dyer's federal anti-lynching bill, known as the
Dyer Bill, which passed the House of
Representatives on January 26, 1922. The bill was defeated in the
Senate by a
filabuster. Harding had
previously spoken out publicly against lynching on October 21,
1921. He also advocated
suffrage for
women. Congress had not debated a civil rights bill in 22 years
since the 1890
Federal Elections
Bill.
Historian Wyn Craig Wade, in his 1987 book
The Fiery
Cross, suggested that Harding allegedly had ties with the
Ku Klux Klan, perhaps even having been
inducted into the organization in a private White House ceremony.
Evidence includes the taped testimony of one of the members of the
alleged induction team, however beyond that it is scant at best and
the theory is generally discounted.
Administrative scandals
Upon winning the election, Harding appointed many of his old allies
to prominent political positions. Known as the "
Ohio Gang" (a term used by Charles Mee, Jr., in
his book of the same name), some of the appointees used their new
powers to rob the government. It is unclear how much, if anything,
Harding himself knew about his friends' illicit activities.
The most
infamous scandal of the time was the Teapot Dome
affair, which shook the nation for years after
Harding's death. The scandal involved
Secretary of the
Interior Albert B. Fall, who was
convicted of accepting bribes and illegal
no-interest personal loans in exchange for the leasing of public
oil fields to business associates. (Absent
the bribes and personal loans, the leases themselves were quite
legal.) In 1931, Fall became the first member of a
Presidential Cabinet to be sent to
prison.
Thomas W. Miller, head of the
Office of Alien Property, was
convicted of accepting bribes.
Jess
Smith, personal aide to the
Attorney General, destroyed papers and then
committed
suicide.
Charles R. Forbes,
Director of the Veterans
Bureau
, skimmed profits, earned large amounts of kickbacks, and directed underground
alcohol and drug distribution. He was convicted of
fraud and
bribery and drew a
two-year
sentence. Charles Cramer,
an aide to Charles Forbes, committed suicide.
No evidence to date suggests that Harding personally profited from
these crimes, but he was apparently unable to stop them. "I have no
trouble with my enemies," Harding told journalist
William Allen White late in his
presidency, "but my damn friends, they're the ones that keep me
walking the floor nights!"
Death
Harding's tomb in Marion
In June 1923, Harding set out on a cross-country "Voyage of
Understanding," planning to meet ordinary people and explain his
policies.
During this trip, he became the first
president to visit Alaska
.
Rumors of
corruption in his
administration were beginning to circulate in Washington by this
time, and Harding was profoundly shocked by a long message he
received while in Alaska, apparently detailing illegal activities
previously unknown to him.
At the end of July, while traveling south
from Alaska through British Columbia
, he developed what was believed to be a severe case
of food poisoning; it is more likely,
given subsequent events, that he had had an inferior-wall myocardial infarct (heart attack).
He gave
the final speech of his life to a large crowd at the University of
Washington Stadium (now Husky Stadium
) at the University of Washington
campus in Seattle, Washington
. A scheduled speech in Portland,
Oregon
was canceled. The President's train
continued south to San
Francisco
.
Arriving at the
Palace
Hotel, he developed a respiratory illness that was thought to
represent
pneumonia, but which may instead
have been cardiogenic
pulmonary
edema. Harding died suddenly in the middle of conversation with
his wife, at 7:35 p.m. on August 2, 1923. The president's
physician – Dr.
Charles E.
Sawyer (a
homeopath, and friend of the Harding
family) – opined that Harding had succumbed to a stroke, but
that conclusion was erroneous. The president abruptly became
pulseless while talking with Mrs. Harding, virtually certainly of a
cardiac
arrhythmia, and no localizing
neurological deficits were present beforehand. Moreover, Harding
had, in retrospect, shown physical signs of cardiac insufficiency
with
congestive heart
failure in the preceding weeks, and
Naval medical consultants who examined
the president in San Francisco also concluded that he had suffered
a
heart attack. Following Dr.
Sawyer's formal statement to the press, however, the New York
Times of that day stated that "A
stroke of
apoplexy was the
cause of death." Harding had been overtly ill for one week before
his death.
Mrs. Harding refused permission for an
autopsy, which soon led to speculation that the
President had been the victim of a plot, possibly carried out by
his wife.
Gaston B. Means, an amateur historian and
gadfly, noted in his book
The Strange
Death of President Harding (1930) that the circumstances
surrounding his death lent themselves to some suspecting he had
been poisoned. Means' accusation was later discredited.
Harding
was succeeded by Vice President Calvin Coolidge, who was sworn in by his
father, a Justice of the Peace,
in Plymouth Notch, Vermont
.
Following
his death, Harding's body was returned to Washington, where it was
placed in the East Room of the White House pending a state
funeral at the United States Capitol
. White House employees at the time were quoted as saying that
the night before the funeral, they heard Mrs. Harding speak for
more than an hour to her dead husband.
Harding was entombed in the receiving vault of the Marion Cemetery,
Marion, Ohio, in August 1923. Following Mrs. Harding's death on
November 21, 1924 from
renal failure,
she too was temporarily buried next to her husband.
Both bodies were
moved in December 1927 to the newly completed Harding
Memorial
in Marion, which was dedicated by President
Herbert Hoover in 1931.
The lapse
between the final interment and the dedication was partly because
of the aftermath of the Teapot Dome scandal.
At the time of his death, Harding was also survived by his father.
Harding and
John F. Kennedy are the
only two presidents to have predeceased their fathers.
Personal life
The extent to which Harding engaged in extramarital affairs is
somewhat controversial. It has been recorded in primary documents
that Harding had an affair with
Carrie Fulton Phillips;
Nan Britton wrote
The President's
Daughter in 1927, documenting her affair and the alleged
child,
Elizabeth Ann, with
Harding.
Rumors of the Harding love letters circulated through Marion, Ohio,
for many years. However, their existence was not confirmed until
1968, when author
Francis Russell
gained access to them during his research for his book,
The
Shadow of Blooming Grove. The letters were in the possession
of Phillips. Phillips kept the letters in a box in a closet and was
reluctant to share them. Russell persuaded her to relent, and the
letters showed conclusively to Russell that Harding had a 15-year
relationship with Phillips, who was then the wife of his friend
James Phillips, owner of the local
department store, the Uhler-Phillips
Company. Mrs. Phillips was almost eight years younger than Harding.
By 1915, she began pressing Harding to leave his wife.
When he refused, she
left her husband and moved to Berlin
with her
daughter Isabel. However, as the United States became
increasingly likely to be drawn into
World
War I, Mrs. Phillips moved back to the U.S. and the affair
reignited. Harding was now a U.S.
Senator, and a vote was coming up on a
declaration of war against Germany.
Phillips threatened to go public with their affair if the Senator
supported the war, but Harding defied her and voted for war, and
Phillips did not reveal the scandal to the world. When Harding won
the Republican presidential nomination in 1920, he did not disclose
the relationship to party officials. Once they learned of the
affair, it was too late to find another nominee.
To reduce the
likelihood of a scandal breaking, the Republican National Committee
sent Phillips and her family on a trip to Japan
and paid
them over $50,000. She also received monthly payments
thereafter, becoming the first and only person known to have
successfully
extorted money from a major
political party in the United
States.
The letters Harding wrote to Phillips were confiscated at the
request of the Harding heirs, who requested and received a
court injunction prohibiting their
inclusion in Russell's book. Russell in turn left quoted passages
from the letters as blank passages in protest against the Harding
heirs' actions. The Harding-Phillips love letters remain under an
Ohio court protective order that expires in 2023, 100 years after
Harding's death, after which the content of the letters may be
published or reviewed.
Warren G.
Besides Phillips, Harding also allegedly had an affair with
Nan Britton, the daughter of Harding's
friend Dr. Britton of Marion. Britton's claim that he had fathered
her child was widely circulated in the years just after Harding's
death. This is often repeated as a "fact" about Harding, but it has
not been proven to the satisfaction of most historians. Robert H.
Ferrell's 1998 reappraisal of Harding,
The Strange Deaths of
Warren G. Harding, found no evidence of an
illegitimate child.
Nan Britton's obsession with Harding
started at an early age when she began pasting pictures of Senator
Harding on her bedroom walls. According to Britton's book
The
President's Daughter, she and Senator Harding conceived a
daughter,
Elizabeth Ann, in
January 1919, in his Senate office. Elizabeth Ann was born on
October 22, 1919. Harding never met Elizabeth Ann but paid large
amounts of
child support. Harding and
Britton, according to unsubstantiated reports, continued their
affair while he was President, using a closet next to the
Oval Office for privacy. Following Harding's
death, Britton unsuccessfully sued the estate of Warren G. Harding
on behalf of Elizabeth Ann. Under
cross-examination by Harding heirs'
attorney,
Grant Mouser (a former member
of Congress himself), Britton's testimony was riddled with
inconsistencies, and she lost her case. Britton married a Mr.
Christian, who adopted Elizabeth Ann. In
adulthood, Elizabeth Ann married Henry Blaesing
and raised a family. During most of her life she shied from press
coverage about her alleged birthright, and refused requests for
interviews in her later years.
She died on November 17, 2005, in Oregon
.
Speaking style
Although a commanding and powerful speaker, Harding was notorious
for his verbal gaffes, such as his comment "I would like the
government to do all it can to mitigate, then, in understanding, in
mutuality of interest, in concern for the common good, our tasks
will be solved." His errors were compounded by his insistence on
writing his own speeches. Harding's most famous "mistake" was his
use of the word "normalcy" when the more common word at the time
was "normality." Harding decided he liked the sound of the word and
made "Return to Normalcy" a recurring theme. Critic
H. L. Mencken disagreed, commenting on Harding's
inaugural address, "He writes the worst English that I have ever
encountered. It reminds me of a string of wet sponges; it reminds
me of tattered washing on the line; it reminds me of stale bean
soup, of college yells, of dogs barking idiotically through endless
nights. It is so bad that a sort of grandeur creeps into it. It
drags itself out of the dark abysm of pish, and crawls insanely up
the topmost pinnacle of posh. It is rumble and bumble. It is flap
and doodle. It is balder and dash." Mencken also coined the term
"Gamalielese" to refer to Harding's distinctive style of speech, a
mocking reference to Harding's middle name rather than a reference
to any of the
Biblical characters named
Gamaliel. Upon Harding's
death, poet
E. E. Cummings
said "The only man, woman or child who wrote a simple declarative
sentence with seven grammatical errors is dead."
Memorials
- Warren G.
Harding High School, Warren
, Ohio
- Warren G. Harding Middle School, Steubenville, Ohio
- Warren G. Harding High School; Bridgeport, Connecticut
- Warren G. Harding Middle School, Philadelphia
, Pennsylvania
- Harding Middle School, Cedar Rapids
, Iowa
- Harding Elementary School, Santa Barbara, California
- Warren G. Harding Elementary School, Hammond,
Indiana
.
- Harding Memorial, Marion,
Ohio.
- Marion Harding High
School, Marion, Ohio
- Harding County, New Mexico
is named in his honor.
- Ohio Northern University's College of Law was once named after
him but was later renamed.
- Harding Park Golf Club
in San Francisco is named after him.
- Peace Treaty Marker. Somerville
, New
Jersey
. In 1921, at the estate of New Jersey Governor Joseph
S. Frelinghuysen,
Warren Harding signed the peace treaty which ended America's
involvement in World War I. Today, the estate has been replaced
with mini-malls. The marker remains in
a patch of grass near a Burger King
parking lot along Route 28, just North of the Somerville traffic
circle.
- Harding Charter
Preparatory High School, Oklahoma City
, Oklahoma
- Harding Memorial, Seattle, Washington. In 1925 a memorial was
erected in Seattle at Woodland
Park to commemorate the site of Harding's next-to-last public
address. In 1977 the memorial was demolished and
buried under the Woodland Park Zoo
's African Savanna exhibit. The memorial's
only surviving elements—two life-sized bronze statues of Boy Scouts
that once saluted the image of Harding—were relocated to the
headquarters of the Chief Seattle Council of the Boy Scouts.
- Montana Highway
2 over Pipestone
Pass
near Butte, Montana
is named "The Harding Way" in his
honor.
See also
Notes
- The Biography of Warren. G. Harding
- Our First Black President? from the
New York
Times
- Warren G. Harding bio from White House
- Murray (1969)
- Straight Dope Staff Report: Was Warren Harding
inducted into the Ku Klux Klan while president?
- President Harding's 1923 Visit to Utah by W.
Paul Reeve History Blazer July 1995
- Culić V, Mirić D, Eterović D. Correlation between
symptomatology and site of acute myocardial infarction. Int J
Cardiol 2001; 77: 163-168.
- Heard BE, Steiner RE, Herdan A, Gleason D: Edema and fibrosis
of the lungs in left ventricular failure. Br J Radiol
1968; 41: 161-171.
- Ferrell RH: Ill-Advised: Presidential Health &
Public Trust. University of Missouri Press, Columbia,
MO, 1992; pp. 1-87. ISBN 0826208649
- Ibid.
- The Health & Medical History of President Warren
Harding, http://www.doctorzebra.com/prez/g29.htm,
Accessed 9-14-2009.
- Facts About the Presidents, Joseph Nathan
Kane
- Stephen Pile, The Book of Heroic
Failures (Futura, 1980) p.180.
- Gamaliel and Gamalielese, October 18,
2006.
Bibliography
- Anthony, Carl S. Florence Harding: The First Lady, the Jazz
Age, and the Death of America's Most Scandalous President.
(1998)
- Dean, John W. Warren G. Harding (The American
Presidents Series). Times Books, Henry Holt and Company, LLC,
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1865–1920. Ohio University Press, 1970
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Harding, Columbia:MO, University of Missouri Press,
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- Fine, Gary Alan. "Reputational Entrepreneurs and the Memory of
Incompetence: Melting Supporters, Partisan Warriors, and Images of
President Harding." American Journal of Sociology, 1996
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Ebsco
- Grant, Philip A., Jr. "President Warren G. Harding and the
British War Debt Question, 1921-1923." Presidential Studies
Quarterly, 1995 25(3): 479-487. Issn: 0360-4918
- "An International Problem", Marion Daily Star, October 26,
1921.
- Kenneth J. Grieb; The Latin American Policy of Warren
G. Harding 1976 online
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1930. online, detailed analysis of foreign and
economic policies
- Morello, John A. Selling the President, 1920: Albert
D. Lasker, Advertising, and the Election of Warren G.
Harding. Praeger, 2001.
- Murray Robert K. The Harding Era 1921-1923: Warren G.
Harding and his Administration. University of Minnesota
Press, 1969
- Payne, Phillip. "Instant History and the Legacy of Scandal: the
Tangled Memory of Warren G. Harding, Richard Nixon, and William
Jefferson Clinton", Prospects, 2003 28: 597-625. Issn:
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- Sinclair, Andrew. The Available Man: The Life behind the
Masks of Warren Gamaliel Harding 1965 online full-scale biography
- "Social Equality Impossible for Negro, Says President, Pleading
for Fair Treatment", Atlanta-Journal
Constitution, October 27, 1921.
External links
, formally ending World War
I for the United States
for its loss of Panama
1922
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